Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem
Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO
As a key approach for renewable energy utilization， photothermal conversion technology has attracted extensive attention from academia and industry in recent years. Three-dimensional composite phase change materials （PCMs） based on the integrated design of photo-thermal-storage have achieved significant breakthroughs in solar-driven thermal energy storage and intelligent regulation by integrating high thermal conductivity， strong light-absorbing three-dimensional porous carriers with phase change matrices， realizing the synergistic coupling of photothermal conversion and phase change thermal storage. This review focuses on the latest research on photo-thermal-storage integrated three-dimensional composite PCMs， elaborates on the innovative design strategies of three-dimensional porous carriers represented by aerogels， carbon foams， metal foams， expanded graphite， and metal-organic frameworks in PCMs， deeply reveals the physicochemical essence of multiple mechanisms such as localized surface plasmon resonance， non-radiative relaxation， and molecular thermal vibration synergistically enhancing the photo-thermal-storage integrated performance， and comprehensively summarizes the representative applications of such materials in fields including smart wearables， biomedical therapy， building energy efficiency， seawater desalination， and extreme environment protection. Finally， the key challenges currently faced and future development directions are further discussed， aiming to provide valuable theoretical guidance and technical references for the basic research and interdisciplinary applications of photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs.
1 Introduction
2 Photothermal conversion and storage mechanism of PCMs
2.1 Localized surface plasmon resonance effect of metals
2.2 Interband/intraband transitions and non-radiative relaxation of semiconductors
2.3 Intrinsic photothermal effect of molecular vibration
3 Photo-thermal-storage integrated 3D composite PCMs
3.1 Aerogels-based photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs
3.2 Carbon foams-based photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs
3.3 EG-based photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs
3.4 Metal foams-based photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs
3.5 MOFs-based photo-thermal-storage integrated composite PCMs
4 Advanced applications of photo-thermal-storage integrated 3D composite PCMs
4.1 Smart wearables
4.2 Biomedical therapy
4.3 Building energy efficiency
4.4 Seawater desalination
4.5 Extreme environment protection
5 Conclusion and prospect
The dynamic evolution of catalysts is a crucial phenomenon in electrocatalysis， particularly in the nitrate electroreduction to ammonia （NO3RR） process. This review systematically studies the mechanisms underlying the dynamic evolution of copper-based catalysts during NO3RR， emphasizing how reconstructed structures can significantly influence electrochemical performance. Achieving a designed active surface through dynamic evolution is essential for optimizing catalytic efficiency. We highlight advanced electrochemical， microscopic， and spectroscopic techniques that are instrumental in tracking these dynamic processes， providing insights into how structural changes occur in real-time. Moreover， we present a comprehensive summary of the latest strategies for regulating dynamic evolution， including valence-state control， morphological engineering， crystal facet optimization， heterogeneous interface construction， and in-situ defect engineering. These approaches effectively harness the dynamic nature of catalysts to enhance their performance in NO3RR. However， several challenges remain， such as the mechanistic ambiguity surrounding active sites， limited capabilities for in-situ monitoring， trade-offs between stability and activity， and scalability barriers. This review concludes by offering perspectives for future research， asserting that controlled dynamic evolution is pivotal for unlocking the full potential of Cu-based catalysts in the pursuit of sustainable nitrate reduction to ammonia.
1 Introduction
2 Mechanism of evolution
3 Characterizations of dynamic evolution
3.1 Electrochemical characterizations
3.2 Microstructure characterizations
3.3 Spectroscopic characterizations
4 Regulation strategies for copper dynamics
4.1 Valence-state control
4.2 Morphological engineering
4.3 Crystal facet optimization
4.4 Heterogeneous interface construction
4.5 Defect engineering
5 Challenges and perspectives
6 Conclusions
The photocatalytic reduction of uranium can utilize sunlight， and convert soluble U（VI） into recyclable solid substances， thereby solving the two major problems of radioactive wastewater treatment and seawater uranium extraction. Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， a new type of functional porous three-dimensional （3D） crystalline materials， have large specific surface area， special metal clusters， designable organic ligands， adjustable unique morphology and pore structure， hence attracted extensive attention in the fields of photocatalysis and photochemistry. This review summarizes the design strategies for optimizing the performance of MOFs-based photocatalysts， probes into the mechanism of photocatalytic U（VI） reduction by MOFs， and elaborates on the application of MOFs in photocatalytic U（VI） reduction. Finally， the current challenges of MOFs photocatalysts in the application of U（VI） reduction are discussed， and a forward-looking perspective on the future research directions are proposed.
