Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem
Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO
Protein carbonylation modification is an irreversible post-translational modification （PTM） that plays a vital role in modulating protein function. The profiling of intracellular protein carbonylation can provide important information for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress-related protein signaling networks and pathologies of related diseases. Here， we provide a meticulous description and systematic synthesis of recent research progress in protein carbonylation profiling assays development， especially for mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomic platforms for global profiling of protein lipoxidation. Oxidative stress has been regarded as the result of intracellular reactive oxygen species （ROS） exceeding the buffering capacity of antioxidant defenses， triggering oxidative damage towards lipids， DNA， and proteins. Protein carbonylation （PCO） can be produced either directly by amino acid side chain oxidation， protein backbone cleavage pathways， or indirectly via the formation of adducts between protein nucleophilic side chains and lipid peroxidation products or glycosylation products. We focus on the analysis and detection of protein carbonylation caused by lipid-derived electrophiles （LDEs）， and highlight the recent development of protein LDEs profiling assays， especially for mass spectrometry （MS）-based chemoproteomic strategies. Due to the low relative abundance， poor chemical stability， and lack of specific physicochemical properties （e.g. absorption or fluorescence）， many carbonylated proteins could not be detected directly， and their detection and quantification rely on the recognition with specific chemical probes. With these probes， mass spectrometry-based chemo-proteomic platforms emerge as powerful tools for comprehensive profiling of protein carbonylation， offering unparalleled sensitivity and specificity， facilitating the identification of protein targets and modification sites critical for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression.
1 Introduction
2 Sources of oxidative stress and protein carbonylation
2.1 Oxidative stress
2.2 Sources of protein carbonylation
3 Analytical detection methods for protein carbonylation modifications
3.1 Gel-based approach
3.2 Gel-free method based on mass spectrometry
4 Conclusion and outlook
Since exosomes were discovered in sheep reticulocytes， more and more studies have shown that the function and characteristics of exosomes are closely related to the occurrence and development of diseases. The analysis and detection of exosomes have clinical significance for the diagnosis， treatment and prognosis of diseases. In recent years， researchers have taken advantage of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS） technology and developed a variety of strategies for high-sensitive， specific and multivariate detection of various biological information of exosomes. The SERS-based exosome detection technology shows a good application prospect in clinical medical diagnosis and treatment. This review summarizes the basic characteristics and main physiological mechanisms of exosomes， and discusses their clinical significance， correlation with diseases， related indicators for characterizing and difficulties in detection， and then focuses on the research progress of SERS detections of exosomes in the aspects of concentration， phenotype， content analysis， etc.， as well as the summary and prospect at the end.
1 Introduction
2 Exosome
2.1 Clinical significance
2.2 Correlation with disease
2.3 Clinical diagnostic significance and difficulties of concentration analysis， surface phenotype and contents detection
3 SERS detection for exosomes
3.1 Overview of SERS
3.2 Concentration analysis
3.3 Phenotype analysis
3.4 SERS combined with other analytical techniques
4 Conclusion and outlook
Because of the advantages of aluminum including high volumetric/gravimetric capacity， high safety， and low cost， aluminum batteries have become one of the most attractive new electrochemical energy storage devices. High-performance battery materials are the bottleneck issues impeding the development of aluminum batteries. Compared with various cathode materials， the design of aluminum anode is a common key technology for aluminum batteries. However， the current aluminum anodes still suffer from diverse problems such as surface passivation， local corrosion， and dendrite growth， which greatly influence the electrochemical performance of aluminum batteries. In this review paper， targeting on these problems， we first analyze the key factors governing the electrochemical performance of anode from the viewpoint of reaction mechanisms. Then， we summarize recent important progress about the aluminum anode design， analyze the critical strategies for optimizing aluminum anodes， and discuss their optimization effect and mechanism. Finally， perspectives on the crucial challenges and development trends of aluminum anodes are presented， with a hope to shed light on the design of high-performance aluminum batteries.
1 Introduction
2 Main types of aluminum batteries
2.1 Aqueous aluminum batteries
2.2 Nonaqueous aluminum batteries
3 The issues and mechanisms of aluminum metal anodes
3.1 Surface passivation
3.2 Corrosion
3.3 Dendrite growth
4 Optimization strategy for performance design of aluminum anode
4.1 Aluminum alloy anode
4.2 Surface modification of aluminum anode
4.3 In situ SEI regulation
4.4 3D structural design
4.5 Aluminum based composite material construction
4.6 Aluminum free anode
5 Conclusion and outlook
The origin of homochirality in biomolecules is a pivotal issue in the origin of life field. It is central to our comprehension of the nature of life itself. Homochirality， a term describing the occurrence of molecules in specific chiral forms in three-dimensional space， is fundamental to biological activity. This concept is essential because the chirality of molecules impacts how they interact with one another and how they function within biological systems. Understanding the origin of homochirality not only illuminates the process of symmetry breaking in nature but also has significant implications for various areas within the life sciences.Recent years have witnessed extensive and profound developments in the field of the origin of homochirality. These studies have employed a combination of theoretical deduction， computational simulations， and experimental observations to explore this topic. This review provides a comprehensive review of current knowledge regarding the origin of biomolecular homochirality by examining three key aspects： the emergence of molecular chirality， the amplification， and the propagation of homochirality.Firstly， the emergence of homochirality in biological molecules is a crucial focus. Researchers investigate how and why certain chiral forms become predominant in nature. Secondly， the amplification of homochirality explores how initially minor chiral bias can be amplified to achieve a predominance of one chiral form over another. Finally， the propagation of homochirality involves studying how chiral properties flow through biological molecules and systems and are inherited through generations.By delving into these aspects， this review offers fresh perspectives and insights into the complex issue of homochirality. These insights will not only deepen our understanding of the intricate processes involved in the Origins of Life but also drive advancements in practical applications such as the development of chiral drugs， the design of chiral catalysts， and the synthesis of artificial lives.
