Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem
Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO
Due to its unique layered structure and excellent electrochemical properties， molybdenum disulfide （MoS2） demonstrates significant potential for applications in the energy storage field， particularly in supercapacitors. It is widely regarded as one of the most representative transition metal dichalcogenides. MoS2 possesses a high theoretical specific capacitance， abundant edge active sites， and favorable tunability and structural diversity， which provide it with a distinct advantage in the construction of advanced electrode structures. Additionally， the anisotropic characteristics of MoS2 concerning electron and ion transport offer more dimensions for regulating its electrochemical behavior. This work will systematically review various synthesis strategies for MoS2 and its recent advancements in energy storage， with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which interlayer spacing modulation affects energy storage behavior in supercapacitor configurations. The discussion will encompass a comprehensive logical framework that spans material structure modifications， electronic configuration evolution， and enhancements in macroscopic device performance. This review aims to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the application of MoS2 in the next generation of high-performance energy storage devices.
1 Introduction
2 Overview of MoS2 as a fundamental electrode material for supercapacitors
3 Synthesis strategies of MoS2
3.1 “Bottom-up” synthesis of MoS2
3.2 “Top-down” synthesis of MoS2
4 Strategy of modulating MoS2 interlayer spacing and the effects on electrochemical properties
4.1 Interlayer agent induces interlayer spacing expansion
4.2 3D structure construction
4.3 Defect engineering
4.4 Other methods to regulate the interlayer spacing of MoS2
4.5 Theoretical understanding
5 Summary and outlook
Mirror-image peptides and proteins composed entirely of D-amino acids have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates owing to their resistance to proteolysis and reduced immunogenicity. Mirror-image phage display （MIPD） is currently the main experimental technique for identifying mirror-image peptide ligands targeting disease-related proteins. However， the success of MIPD critically depends on synthetic mirror-image target proteins， which cannot be produced by traditional recombinant methods due to the intrinsic chirality of biological systems. Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis， such as enzyme-cleavable solubilizing tags， backbone-installed split intein-assisted ligation， and removable glycosylation modification-assisted folding strategies， have effectively addressed key challenges in preparing these complex mirror-image proteins. In addition， computational approaches， exemplified by AI-driven protein design， have become powerful complementary tools， accelerating the discovery and optimization of mirror-image protein drug candidates. Although mirror-image protein drugs have not yet reached clinical use， ongoing innovations in chemical synthesis and ligand screening methods are steadily advancing their therapeutic potential toward clinical translation.
1 Introduction
2 Mirror-image phage display
3 Chemical protein synthesis
3.1 Solid-phase peptide synthesis
3.2 Native chemical ligation
3.3 Peptide hydrazide ligation
3.4 Multiple-segment ligation
3.5 The ligation-desulfurization strategy
3.6 Solubilizing tags for hydrophobic segment
3.7 Chemoenzymatic D-peptide ligation
3.8 The folding of D-protein
4 Applications of mirror-image phage display
5 Computationally assisted discovery of mirror-image protein drugs
6 Conclusion and outlook
With the increasing global emphasis on carbon dioxide emissions reduction， electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction （ECO2R） to methanol has garnered significant attention within the context of carbon neutrality. However， existing ECO2R catalysts still suffer from limitations in activity， selectivity， and stability， thereby constraining their practical applications. This underscores the urgent need for the development of highly efficient catalysts， which remains a central research focus in this field. Traditional catalyst design predominantly relies on trial-and-error approaches， which are inherently inefficient. Therefore， novel strategies are required to accelerate catalyst discovery and optimization. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence， machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool to drive catalyst development. This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms underlying ECO2R to methanol and highlights recent advancements in catalyst research， encompassing Cu-based， non-Cu-based， and phthalocyanine-based catalysts. Furthermore， the fundamental framework of machine learning applications in this domain is introduced， covering key stages from data acquisition to model validation. Particular emphasis is placed on machine learning-driven predictions of catalytic activity， catalyst design， and performance optimization. Although machine learning has made remarkable progress in ECO2R research， there are still several challenges， including data scarcity， insufficient model interpretability， and the lack of a universal prediction framework. Future research should focus on the establishment of high-quality catalyst databases， enhancement of model interpretability， and improvement of generalization capabilities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on ECO2R catalyst design while emphasizing the pivotal role of machine learning in facilitating breakthroughs in this field.