1 Introduction
2 Design of MOFs-based photocatalysts
2.1 Optimization of MOFs structure
2.2 Synthesis of MOFs composites
2.3 Synthesis of MOFs derivatives
3 Application of MOFs-based photocatalysts in U（Ⅵ） reduction
3.1 Mechanism of photocatalytic U（Ⅵ） reduction
3.2 Design directions of MOFs-based photocatalysts
3.3 Performances of different MOFs-based photo-catalysts for U（Ⅵ） reduction
4 Conclusion and outlook
Organic semiconductor single-crystals are promising materials for application in organic electronic devices， such as organic field-effect transistors， due to their superior charge carrier transport properties. Solution-based methods， with the advantages of low cost and scalability for mass production， have emerged as important approaches for the fabrication of organic semiconductor single-crystal thin films. A thorough understanding of the solution crystallization mechanisms of organic semiconductors is crucial for achieving precise control over thin film morphology. However， the understanding of solution crystallization mechanisms remains elusive， and thin film fabrication often relies on a trial-and-error approach. This review summarizes recent progress in the solution fabrication of organic semiconductor single-crystal thin films and the control of thin film morphology. We introduce commonly used solution processing techniques， including spin coating， drop casting， meniscus-guided coating， and liquid-surface-mediated growth， and elaborate strategies for morphology control， such as substrate surface modification， process parameter optimization， and solvent engineering. Additionally， the application of molecular dynamics simulations in exploring film deposition and microscopic crystallization mechanisms is discussed. Through a deeper understanding and precise manipulation of the crystallization mechanisms， the large-area fabrication and application of organic semiconductor single-crystal thin films can be realized in the near future， ultimately promoting the commercialization of organic semiconductors in areas such as flexible electronics.
1 Introduction
2 Structure and performance of organic semiconductor single crystals
3 Solution fabrication of organic semiconductor single-crystal thin films
3.1 Spin coating
3.2 Drop casting
3.3 Meniscus-guided coating
3.4 Liquid-surface-mediated growth
4 Control of solution crystallization and optimization of film morphology
4.1 Substrate surface modification
4.2 Process parameter optimization
4.3 Solvent properties and solute-solvent interaetions Ideal single-crystal film morphology and general regulation strategies
5 Molecular dynamics simulation of thin film deposition and crystallization
6 Conclusion and outlook
Amines serve as crucial structural units in pharmaceuticals， functional materials， and natural products， and their efficient synthesis has always been a core topic in organic chemistry research. In recent years， transition-metal-catalyzed C―H bond activation has emerged as a highly efficient strategy for constructing complex amine derivatives. The core challenge in amine C―H bond functionalization lies in directing the transition metal to selectively cleave the target C―H bond. Direct use of the native amine group as directing groups often leads to catalyst deactivation and side reactions such as β-hydride elimination. While covalently linked directing auxiliaries enable precise activation， they require additional installation and removal steps， reducing synthetic efficiency. The recently developed transient directing group （TDG） strategies achieves selective activation of C―H bonds through reversible binding between the directing group and the substrate. This approach not only allows precise targeting of the desired C―H bond but also eliminates the need for pre-installation and removal of directing groups， significantly enhancing the atom economy and step economy of the reactions. This review systematically summarizes the progress in transition-metal-catalyzed C―H bond functionalization of amines via transient directing group strategies over the past decade. It focuses on the development and structural characteristics of different types of transient directing groups， and provides a detailed analysis of their applications in arylation， alkynylation， fluorination， oxidation， thiolation， and sulfonylation reactions. Additionally， the review discusses current limitations in the field， including reaction types， cost control， reaction conditions， and stereoselectivity， and prospects future directions such as the design of novel transient directing groups and the construction of new catalytic systems.
1 Introduction
2 Types and design strategies of transient directing groups
3 TDG-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.1 Glyoxylic acid-type TDG-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.2 Salicylaldehyde-type TDG-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.3 2-Hydroxynicotinaldehyde-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.4 Aza-aryl aldehyde-type TDG-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.5 2-Benzoyl-4-chlorotrifluoromethanesulfonanilide directed selective arylation of amines
3.6 Acetal-type TDG-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.7 Carbon dioxide-directed C―H functionalization of amines
3.8 Pivalaldehyde-directed C―H functionalization of amines
4 Conclusion and outlook
Poly（ester amide）s （PEAs） are a class of functional polymers， which contain both ester and amide groups in their backbone. These structures provide PEAs with good biodegradability of polyesters and excellent mechanical properties of polyamides， leading to promising applications in biomedical and sustainable materials. As one of synthetic methods for preparing PEAs， ring-opening polymerizations （ROP） of cyclic ester amides offer well-controlled feature， which have attracted growing research interest in polymer synthesis and materials chemistry. In recent years， a serials of cyclic ester amides with different ring sizes and substituents have been designed and synthesized as the monomers for PEAs. By developing metal catalysts， organo-catalysts， and enzymes， ROP of cyclic ester amides have been achieved， and the properties and applications of the resultant PEAs have been evaluated. This review focuses on the advances in ROP of cyclic ester amides. According to the monomer structure， cyclic ester amides without substituents， cyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents， and cyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents are highlighted from the aspects of monomer design， catalytic ROP， and the properties and applications of the corresponding polymers. Moreover， challenges and opportunities are discussed to guide further development of ROP of cyclic ester amides.
