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Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Abbreviation (ISO4): Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders      Editor in chief: Jun WANG

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Research advances and prospect in the non-pharmacological treatment of dementia in old age

  • Ruoxi DING ,
  • Zhaorui LIU
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  • Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing 100083, China

Received date: 2023-11-25

  Revised date: 2023-12-30

  Online published: 2024-02-20

Abstract

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the prevalence of dementia in China is rapidly increasing and has become an important public health issue. Considering the limitations of pharmacological treatment in terms of efficacy in improving symptoms and functions of patients with dementia, non-pharmacological treatment has become one of the important elements in the research of dementia and cognitive disorders. In this paper, we will sort out the development of non-pharmacological treatments from four aspects: exercise rehabilitation, psychological intervention, physical therapy, and cognitive function training, and discuss the characteristics and the effects of these treatments, in order to provide references for research and clinical practice related to the prevention and early intervention of dementia.

Cite this article

Ruoxi DING , Zhaorui LIU . Research advances and prospect in the non-pharmacological treatment of dementia in old age[J]. Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 2024 , 7(1) : 3 -6 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-5516.2024.01.001

人口老龄化已成为世界性威胁,而提高老年人群的健康水平,实现“健康老龄化”是应对人口老龄化的重要措施[1]。在世界范围内尤其是发展中国家中,老年期痴呆是一个重要的公共卫生问题[2-4]。随着我国人口老龄化进程的加快,我国痴呆患病率逐年增加。据估算,我国痴呆患者将在2030年增至6500万例,2050年增至11540万例[5],远超预测的同期失能老年人数量[6]。患者由于记忆和认知功能损害而无法自理,给照料者带来巨大的照料压力。因此,如何有效地应对、缓解老年期痴呆相关的疾病负担和社会负担,是“健康老龄化”的关键问题之一。现有的药物治疗虽可以延缓痴呆的发展过程,但无法最终逆转该疾病过程 [7-8]。因此,积极讨论探索非药物治疗方式,寻求有效延缓痴呆发展进程的治疗手段是当前时代背景下的研究重点。
近年来,越来越多的证据表明,个体特征(如年龄、教育水平和收入)、环境刺激(如参与熟悉的职业和休闲活动)、生活方式因素(如体育锻炼和均衡饮食)、充足的专业知识等是痴呆疾病发展的保护因素,此外,绝大部分神经变性及大部分血管性痴呆的不可逆性、痴呆症患病群体的异质性、药物疗效的局限性以及认知储备理论[9],都促使研究人员进一步探索药物治疗之外的非药物干预措施。因此,本文将从运动康复、心理干预、物理治疗、认知功能训练4个方面梳理非药物治疗的发展情况,通过讨论常见的治疗方法及相应特点,探寻未来发展方向。

1 运动康复

越来越多的研究发现,适度的体育锻炼对老年期痴呆患者的认知功能改善和康复有良好效果。体育锻炼可通过促进血液循环和神经发生、增加氧气供应、调控神经营养因子的表达、提高突触可塑性、抑制自噬和增进凋亡基因的表达与炎症反应等方式,对大脑产生积极影响,有助于延缓认知衰退过程[10-11],相关的荟萃分析也证实了这一观点[12]。运动康复的类型主要包括以下几种:①有氧运动,有氧运动指人体在氧含量充分的情况下进行有节奏的运动,持续时间较长,强度适中,如散步、游泳、跑步、骑自行车等。既往研究指出,有氧运动能够减缓轻度认知障碍老年人相关脑区域萎缩,有效改善轻度认知障碍老年人的认知功能,且方法方式相对不受限制[13-15]。②无氧运动/抗阻运动,通常指身体克服阻力以达到肌肉和力量增长的运动过程。国外研究分析发现中高强度、高频率的阻力和耐力训练对老年人的整体认知、执行功能和结构意义均有明显改善[16]。此类运动康复模式可能是改善患者整体认知能力最有效的方式[17],但对基础体能有一定要求。③身心运动,身心运动是以改善躯体健康和调节心理情绪为宗旨的体育运动,如健身气功、瑜伽、太极拳等。针对健身气功的荟萃分析表明,长期规律性的八段锦运动可以有效改善痴呆患者的整体认知功能,但短期内并不存在显著干预效果[18-20]。综上所述,运动康复作为一种低成本、有效的治疗方法,对于改善老年期痴呆患者的认知功能尤为重要。老年人可根据自身状况和爱好选择合适的锻炼方式,以达到认知治疗与保障基础身体健康的平衡。

