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Heterogeneous Bifunctional Catalysts for Catalyzing Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone
Yuewen Shao, Qingyang Li, Xinyi Dong, Mengjiao Fan, Lijun Zhang, Xun Hu
Prog Chem ›› 2023, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (4) : 593-605.
PDF(4257 KB)
PDF(4257 KB)
Heterogeneous Bifunctional Catalysts for Catalyzing Conversion of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone
Levulinic acid is important biomass-derived compounds, and catalytic conversion of them to γ-valerolactone (GVL) over heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts has become a hot focus in the field of biorefining. In this paper, the direct hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its esters to GVL catalyzed by noble and non-noble metal bifunctional catalysts, and the transfer hydrogenation of levulinic acid and its esters to GVL catalyzed by the bifunctional catalysts, such as metal-supported catalysts, modified zeolite, and mixed metal oxides, are reviewed. Conversion of levulinic acid and its esters to GVL over bifunctional catalysts involves two steps, including hydrogenation of carbonyl group and subsequent lactonization reaction. In addition, the importance of active sites of various bifunctional catalysts in conversion of levulinic acid and its esters is studied in this paper, and the advantages and problems of different catalysts during the conversion of levulinic acid/esters are discussed. Finally, the development of bifunctional catalysts and the synthesis of GVL in the future are prospected.
levulinic acid / γ-valerolactone / heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts / hydrogenation / lactonization
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