1 Introduction
2 ROP of cyclic ester amides without substituents
2.1 ROP of 6-membered cyclic ester amides
2.2 ROP of macrocyclic ester amides
3 ROP of cyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents
3.1 ROP of 3-substituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents
3.2 ROP of 6-substituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents
3.3 ROP of 3，6-substituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents
3.4 ROP of macrocyclic ester amides with aliphatic substituents
4 ROP of cyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents
4.1 ROP of 3-substituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents
4.2 ROP of 6-substituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents
4.3 ROP of 3，6-disubstituted-6-membered cyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents
4.4 ROP of macrocyclic ester amides with aromatic substituents
5 Conclusion and outlook
Electrical stimulation responsive hydrogel drug controlled release system has attracted wide attention in the field of drug controlled release due to the advantages of precise and controllable electrical stimulation and good reversibility. Such hydrogels are usually composed of conductive polymers or polymer networks doped with conductive materials， which can undergo morphological or structural changes under the action of an external electric field， thereby achieving on-demand release of drugs. Nowadays， significant progress has been made in material design， preparation methods and release mechanisms of electrical stimulation-responsive hydrogel drug controlled release systems， such as improving the stability and response efficiency in vivo and in vitro by optimizing the conductivity， mechanical properties and biocompatibility of hydrogels. In this paper， the electrical response mechanism （ionic， electron， ion-electron mixed response type） and drug release mechanism （swelling drug release， contraction drug release） of the electrical stimulation responsive hydrogel drug controlled release system are introduced. Then， the research progress of electrical stimulation-responsive hydrogel drug controlled release system was summarized according to different electrical response mechanisms. The application of electrical stimulation-responsive hydrogel drug controlled release system in cancer treatment， diabetes treatment， heart disease treatment and nerve repair was summarized. Finally， based on some shortcomings of the current electric response hydrogel drug controlled release system （in vivo residue， drug release rate is difficult to accurately control， performance degradation after recycling）， the prospect is made.
1 Introduction
2 Electroresponsive hydrogels electrical response mechanism and the drug release mechanism of the drug controlled release system
2.1 Electroresponsive hydrogels electrical response mechanism
2.2 Electroresponsive hydrogels drug release mechanism of drug controlled release system
3 Electroresponsive hydrogels research progress of drug controlled release system
3.1 Ionic electroresponsive hydrogels drug controlled release systems
3.2 Electron electroresponsive hydrogels drug controlled release systems
3.3 Ion-electron mixed response type electroresponsive hydrogels drug controlled release systems
4 Electroresponsive hydrogels application of drug controlled release system
4.1 Cancer therapy
4.2 Diabetes treatment
4.3 Heart disease treatment
4.4 Repair of nerve
5 Conclusions and prospects
Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite （HClO/ClO-） is one of the prominent reactive oxygen species （ROS）， which has pivotal impacts in both daily life and complex biological processes. Excessive HClO/ClO- can lead to a series of diseases， such as arthritis， cardiovascular diseases and cancer， etc. Therefore， it is of great significance to detect HClO/ClO- in biological systems rapidly， sensitively and selectively. Phenothiazine （PTZ） and its derivatives with electron-rich properties are a class of significant fluorophores. At the main modification sites of a PTZ fluorophore， electron-donating or electron-withdrawing groups can be easily introduced to effectively regulate the photophysical properties of phenothiazine molecules. Moreover， they also have the advantages of non-planar butterfly-shaped curved structures that can fully inhibit the formation of molecular aggregates and environmental friendliness. Hence， they show obvious superiorities in the construction of HClO/ClO- fluorescent probes. In this review， we systematically discuss the research progress of phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO-. The sensing mechanism， relevant performance parameters and practical application of these fluorescent probes are highlighted， and the prospects for phenothiazine-based fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO- are discussed.
