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Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders

Abbreviation (ISO4): Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders      Editor in chief: Jun WANG

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Advances in the study of the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease

  • Lu YU , 1, 2 ,
  • Wei LI 1 ,
  • Ling YUE 1 ,
  • Xia LI , 1
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  • 1 Geriatric Psychiatry Department, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
  • 2 Geriatric Psychiatry Department, The Second People's Hospital of Suzhou City, Suzhou 234000, Anhui, China

Received date: 2024-01-06

  Revised date: 2024-02-20

  Online published: 2024-04-26

Abstract

This paper reviews the progress of research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alzheimer's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is primarily characterised by impairment of cognitive function. The ketogenic diet, a diet with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate pattern, has been shown to be protective against some neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have focused on the effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Studies have shown that the ketogenic diet improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease patients, including memory, learning and attention. The ketogenic diet improves cognitive function by regulating energy metabolism and reducing inflammatory responses in the brain. The ketogenic diet also increases the production of neuroprotective factors in the brain, which promotes the survival and functional recovery of nerve cells. However, there are some controversies and limitations in the current research on the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. The inconsistent results of some studies may be related to factors such as sample size, study design, and duration of dietary intervention. In addition, ketogenic diets may lead to some adverse effects in long-term application, such as elevated cholesterol and increased renal burden. In conclusion, ketogenic diet may have some improvement effects on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease, but further studies are needed to clarify its effectiveness and safety. Future studies should focus on optimising the study design, increasing the sample size and study duration, as well as exploring the long-term effects of the ketogenic diet on cognitive function. In addition, attention should be paid to the applicable population and the optimal timing of intervention for the ketogenic diet in order to achieve the goal of personalised treatment.

Cite this article

Lu YU , Wei LI , Ling YUE , Xia LI . Advances in the study of the association between ketogenic diet and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease[J]. Chinese Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, 2024 , 7(2) : 147 -150 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-5516.2024.02.011

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)是一种以进行性痴呆为主的中枢神经系统变性疾病,是以近记忆减退、人格改变、行为异常为特征的进行性全面认知障碍,影响着全球超过6000万人[1],目前中国60岁以上人口中痴呆患者约1507万,其中AD患者约983万[2]。预计到2050年世界上将会有1.5亿人患此疾病[3]。AD的主要影响因素包括遗传易感性、基因[4]、糖尿病、肥胖[5]、高血压[6]、心血管疾病等,以及生活方式因素,如不健康的饮食和缺乏体育锻炼[7]
饮食作为日常生活的一部分,是可以改变或预防AD的关键生活方式因素之一,在疾病的进展中起着重要的作用,虽然目前对于哪种饮食方法能提供最大的神经保护作用尚无定论,但不同的饮食模式可对AD的转归产生不同影响[8]。健康的饮食方式可延缓记忆力下降[9],饮食模式的改变和生活方式的改变在AD的治疗中具有潜在的应用,并在AD研究中受到广泛关注,包括地中海饮食、纯素饮食和生酮饮食等[10]

1 生酮饮食与认知功能的关系

生酮饮食是一种低碳水化合物、中等蛋白质和高脂肪的饮食[11]。常量营养素的分布为 5%~10% 碳水化合物、30%~35% 蛋白质和 55%~60% 脂肪。典型的生酮饮食包括摄入高脂肪、非淀粉类蔬菜、坚果、油、乳制品、肥肉和海鲜,并避免摄入含糖食物。目前生酮饮食已经成为部分神经变性疾病患者饮食治疗的一种方式。生酮饮食在限制碳水化合物和大量摄入高脂肪饮食时,可使人体产生大量的酮体,酮体取代葡萄糖,作为大脑的能量底物,并诱导神经保护作用,这种营养支持可能会减缓疾病进展,并在一定程度上提高AD患者的认知能力[12]
美国一项为期3个月生酮饮食研究,从基线到饮食结束,遵守饮食的参与者的AD评估量表认知量表得分平均提高了4.1分[13]。一项在美国进行的152名患有轻度至中度AD的受试者多中心对照研究结果显示,生酮饮食者ADAS-Cog 评分有明显改善,生酮饮食可改善轻中度的AD患者的认知功能[14]。另一项在加拿大进行的52名轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)受试者的酮体摄入对照实验发现,生酮饮食者的情景记忆、语言、执行功能和处理速度的测量指标有所改善,并且脑酮摄入量的增加与多种认知指标呈正相关[15]。在日本进行的针对轻至中度AD患者的研究发现,长期食用生酮配方被认为对AD患者的言语记忆和处理速度有积极影响[16]。动物实验中发现,AD小鼠长期生酮饮食干预通过对体内氧化应激的抑制使大脑Uch-L1(C)和Mfn2表达增加,显著减少神经细胞凋亡,改善了大脑能量代谢和认知功能[17]。一项研究针对70名AD患者的对照研究发现,生酮食物干预后患者血清β淀粉样蛋白1-42(Aβ1-42)、Tau蛋白水平明显降低,血清对氧磷酶1(PON1)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平明显升高,生酮食物能够减轻AD患者脑内神经损伤[18]