1 Introduction
2 Hypothesis of the origin of molecular chirality
2.1 Chiral molecules and characterization
2.2 Hypotheses of biotic and abiotic origin
3 Emergence of chirality
3.1 Extraterrestrial chiral molecules
3.2 Circularly polarized light leads to deracemization
3.3 β decay leads to deracemization
3.4 Parity Violating Energy Difference
3.5 Deracemization via crystallization
3.6 Deracemization via evaporation
3.7 Attrition-Enhanced Deracemization
3.8 Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity
4 Amplification of homochirality
4.1 Asymmetric autocatalytic reactions
4.2 Formation of homochiral peptides
4.3 Formation of homochiral oligonucleotides
5 Propagation of homochirality
5.1 Chirality information
5.2 Chirality propagation from amino acids to nucleotides
5.3 Chirality propagation from nucleotides and lipids to amino acids
6 Conclusion and perspective
All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density， long cycle lifeand high safety， which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries， and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years， lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide （LPSC） has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost， but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials. The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties， and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers， aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper， the basic composition， recombination mode， modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed， and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.
1 Introduction
2 Ion transport mechanism in LPSC composite solid electrolyte
3 Classification of LPSC composite solid electrolytes
3.1 LPSC-CSSE based on polymers
3.2 LPSC-CSSE based on sulfides
4 Conclusion and outlook
As a globally strategic resource， lithium resources are crucial for the development of new energy sources. Due to the similar physical and chemical properties of lithium and magnesium， lithium extraction from saline lakes with high Mg/Li ratios is a great challenge. Therefore， it is of great significance to reverse customize nanofiltration （NF） membranes with high performance according to targeted applications. This article discusses the separation mechanisms such as size exclusion， dehydration effect， Donnan effect， and dielectric exclusion， guiding composite film creation for excellent Li⁺/Mg²⁺ sieving from a theoretical direction. Besides， based on the above separation mechanisms， this paper first comprehensively summarizes existing models （non-equilibrium thermodynamic model， charge model， steric hindrance pore model， etc.） for evaluating composite film parameters， which effectively reduces the number of experiments for the preparation of high-performance NF film in the early stage. Finally， we discuss the importance of utilizing the synergy of principles and models to jointly guide the construction of NF membranes that can effectively separate Li⁺/Mg²⁺ and point out that in the future， the structural parameters of the customized NF membranes should be more precise， and the construction of the separation models should be more relevant to the real scenario， so as to better guide the synthesis of NF films with superior separation performance.
1 Introduction
2 Exploration of separation mechanisms
2.1 Size exclusion
2.2 Dehydration effect
2.3 Donnan effect
2.4 Dielectric exclusion
2.5 Compensatory effect
2.6 Hydrophobic adsorption
3 Exploration of separation models
3.1 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics model
3.2 Steric hindrance pore model
3.3 Charge model
3.4 Electrostatic and steric-hindrance model
3.5 Donnan-steric pore model
3.6 Donnan-steric pore model with dielectric exclusion
3.7 Semi-empirical model
4 Conclusion and outlook
Protein chemical synthesis plays a crucial role in preparing proteins with specific sequences. Although this technology has been successfully applied to the synthesis of various proteins， the issues of solubility and refolding efficiency remain significant challenges for researchers when synthesizing hydrophobic and disulfide-rich proteins. The introduction of reversible chemical modification tags to the side chains or backbone of proteins offers an effective solution. Specifically， the introduction of solubilizing-tag during the protein synthesis process can significantly improve the water solubility of hydrophobic peptide segments， thereby facilitating subsequent protein synthesis and purification. The introduction of glycosylation modification effectively improves the folding of disulfide-rich proteins by stabilization of their folding intermediates. Moreover， these reversible modification tags can ultimately be removed by specific chemical or biological conditions， ensuring that the biological activity and structural integrity of the proteins are unaffected. This review delves into the types， introduction strategies and removal conditions of reversible modification tags and details their important applications in protein synthesis. These strategies not only expand the tools of protein chemical synthesis but also provide strong support for biomedical research and drug development， promising to drive further development in related fields.