1 Introduction
2 Fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO- based on PET
3 Fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO- based on ICT
4 Fluorescent probes for HClO/ClO- based on other detection mechanism
5 Conclusion and outlook
Efficient capture and selective separation of CO2 is one of the important means to realize the “dual carbon” goal and mitigate climate change， and metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） show great potential in gas separation and storage due to their structural peculiarities. The potential of MOFs in the field of gas separation and storage is enormous. Among them， biological metal-organic framework （Bio-MOFs） are constructed by green synthesis pathway using natural biomolecules （e.g.， amino acids， nucleobases， peptides， etc.） as ligands， and they are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective， providing innovative solutions for CO2 capture. This paper will focus on the following： systematically summarizing the structural properties of the bio-ligands and their modulation of the framework pores and chemical properties； exploring the mechanism of direct synthesis and post-synthesis modification （e.g.， amine functionalization， ion exchange） and other strategies to enhance the performance of the materials； analyzing the adsorption behaviors of the Bio-MOFs of CO2 in complex media， elucidating the synergistic roles of molecular sieving， equilibrium sieving， and gating effects； and analyzing the CO2 adsorption behaviors of the Bio-MOFs in complex media， synergistic effect； and the challenges and future development direction of Bio-MOFs are also prospected.
1 Introduction
2 Overview of Bio-MOFs
2.1 Basic definition and characteristics of Bio-MOFs
2.2 Bio-MOFs constructed from bio-like molecules
2.3 Derived Bio-MOFs （biomolecule-MOF hybrid structures）
3 Application of CO2 adsorption of Bio-MOFs
3.1 Classification of CO2 adsorption behavior by bio-MOFs
3.2 CO2 adsorption by Bio-MOFs
3.3 Derived Bio-MOFs CO2 adsorption
4 Summary and prospects
With the widespread application of lithium-ion batteries （LIBs） in portable electronic devices， new energy vehicles， and energy storage fields， the issue of comprehensive recovery of valuable resources from a large number of retired batteries has become increasingly prominent. Currently， the industry mostly focuses on the recovery of valuable metals in the cathode electrode， while the resource value and environmental risks of the graphite anode are easily overlooked. To achieve green resource recovery and high-value application， this paper systematically reviews the recovery and utilization technologies of graphite anode from retired LIBs： Firstly， it sorts out the exfoliation and purification methods of graphite anode， including heat treatment， electrochemical exfoliation and chemical solvent exfoliation， and analyzes the advantages， disadvantages and process parameters of each method. Secondly， it summarizes the regeneration strategies of graphite anode， covering surface treatment， coating technology， doping technology and compositing modification， and clarifies the mechanism by which each strategy improves electrochemical performance. Finally， it discusses the functional application paths of waste graphite， including the preparation and development of high-value products such as graphene， graphite-based catalysts， and energy storage capacitors. This paper provides key data support and technical directions for the resource utilization of retired graphite anode， and is of great significance for alleviating the pressure on the graphite supply chain， reducing environmental pollution， and facilitating the “dual carbon” strategy.
1 Introduction
2 Stripping and purification of graphite anodes from retired lithium-ion batteries
2.1 Thermal treatment
2.2 Electrochemical exfoliation
2.3 Chemical treatment
3 Regeneration strategies of spent graphite anodes
3.1 Surface treatment
3.2 Coating technology
3.3 Doping technology
3.4 Composite modification
4 Functional application of spent graphite
4.1 Graphene
4.2 Catalyst
4.3 Capacitor
5 Technical comparison and current status
5.1 Challenges of various technical processes
5.2 Current status of various technical processes
6 Conclusion and outlook
Hydroxyl （OH） radicals， as key oxidants in the atmosphere， play a critical role in regulating atmospheric chemical composition and influencing both air quality and climate change. Accurately assessing the global OH concentration levels and trends is essential for understanding atmospheric chemical processes and evaluating environmental and climate conditions. This paper systematically reviews the global OH evaluation indicators， and summarizes the current quantitative methods for global OH in research， including inversion of ground-based indicator observation， model simulations， and satellite-based evaluation methods. Existing research on OH concentration trends reveal discrepancies between ground-based indicator inversion methods and forward model simulations regarding long-term trends. Results from indicator inversion methodsvary across studies， while model-based studies suggest an increasing trend in OH concentrations after 1980. Satellite methods still exhibit significant uncertainties in OH assessment and require further development. In the future， it is necessary to further strengthen the relevant observations of indicators and precursors to provide more observational constraints for OH assessment. At the same time， it is essential to further develop new indicators， optimize atmospheric chemical model mechanisms， and explore new assessment methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of global OH assessment.
1 Introduction
2 Evaluation indicators for global OH
2.1 Concentration evaluation indicators
2.2 Trend evaluation indicators
3 Atmospheric chemical processes and influencing factors of OH
4 Quantitative methods for global OH
4.1 Inversion of ground-based indicator observation
4.2 Model simulations
4.3 Satellite-based evaluation methods
5 Recent research progress on global OH evaluation
6 Current theoretical and technical limitations
6.1 Inherent uncertainty based on climate variability
6.2 Sources of uncertainty based on inversion methods
6.3 Sources of uncertainty based on model simulations
7 Summary and outlook
ISSN 1005-281X (Print)
Started from 1989
Published by: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