2 生酮饮食可能引起的不良反应

生酮饮食也有一定的不良反应,主要集中在对心血管系统及血糖、血脂等方面的影响。研究发现虽然生酮饮食可降低高密度脂蛋白,但随之而来的低密度脂蛋白和甘油三酯的增加、脂蛋白的apoB总数显著增加可能会导致心血管风险增加[19-21]。因为生酮饮食期间膳食纤维的摄入量非常有限,膳食纤维在肠道中发酵的产短链脂肪酸随之减少,影响到胰岛素敏感性和整体代谢健康[22]。一项动物实验研究表明,生酮饮食会引起骨密度的降低和骨质的变化[23-24](见表1)。在皮肤方面也可能会引起皮肤色素沉着和维生素缺乏性皮炎[25],还可能引起口臭、维生素缺乏等不良反应[26],因此在使用时间和食用量上需要更好的把控。
表1 综述中关于生酮饮食部分对照研究结果

Tab 1 Results of some controlled studies on ketogenic diets in the review

研究组干预 对照组干预 结果 参考文献
不良反应 生酮饮食1748KJ/100g食物,37.18%的脂肪,6.1%的蛋白质,27.5%的膳食纤维和3.1%的净碳水化合物+多种维生素制剂,喂养12 w后,用过量的异氟烷对小鼠实施安乐死。收集他们的双侧股骨和胫骨进行分析 标准饮食1338KJ/100g食物,6%脂肪14.5%蛋白质,4.5%膳食纤维,55.5%碳水化合物+多种维生素制剂,喂养12 w后,用过量的异氟烷对小鼠实施安乐死。收集他们的双侧股骨和胫骨进行分析 生酮饮食同时损害了长骨的松质骨和皮质骨结构 [24]
有益影响
神经生物学 酮脂饮食喂养,21.5%的酮脂,8.2%的脂肪,23.9%的蛋白质,和43.5%的净碳水化合物+多种维生素制剂,进行行为测试及脑切片的免疫组织化学分析 高碳水化合物饮食喂养,8.2%的脂肪,23.9%的蛋白质,和64.9%的净碳水化合物+多种维生素制剂,进行行为测试及脑切片的免疫组织化学分析 长期饲喂酮酯不仅改善了行为认知功能,还减少了Aβ和pTau的病理变化。通过生酮饮食或喂食酮酯,血酮体的增加有望缓解AD发病前脑葡萄糖代谢受损 [32]
肠道微生物 11 名轻度认知障碍者服用地中海式 生酮饮食为 <10%碳水化合物、60%~65%脂肪和30%~35%蛋白质,测定脑脊液Aβ-42、Aβ-40、tau和磷酸化tau(tau-p181)的浓度,进行粪便微生物、乳酸和短链脂肪酸分析。 6名认知正常者服用美国心脏协会饮食55%~65%碳水化合物、15%~20%脂肪和 20%~30%蛋白质。测定脑脊液Aβ-42、Aβ-40、tau和磷酸化tau(tau-p181)的浓度,进行粪便微生物、乳酸和短链脂肪酸分析 MCI参与者乳酸水平降低,记忆力和认知能力的改善。改良地中海生酮饮食对肠道微生物组组成、短链脂肪酸 (SCFA)水平和AD生物标志物会造成一定的影响 [36]
神经代谢 生酮饮食大鼠n = 29测量β-羟基丁酸酯(BHB)和葡萄糖的血浆水平,大鼠海马体中的基因表达模式,海马体在电子显微照片中的线粒体谱数量、选定的能量代谢物和酶活性水平以及低葡萄糖对突触传递的影响 正常饮食组大鼠n = 28,测量β-羟基丁酸酯(BHB)和葡萄糖的血浆水平,大鼠海马体中的基因表达模式,海马体在电子显微照片中的线粒体谱数量、选定的能量代谢物和酶活性水平以及低葡萄糖对突触传递的影响 生酮饮食后后大鼠海马的能量代谢蛋白和线粒体蛋白的大量转录,齿状回中线粒体谱的密度增加了46%,对低葡萄糖的抵抗力的提高,海马体的能量产生能力增强 [39]