1 Introduction
2 Reaction mechanism of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction to methanol
2.1 Reduction of carbon dioxide to two‑electron products
2.2 Further conversion of carbon monoxide intermediates
3 Electrocatalysts for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol
3.1 Copper‑based catalysts
3.2 Non‑copper‑based catalysts
3.3 Phthalocyanine‑based catalysts
3.4 Design principles and performance regulation of catalysts
4 Machine learning-assisted electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol
4.1 Basic procedures of machine learning application
4.2 Machine learning empowering the design of carbon dioxide to methanol catalysts
5 Challenges and prospects
5.1 Improve catalyst stability
5.2 In-depth analysis of reaction mechanisms
5.3 Optimize reactor structure
5.4 Machine learning-assisted catalyst design
Phthalocyanine transition metal macrocyclic complexes have been widely applied in electrochemical reaction processes related to energy conversion and storage， including catalytic oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） and oxygen evolution reactions （OER）， etc. Their excellent bifunctional performance in catalytic oxygen reactions has attracted extensive attention. This article mainly reviews the preparation methods and current research progress of metal phthalocyanine-based catalysts， as well as the factors influencing the performance of metal phthalocyanine-based catalysts， such as the structure of metal phthalocyanine， the support， the synergistic effect of central metal ions and bimetallic ions， and the influence of edge modification groups， etc. The influence of the fully conjugated structure on its thermal stability and the improvement of catalytic performance was analyzed； The π-π interaction between polymeric metal phthalocyanine complexes and three-dimensional graphene is conducive to improving catalytic activity and durability. The synergistic effect between the two metals and the edge-modified electron-donating groups can enhance catalytic performance.
1 Introduction
2 Preparation of metal phthalocyanine complexes and their catalysts
3 Influencing factors of catalytic performance of metal phthalocyanine complex catalysts
3.1 The influence of the structure of metal phthalocyanine complexes on the catalytic performance of catalysts
3.2 The influence of the carrier on the catalytic performance of metal phthalocyanine complex catalysts
3.3 The influence of central metal ions on the catalytic performance of polymeric metal phthalocyanine-based catalysts
3.4 The influence of edge group modification on the catalytic performance of metal phthalocyanine complex catalysts
4 Conclusion
As environmental challenges continue to escalate， the importance of energy storage development has never been greater. The design and advancement of high-performance batteries are now essential to meet the demands of modern society. However， existing battery substrates are inadequate for the production of next-generation batteries. Metal-Organic Frameworks （MOFs） have emerged as a novel class of multifunctional materials that offer significant advantages as battery substrates， including high specific surface area， exceptional porosity， and customizable properties. This review comprehensively examines the applications of various MOF substrates in the field of battery electrodes， and delves into innovative application strategies， challenges and outlines future development prospects for MOF electrode substrates， emphasizing their transformative potential in enhancing electrode performance， paving the way for their integration into sustainable energy solutions.
1 Introduction
2 Pure MOFs electrode material
3 MOFs composite electrode materials
4 MOFs derivatives and their composite electrode materials
5 Conclusion and outlook
Methane， as a light alkane clean resource with abundant reserves， its efficient utilization has significant practical significance. Direct conversion of methane into high-value target products through gas-phase selective oxidation of methane has become an effective way to efficiently utilize methane. This reaction has the advantages of simple equipment and relatively low reaction energy consumption. However， the strong carbon-hydrogen bond of methane makes its activation process difficult， and the product formaldehyde is prone to deep oxidation under high-temperature and oxygen-containing conditions， resulting in a decrease in the selectivity of the target product. Therefore， achieving high-selectivity direct oxidation of methane to form oxygen-containing compounds is challenging. This article reviews the research progress in the gas-phase selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde， focusing on the reaction mechanism of selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde on catalysts， catalyst systems， and the application of various in-situ characterizations in the reaction. Finally， the future development directions of the selective oxidation of methane are summarized and prospected.