1 Introduction
2 Reversible chemical modification strategies for synthesizing hydrophobic proteins
2.1 Introduction of reversible modification tags in peptide side chains
2.2 Peptide backbone modification
3 Reversible glycosylation modification strategies for the synthesis of difficult-to-fold proteins
4 Conclusion and outlook
In order to promote the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development， the standardization of green energy-saving materials has concurrently fostered the emergence of novel materials. Confronted with the dual crisis of energy scarcity and environmental pollution， aerogels have garnered significant research interest because of their exceptional physicochemical properties， such as low thermal conductivity， high strength， low density and high specific surface area. Biomass-based natural wood and its derived nanocellulose， as renewable， biodegradable， and surface chemistry-tunable eco-friendly materials， have attracted widespread attention. This article first reviews the evolution and classification of woody aerogel， then discusses the preparation methods， structural characteristics， and performance advantages of woody aerogels. Subsequently， it provides an overview of the applications of woody aerogels in energy-efficient construction， environmental purification， and energy storage. Finally， it summarizes and analyzes the current research status and the problems faced by woody aerogels， and looks forward to the future development of this field.
1 Introduction
2 Research progress of woody aerogel
2.1 Overview of woody aerogel
2.2 Preparation method of woody aerogel
2.3 Structure and properties of woody aerogel
3 Application of woody aerogel
3.1 Building energy efficiency field
3.2 Environmental purification field
3.3 Energy storage field
4 Conclusion and outlook
Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite （HOCl/ClO-） are important participants in various physiological and pathological processes in the organisms. Both contribute immune defense throughinflammatory responses， but their overproduction and generation at inappropriate sites will result in oxidative damage of cell membranes， DNA， and proteins. Therefore， in view of the important physiopathological significance of HOCl/ClO-， its specific identification and detection have been an important research topic for researchers. Fluorescence and fluorescent probe methods stand out among many traditional detection methods due to their many advantages. In this paper， some representative research works on HOCl/ClO- specific fluorescent probes for organic small molecules are reviewed from the first case to the present day， categorized according to the recognition mechanisms between fluorescent probes and HOCl/ClO-. The recognition mechanisms and biological applications of HOCl/ClO- specific fluorescent probes are highlighted， and the prospects for the chemical and biological development of HOCl/ClO- specific fluorescent probes are discussed.
1 Introduction
2 Oxidation reaction mechanism
2.1 Oxidation of phenol/aniline analogs
2.2 Oxidation of oximes
2.3 Oxidation of pyrroles
2.4 Oxidation of dibenzoylhydrazines
2.5 Sulphur/selenium ether/ester oxidation
3 Electrophilic chlorination reaction mechanism
4 HOCl-mediated cyclization mechanisms
5 Cleavage reaction mechanism based on C=C/C=N bonds
6 Deprotection mechanism based on dimethyl thiocarbamate
6.1 Based on the BODIPY fluorophore
6.2 Based on the coumarin fluorophore
6.3 Based on the naphthalene fluorophore
6.4 HBT derivatives as fluorophores
6.5 Based on the resorufin fluorophore
6.6 Based on the cyano fragment fluorophore
6.7 Based on the hemicyanine xanthene and cyanine fluorophores
7 Deprotection mechanisms based on oxathiolones/dithiolones
8 Mechanism of desulfurization reactions based on C＝S bonds
9 Based on other reaction mechanisms
10 Conclusion and outlook
Lithium metal batteries （LMBs） have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable energy density. Yet， challenges surrounding safety and cycling stability have existed as crucial factors impeding their practical application. The development of an efficient electrolyte， which stands as a vital component in LMBs， serves as a key strategy to tackle those issues. In this review， the fluorinated solvent for lithium metal batteries is summarized in detail for the follow three reasons： （1） because of the strong electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine atoms， the fluorination of electrolyte solvents can reduce the HOMO and LUMO energy level， facilitating the generation of a robust solid electrolyte interface layer enriched with LiF on the lithium metal anode's surface； （2） fluorination can alter the electrostatic potential distribution of electrolyte solvents， thereby modifying coordination sites and regulating solvation structures； （3） the fluorination of solvents can also enhance the temperature endurance and flame retardance of the electrolyte. According to the chemical structures， fluorinated carbonates， fluorinated ethers， fluorinated carboxylates， fluorinated siloxanes， and fluorinated nitriles are elucidated elaborately based on the degree of fluorination and position of fluorine substitution. The relationships between the chemical structures of fluorinated solvents and the solvation structure， interfacial compatibility， and cell performances are described systematically. This review summarizes and provides insights into the future development prospects on fluorinated solvents for lithium metal batteries.
1 Introduction
2 Fluorinated carbonate based solvents
2.1 Fluorinated cyclic carbonate
2.2 Fluorinated linear carbonate
3 Fluorinated ether based solvents
3.1 Fluorinated cyclic ether
3.2 Fluorinated linear ether
3.3 Partial fluorinated ether
4 Other fluorinated solvents
5 Conclusion and outlook
ISSN 1005-281X (Print)
Started from 1989
Published by: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