3 生酮饮食对AD的有益影响及可能机制

3.1 神经生物学方面影响

生酮饮食会增加脂肪并减少碳水化合物的消耗,会减少胰岛素,从而刺激肝脏将脂肪酸氧化成进入血液的酮体。AD的病理学改变中最重要的是Aβ的沉积和由过度磷酸化tau蛋白组成的细胞内神经原纤维缠结。此外,由小胶质细胞过度活化、星形胶质细胞反应性、促炎细胞因子和趋化因子负荷增加导致的慢性神经炎症在AD病理学中也起着至关重要的作用[27-28]。生酮饮食可以促进内源性抗氧化剂的产生,并减少一些氧化应激标志物[29]。酮体也可以减少大脑中的氧化应激和炎症,并改善运动功能和运动神经元存活率[30]。一项动物实验发现生酮饮食能够降低Aβ和pTau负荷以及神经炎症[31]。另一项动物实验发现生酮饮食的小鼠不仅行为认知功能有了改善,还减少了杏仁核神经回路与杏仁核神经元中Aβ和pTau的病理变化[32](见表1)。

3.2 肠道微生物方面影响

生酮诱导的微生物群的有益作用,包括改善神经血管功能和降低患AD的风险。肠道微生物可能通过复杂的脑-肠相互作用来调节多种神经化学和神经代谢途径,从而对AD的进展产生一定的影响[33],例如中链甘油三酯(MCT)诱导的酮症可能会改善AD认知。研究发现酮体在肠道内改善肠道屏障功能,可减少先天淋巴细胞(ILC3s)和相关炎性细胞因子(IL-17α、IL-18、IL-22、Ccl4)的产生,发挥着潜在的抗炎作用[34]。生酮饮食对肠道菌群的益处也可能与酮体环境下肠道微生物群组成的变化有关,包括产生短链脂肪酸的有益细菌Akkermansia muciniphila和Lactobacillus的增加[35]。Nagpal等人[36]发现,生酮饮食改变了肠道微生物组特征和短链脂肪酸,与脑脊液AD生物标志物有关(见表1)。

3.3 神经代谢方面的影响

多数神经变性疾病包括AD的发生与代谢下降有关[37],脑成像研究支持酮体增强大脑能量代谢的观点,酮体引起的代谢改善可能有助于增强脑灌注[31]。生酮饮食对通过多种机制改变神经病理学和生化行为,包括增加线粒体功能和ATP产生。酮体可提高线粒体效率和补充大脑对葡萄糖的正常依赖的能力[38],并提高海马体中磷酸肌酸与肌酸的比率,随后改善海马代谢[39](见表1)。在小鼠身上进行的体外实验表明主酮体D-β-3羟基丁酸酯对线粒体ATP的产生有益且具有神经保护作用[40]。生酮饮食产生的大量酮体可通过脂肪酸穿过血脑屏障,到达星形胶质细胞,脂肪酸的降解后酮体可释放到邻近的神经元,为神经元提供能量来源[41]

4 总结与展望

目前AD发病率在逐渐增加,给患者、家庭与社会带来的负担越发严重,AD等神经变性疾病已然成为一个日益严峻的公共卫生挑战。因此,积极寻找各种方式延缓疾病进展有着重要意义。饮食作为我们日常生活的一部分,若能被良好地应用于疾病的预防和治疗,对减轻疾病负担有着深远的意义。综上所述,生酮饮食对AD等神经变性疾病有着相对良好的影响。生酮饮食可以通过减少炎症和氧化应激等提高神经系统稳定性,从而改善认知功能。生酮饮食虽然在AD中发挥着相对积极的作用,但所有的治疗及饮食方式都有一定的限度,过量摄入生酮饮食会导致体重升高、高脂血症、维生素缺乏、胰岛素不敏感等,导致改善认知的获益降低。所以生酮饮食适合的人群可能存在局限性,有证据表明对癫痫患者、神经变性疾病患者、癌症患者,部分精神疾病患者如精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、抑郁症和暴食症者等可能存在更有益的效果[42-45]。我们还需要更多的研究来充分了解生酮饮食与AD之间的复杂关系,设计个体化的生酮饮食方案,寻找生酮饮食的最佳干预时机,并开发出能够有效预防或减缓疾病进展的生酮饮食干预措施,以实现个性化治疗的目标。同时我们也期待生酮饮食可以在未来饮食疗法应用于阿尔茨海默病等神经变性病变患者中发挥更大的作用,提高患者的生活质量,减轻疾病负担。
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