2 心理干预

老年期痴呆心理干预旨在改善老年期痴呆患者的情绪和认知功能,提高其生活质量,主要包括:①支持疗法,提供情感支持和心理疏导是心理干预的一个重要方面。支持疗法又可称为支持性心理治疗,该疗法以心理学为理论基础,以减轻痴呆患者应激反应为目的,通过与痴呆患者建立良好的关系,倾听和理解他们的困境,帮助患者解除思想顾虑,减轻他们的焦虑和抑郁情绪,改善他们的心理健康状态。既往国内外研究显示,支持性心理干预能够有效减少痴呆老年人的强迫、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、恐惧等情绪症状,继而改善其整体认知功能[21-22]。②行为疗法,行为疗法致力于改变痴呆患者的不适应行为,通过建立新的行为习惯和强化适应,促进老年期痴呆患者的社交互动和日常功能。研究表明,行为疗法可有效提高老年认知障碍患者的精神行为症状和认知功能,提高患者的自理能力和生活质量[23]。③环境适应,创造适合痴呆患者的环境对于提高他们的生活质量至关重要。相关研究表明,改变痴呆患者的居住环境,提供易于识别、安全和舒适的空间,能够减轻他们的痴呆症状并增强他们的自主性,从而改善其情绪和认知功能[24]。④家庭教育与支持,老年期痴呆心理干预不仅关注患者本身,也要关注其家庭和照护者。提供家属教育和支持,帮助他们了解痴呆症的特点和管理技巧,减轻照护负担,并提高家庭的适应性和应对能力[24-25]
老年期痴呆心理干预的效果因人群差异、干预方式及内容而有所不同,目前仍缺少充分的证据支持此类干预作为正规治疗的优先选择。因此,在实施心理干预时,应根据患者的具体情况进行个性化设计,并结合药物治疗和其他综合治疗方法以获得更好的效果。老年期痴呆的心理干预仍在不断探索和发展新方法,以进一步提高患者的生活质量和功能水平[24-25]

3 物理治疗

物理治疗因成本低、安全性高等特点,日益受到痴呆治疗和研究领域的关注。目前应用较多的物理治疗方法包括:①光线疗法,利用自然光或合成光线(红外线、紫外线、可见光线、激光)等人体可吸收光源,在照射位置生成的光产物,间接调整机体生理功能,从而帮助身体功能恢复。研究表明,使用LED灯发出的蓝色光线照射和使用5000~10000勒克斯的明亮全光谱光线治疗均可以有效提高痴呆患者的夜间睡眠效率,缓解焦虑, 可提高睡眠质量, 减少抑郁情绪从而减缓认知功能的进一步退化[26-27]。②经颅直流电刺激(transcranial direct current stimulation, tDCS)是一种非侵入性神经调控技术, 旨在通过释放微弱的电流来调节神经细胞的跨膜电位,从而在一定程度上改变大脑皮质的兴奋性。目前,tDCS已经被广泛应用于精神和神经类疾病的治疗。研究显示,tDCS可以通过调节神经可塑性、脑网络及神经递质和营养因子等多种途径,改善痴呆患者的认知功能和精神行为症状[28]。③经颅磁刺激技术(transcranial magnetic stimulation,TMS)是通过不同频率刺激对大脑局部神经元进行干预(兴奋或抑制)的一种诊疗技术。临床证据表明,TM对痴呆患者的认知功能障碍、情感障碍、记忆衰竭和失语症均有所改善[29]。需要指出的是,以上方法仍处于研究阶段,并不适用于所有老年期痴呆患者。在开展物理治疗时,需要根据患者的具体情况,考虑病情和个体差异来制定相应的物理治疗计划。