1 Introduction
2 Methane C―H bond activation
3 Reaction mechanism of gas phase selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde
3.1 Mars-van Krevelen mechanism
3.2 Non‑Mars‑van Krevelen mechanism involving peroxide species
3.3 Langmuir‑Hinshelwood mechanism
4 Methane selective oxidation reaction catalyst system
4.1 Mo‑based catalyst
4.2 V‑based catalyst
4.3 Fe‑based catalyst
4.4 Other catalysts
5 In‑situ characterization of methane selective oxidation reaction
6 Conclusion and outlook
Liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） are crosslinked polymer networks that combine the anisotropy of liquid crystals with the entropic elasticity of elastomers. They exhibit reversible large deformations under external stimuli， making them a focal point in smart materials research. Among various forms， LCE fibers， characterized by their high aspect ratio and large specific surface area， demonstrate enhanced sensitivity， greater deformation capacity， and excellent reversibility， weavability， and programmability， significantly broadening their application potential. In recent years， advancements in manufacturing technologies have expanded the fabrication methods of LCE fibers from traditional pulling and templating techniques to advanced spinning technologies such as melt spinning， electrospinning， wet spinning， and emerging 3D/4D printing techniques. These innovations have not only provided more possibilities for structural design and performance optimization of LCE fibers but also promoted their widespread use in high-performance material applications. This article systematically reviews the molecular structure and diverse fabrication methods of LCE fibers， discusses their applications in artificial muscles， soft robotics， smart clothing， and wearable devices， and provides an outlook on the future development of LCE fibers.
1 Introduction
2 Molecular structures of liquid crystal elastomer fiber
3 Fabrication technology of liquid crystal elastomer fiber
3.1 Pultrusion method
3.2 Template method
3.3 Printing method
3.4 Spinning method
3.5 Microfluidic method
4 Application of liquid crystal elastomer fiber
4.1 Artificial muscles
4.2 Soft robots
4.3 Intelligent textiles
5 Conclusion and outlook
In the era of heightened global environmental consciousness， the principle of sustainable development has become deeply ingrained in public awareness. However， conventional petroleum-based adhesives are plagued by issues of unsustainability， high energy consumption， and significant environmental pollution during their production and application. Consequently， the development of green， sustainable， and high-performance biomass-based adhesives has emerged as a critical research focus. Biomass-based adhesives continue to encounter significant challenges， including suboptimal water resistance， elevated production costs， and the necessity for enhanced environmental performance. Future research should focus on optimizing the modification process of biomass raw materials， reducing production costs， improving the comprehensive properties of adhesives， and promoting their large-scale industrial application. In-depth investigation into the correlation between the structure and properties of biomass is crucial for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective adhesives. This paper summarizes the classification， modification methods， and properties of biomass-based raw materials and provides a detailed prospect for their future development.
