Optimal planning method for electric vehicle charging stations with multi-stakeholder interest equilibrium
Received date: 2026-02-05
Revised date: 2026-07-28
Online published: 2026-09-03
Supported by
Science Foundation of China(U22B2099)
The rapid proliferation of electric vehicles(EVs)and distributed photovoltaic(PV)poses significant challenges to the safe and stable operation of distribution networks.Ordered charging and vehicle-to-grid(V2G)offer effective means to alleviate the operational pressure of distribution networks. Therefore,this paper proposes an optimal planning method for electric vehicle charging stations(EVCSs)that balances the interests of multiple stakeholders.First,considering ordered charging and V2G,the flexible charging/discharging power is determined based on dynamic pricing signals and user response behavior.Second,a multi-stakeholder equilibrium optimization model is established to coordinate the benefits of multiple stakeholders,including distribution system operators, photovoltaic power producers,EV aggregators,and EV users, and is solved by NSGA-III algorithm to obtain the optimal planned charging and discharging power.Finally,to accommodate various charging and discharging requirements across different EV types,an EV charging network composed of centralized charging station(CCS)and distributed charging station(DCS)is constructed,and optimal power allocation between CCS and DCS is achieved.Distribution network security verification as well as distribution facility upgrading are carried out to meet the operational safety requirements. Simulation results of a power grid in a city of Shandong Province validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. This work is supported by Joint Funds of National Natural
Haoda LEI , Ziyu XU , Yutian LIU , Chunyi WANG , Yilu YANG . Optimal planning method for electric vehicle charging stations with multi-stakeholder interest equilibrium[J]. Electric Power, 2026 , 59(8) : 205 -214 . DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202602005
图4 不同类型 EV 的需求响应参与意愿Fig. 4 Demand response participation willingness of different EV types |
| 表2 帕累托前沿分析 Table 2 Analysis of the Pareto front | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 结果 | 负荷方差/kW 2 | PVGO和EVA平均收入/元 | EV用户平均成本/元 |
| 优化前 | 2213921 | 147.12 | 666.96 |
| 1 | 2189908 (-1.08%) | 159.62 (+8.50%) | 517.70 (-22.38%) |
| 2 | 2189908 (-1.08%) | 159.62 (+8.50%) | 517.70 (-22.38%) |
| 3 | 2762526 (+24.78%) | 95.07 (-35.38%) | 382.71 (-42.62%) |
| 4 | 2413648 (+9.02%) | 132.63 (-9.85%) | 458.13 (-31.31%) |
表 3 CCS 规划结果Table 3 Planning result of CCS |
| 参数 | 集中式V2G充电桩 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 功率/kW | 7 | 60 | 120 | 7 | 20 | 60 | |
| 单价/万元 | 0.168 | 2.57 | 5 | 0.3 | 1.68 | 5 | |
| 数量/个 | 优化前 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 13 | 2 |
| 优化后 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 12 | 2 | |
| 总容量/kW | 优化前 | 720 | 387 | ||||
| 优化后 | 660 | 367 | |||||
| 总成本/万元 | 优化前 | 62.70 | |||||
| 优化后 | |||||||
表 4 DCSs 规划结果Table 4 Planning result of DCSs |
| 参数 | 分布式普通充电桩 | 分布式V2G充电桩 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 功率/kW | 7 | 15 | 20 | 7 | 15 | 20 |
| 单价/万元 | 0.168 | 0.45 | 0.58 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 1.68 |
| 节点 | 普通充电桩总容量/kW | V2G充电桩总容量/kW | 成本/万元 | |||
| 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 | |
| GCX | 133 | 125 | 75 | 72 | 8.622 | 8.080 |
| LDH | 132 | 120 | 72 | 70 | 8.248 | 7.930 |
| HHH | 177 | 162 | 97 | 95 | 11.558 | 11.088 |
| MQY | 42 | 42 | 28 | 21 | 2.208 | 1.908 |
| BGA | 402 | 372 | 225 | 213 | 25.828 | 24.348 |
| WMS | 107 | 102 | 62 | 62 | 6.418 | 6.228 |
| RLC | 92 | 85 | 55 | 50 | 5.668 | 5.220 |
| BYX | 42 | 42 | 28 | 28 | 2.208 | 2.208 |
| XLX | 42 | 42 | 28 | 28 | 2.208 | 2.208 |
| TQX | 103 | 97 | 62 | 55 | 6.342 | 5.798 |
| BXJ | 42 | 42 | 28 | 28 | 2.208 | 2.208 |
| YSG | 21 | 21 | 14 | 14 | 1.104 | 1.104 |
| XLXY | 44 | 42 | 28 | 28 | 2.436 | 2.208 |
| 总成本/万元 | 优化前优化后 | 85.056 | ||||
| 80.536 (-5.31%) | ||||||
表5 变压器容量安全校验结果Table 5 Security verification result of transformer capacity |
| 节点 | 等效有功负荷/kW | 等效视在功率/( kV⋅A ) | 变压器容量/(kV⋅A) | 校验结果 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GCX | 1475.32 | 1552.97 | 4000 | 不越限 |
| LDH | 1477.59 | 1555.36 | 2690 | 不越限 |
| HHH | 1787.08 | 1881.14 | 4000 | 不越限 |
| HMZ | 1665.71 | 1753.38 | 6250 | 不越限 |
| MQY | 329.49 | 346.83 | 500 | 不越限 |
| BGA | 1838.05 | 1934.79 | 3780 | 不越限 |
| WMS | 601.20 | 632.84 | 400 | 越限 |
| RLC | 639.96 | 673.64 | 1430 | 不越限 |
| BYX | 530.65 | 558.58 | 630 | 不越限 |
| XLX | 495.09 | 521.15 | 630 | 不越限 |
| TQX | 881.56 | 927.96 | 1260 | 不越限 |
| BXJ | 558.17 | 587.55 | 630 | 不越限 |
| YSG | 238.71 | 251.27 | 315 | 不越限 |
| XLXY | 538.97 | 567.34 | 630 | 不越限 |
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