4 认知功能训练

认知功能训练即对患者的认知,包括记忆力、执行处理力、语言能力、注意力、感知觉等进行系统训练,以改善患者认知功能的一种方法,也是MCI患者非药物治疗的常用方法。多项研究均表明,通过认知功能训练可以提高患者的认知功能,但应长久、持续地进行[30-32]
记忆力下降作为最常见的患者主诉,相关研究训练较多,其中回忆疗法(reminiscence therapy, RT)自二十世纪五十年代发展起便已初具雏形[33-35]。该疗法认为,近期记忆比远期记忆更容易丢失[31],因此其治疗方式又可分为两种类型,一种是在个人自由回忆的指导下进行,另一种是使用生活回顾程序进行。尽管研究方案存在差异,但所有结果均表明,回忆在改善老年痴呆症患者的整体认知能力和减轻抑郁症状方面具有潜在的能力[36-39]
认知促进治疗(cognitive stimulation therapy,CST),也可称为认知刺激疗法,是一种针对轻度至中度痴呆患者的循证治疗方法[40-41],其治疗方式主要是通过一系列活动参与和讨论,从而提高其认知及社会功能。这一疗法的核心理念是通过刺激大脑,激发认知活动,从而增强神经可塑性,提高患者的认知水平。CST 是以该理念为基础,参考并借鉴了现实导向(reality orientation)、回忆治疗(reminiscence therapy)、确认治疗(validation therapy)、多重感官刺激(multisensory stimulation)等已有的针对老年期痴呆的心理社会治疗技术理论,结合文献的系统综述证据,经过多次预实验而最终形成的适合于早期或中期老年期痴呆患者的非药物治疗方法。研究表明,CST能够在不涉及药物的情况下,通过激发认知功能,可以减缓认知能力的下降速度[42],提高思维活跃度,有效改善老年期痴呆患者的认知功能的同时减少神经精神障碍[43-44]。相比较传统的药物疗法所面临的疗效局限性[9],CST在延缓认知衰退进程中发挥着积极作用,更重视患者的整体生活体验,为患者带来持久的益处[45],长期使用能够对认知功能的恶化起到积极的干预作用[46]。基于上述优势,CST也被广泛地应用在日常生活场景中。通过结合认知刺激活动,如记忆游戏、问题解决和社交互动,CST可以轻松地融入患者的日常生活。Spector等人[47]的“Making a Difference”项目是一个典型的例子,该项目通过提供多样化的认知刺激活动,为患者创造了积极的社交和心理环境,从而提高了其认知和社会功能,并进一步改善其生活质量。

5 小结

近年来,随着人口老龄化的进程,老年期痴呆在全球范围内受到越来越多的关注。考虑药物治疗在痴呆患者症状和功能改善疗效上的局限性,非药物治疗已成为痴呆和认知障碍研究的重要内容之一。然而,各类非药物治疗方法在取得一定积极效果的同时,仍存在较多的问题和局限性。如相关的随机对照试验设计偏少,且样本量较小,研究结果仍不足以支持大规模的推广和应用。再者,大多数研究中并未对干预对象的疾病信息进一步分类,无法排除人群异质性等问题,因此也缺少针对不同亚型的痴呆或认知障碍的个性化干预方法。此外,目前非药物干预研究多为短期干预,仅能观察到治疗方法的短期疗效,缺少长期疗效的证据。
与其他非药物治疗方法相比,认知促进治疗是一种结合了多种策略的综合性干预方法,可以延缓疾病进展、提高生活质量、增强自主能力、促进社交互动,并为患者及其家庭成员提供支持和教育,其疗效更为全面和持续,因此具有更为显著的治疗优势。目前,已有卫生经济学评价证据显示,认知促进治疗具有成本低,效果好的特点,值得在我国进行推广[48-49]。未来应针对非药物治疗,尤其是认知促进治疗等多维综合性干预策略,开展基于多地区、多中心的大样本长期随访的随机对照研究,并结合先进技术手段如虚拟现实(VR)和人工智能(AI)等,为老年痴呆治疗提供更多创新的可能性。通过深入研究治疗机制,精准制定治疗方案,以及引入前沿技术手段,提高非药物治疗在老年期痴呆患者中的实际应用效果。
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