1 Introduction
2 Modification strategies for the preparation of bio-based adhesives
2.1 Physical modification
2.2 Chemical modification
2.3 Composite modification
3 Adhesive production from biomass-based material
3.1 Lignin
3.2 Polysaccharides
3.3 Proteins
4 Conclusion and outlook
Brine resources are widely present in salt lakes， groundwater， and seawater. They are rich in many valuable elements such as lithium， potassium， magnesium， and boron， and thus possess significant economic value. With the rapid development of the new energy industry， especially the sharp increase in the demand for lithium resources， the comprehensive utilization of brine resources has become crucial for ensuring the sustainable supply of resources and promoting green development. However， traditional brine treatment methods， such as evaporation crystallization and chemical precipitation， have problems like high energy consumption， low separation precision， and environmental pollution. There is an urgent need for more efficient and environmentally friendly technical means. As a separation technology based on ion exchange membranes and the action of an electric field， electrodialysis technology has remarkable advantages such as high efficiency， energy conservation， and environmental friendliness， and has gradually become an important technology in brine resource treatment. This article introduces the principles of electrodialysis technology， including the working mechanisms of anion and cation membranes and bipolar membranes. By combining application cases， it explores the research progress of electrodialysis technology in the comprehensive utilization of brine resources. In terms of separation and extraction， this technology has a remarkable effect on the separation and extraction of elements such as lithium， boron， and potassium. It has outstanding advantages， especially in the extraction of lithium from brine with a high magnesium - to - lithium ratio. In the concentration process， it can achieve brine concentration with low energy consumption. In product processing， it can improve product purity and optimize the production process. Although electrodialysis technology has achieved remarkable results in the laboratory and pilot - scale stages， it still faces challenges such as the durability of membrane materials and equipment costs in large - scale industrial applications. In the future， electrodialysis technology is expected to develop synergistically with other technologies. Differentiated technical solutions will be developed according to the characteristics of different brine resources to achieve the full - component utilization of brine resources and promote the sustainable development of related industries.
1 Introduction
1.1 Brine resources
1.2 Comprehensive utilization of brine
2 Principles and application of electrodialysis
2.1 Principle of anion and cation membranes
2.2 Principle of bipolar membranes
2.3 Application case
3 Advances in the research and application of electrodialysis technology
3.1 Separation and extraction
3.2 Concentration
3.3 Product processing
4 Summary and outlook
The increasing proportion of nuclear energy in China’s energy resources has brought about a series of difficulties and challenges. Nuclear power plants generate a large amount of radioactive liquid and solid waste during operation， and how to effectively treat and dispose of them has become a research focus. For radioactive liquid waste， the current main treatment processes in China are ion exchange and barrel evaporation drying. In addition， chemical precipitation， membrane technology， and other emerging technologies are also the current research directions for combined treatment. For solid waste， radioactive ions are tightly bound to solid materials， making it difficult for decontamination and regulatory release. Currently， solidification and compression are used for disposal in China， especially for mixed waste resins， which have large output and high radiation dose， as well as water absorption and elasticity， the main method in China is to use hot state overpressure technology to improve the volume reduction ratio， and then package and dispose of it geologically.
1 Background
2 Treatment of radioactive liquid waste
2.1 Radioactive wastewater
2.2 Treatment methods of radioactive liquid waste
3 Disposal of radioactive solid waste
4 Summary
4.1 Treatment technologies for liquid waste
4.2 Disposal of solid waste
5 Prospect
5.1 Research directions for the treatment of radioactive liquid waste
5.2 Research directions for radioactive solid waste
Owing to its high temperature strength， high ductility and good corrosion resistance， Inconel 718 （IN718） alloy had broad application prospects in aerospace， military and energy fields. However， the low hardness and wear resistance of IN718 alloy severely limited its application. To solve these problems， one of the feasible strategies was to modify the composition/microstructure of IN718 alloy. Laser additive manufacturing methods had the capabilities of effectively regulating the composition and microstructure of composite materials， so as to enhance their mechanical performances. Herein， the intrinsic properties and compositional modification strategies of IN718-matrix composites were first introduced， and then the advantages and limitations of laser-additive-manufactured IN718-matrix composites were summarized， respectively. Subsequently， the evolution laws of microstructural morphologies and mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing methods were summarized. Finally， the key scientific problems in modifying the preparation method， regulating microstructure and optimizing mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites were respectively clarified， and the future developments were prospected.
1 Introduction
2 Modification of IN718 alloy
2.1 Surface modification
2.2 Matrix modification
3 Laser additive manufacturing methods for IN718 matrix composites
3.1 Laser Powder Bed Fusion
3.2 Laser Directed Energy Deposition
3.3 Laser Cladding
4 Microstructure and mechanical performances of laser additive manufacturing IN718 matrix composites
4.1 Surface modification
4.2 Matrix modification
5 Conclusion and outlook
ISSN 1005-281X (Print)
Started from 1989
Published by: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)
