Hydrogen energy，as a pivotal clean energy carrier under the carbon neutrality goal，urgently demands breakthroughs in its efficient preparation technology. This paper focuses on pulsed electrolysis for hydrogen production，systematically elucidating the mechanisms of reducing the diffusion layer thickness，accelerating bubble detachment，and enhancing electrode stability through periodic modulation of current/voltage. It reveals the optimization mechanisms of suppressing the bubble shielding effect via pulse modulation and shortening the ion relaxation time using high-frequency pulses. The paper summarizes the influence laws of pulse parameters （waveform，frequency，duty cycle，etc.） on hydrogen production characteristics，compares the application potential of inductive pulses，voltage/current pulses，and fluctuating power electrolysis technologies，and highlights their advantages in adapting to the fluctuating power sources of wind and solar energy （wide power regulation range，suppression of voltage flicker）. Despite demonstrating high energy efficiency and robust performance，pulsed electrolysis still encounters bottlenecks such as insufficient electrode impact resistance and unclear multi-parameter coupling mechanisms. Future research should integrate intelligent algorithms for dynamic regulation optimization，develop integrated wind-solar-storage-hydrogen systems，promote the application of high-frequency resonance and low ripple filtering technologies，and accelerate the large-scale production of green hydrogen. This paper provides theoretical support for the advancement of pulsed electrolysis technology and its potential engineering applications.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Principle of hydrogen production by pulse electrolysis of water

2.1 Introduction to hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis

2.2 Analysis of the mechanism for enhancing hydrogen production performance through pulse electroly

3 The influence of pulse parameters on hydrogen production characteristics

3.1 Impact of pulse waveform

3.2 Impact of pulse period，frequency，and duty cycle

3.3 Impact of pulse potential

4 Classification of hydrogen production technology through pulsed electrolysis of water

4.1 Hydrogen production through induced pulse electrolysis of water

4.2 Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water using voltage pulse

4.3 Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water using current pulse

4.4 Power fluctuation in hydrogen production through water electrolysis

5 Wide-power hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis，adaptable to fluctuating wind and solar inputs

5.1 Impact of fluctuation in wind and solar power sources

5.2 Hydrogen production technology based on wind fluctuation power generation

5.3 Photovoltaic fluctuation power generation and hydrogen production technology

5.4 Hydrogen production technology through wind-solar hybrid fluctuating power generation

6 Summary and future outlook

With the increasing global emphasis on carbon dioxide emissions reduction， electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction （ECO₂R） to methanol has garnered significant attention within the context of carbon neutrality. However， existing ECO₂R catalysts still suffer from limitations in activity， selectivity， and stability， thereby constraining their practical applications. This underscores the urgent need for the development of highly efficient catalysts， which remains a central research focus in this field. Traditional catalyst design predominantly relies on trial-and-error approaches， which are inherently inefficient. Therefore， novel strategies are required to accelerate catalyst discovery and optimization. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence， machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool to drive catalyst development. This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms underlying ECO₂R to methanol and highlights recent advancements in catalyst research， encompassing Cu-based， non-Cu-based， and phthalocyanine-based catalysts. Furthermore， the fundamental framework of machine learning applications in this domain is introduced， covering key stages from data acquisition to model validation. Particular emphasis is placed on machine learning-driven predictions of catalytic activity， catalyst design， and performance optimization. Although machine learning has made remarkable progress in ECO₂R research， there are still several challenges， including data scarcity， insufficient model interpretability， and the lack of a universal prediction framework. Future research should focus on the establishment of high-quality catalyst databases， enhancement of model interpretability， and improvement of generalization capabilities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on ECO₂R catalyst design while emphasizing the pivotal role of machine learning in facilitating breakthroughs in this field.

Liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） are crosslinked polymer networks that combine the anisotropy of liquid crystals with the entropic elasticity of elastomers. They exhibit reversible large deformations under external stimuli， making them a focal point in smart materials research. Among various forms， LCE fibers， characterized by their high aspect ratio and large specific surface area， demonstrate enhanced sensitivity， greater deformation capacity， and excellent reversibility， weavability， and programmability， significantly broadening their application potential. In recent years， advancements in manufacturing technologies have expanded the fabrication methods of LCE fibers from traditional pulling and templating techniques to advanced spinning technologies such as melt spinning， electrospinning， wet spinning， and emerging 3D/4D printing techniques. These innovations have not only provided more possibilities for structural design and performance optimization of LCE fibers but also promoted their widespread use in high-performance material applications. This article systematically reviews the molecular structure and diverse fabrication methods of LCE fibers， discusses their applications in artificial muscles， soft robotics， smart clothing， and wearable devices， and provides an outlook on the future development of LCE fibers.

As a clean and efficient secondary energy source， hydrogen energy represents a strategic pillar for future energy transition， capable of replacing fossil fuels to achieve deep decarbonization in industries， transportation， and other sectors. In recent years， seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising route for green hydrogen production， owing to its potential to utilize seawater as a feedstock and address offshore wind power utilization challenges in remote marine areas. However， current research on seawater electrolysis predominantly focuses on catalyst development at the material level， with insufficient attention to synergistic optimization at the system and process levels. To bridge this gap， this review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies and future trends in seawater electrolysis systems and processes. The system is decomposed into four key components： electrolyzer， power supply system， gas-liquid separation system， and gas purification system， with a comprehensive analysis of their current research progress. Additionally， this paper highlights innovations in non-catalyst aspects， including technological and methodological advancements. Finally， future directions and application prospects for seawater electrolysis systems are discussed， emphasizing the importance of integrated system design， scalability， and cost-effectiveness to accelerate industrial deployment. This work aims to provide insights into the holistic development of seawater electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production.

Brine resources are widely present in salt lakes， groundwater， and seawater. They are rich in many valuable elements such as lithium， potassium， magnesium， and boron， and thus possess significant economic value. With the rapid development of the new energy industry， especially the sharp increase in the demand for lithium resources， the comprehensive utilization of brine resources has become crucial for ensuring the sustainable supply of resources and promoting green development. However， traditional brine treatment methods， such as evaporation crystallization and chemical precipitation， have problems like high energy consumption， low separation precision， and environmental pollution. There is an urgent need for more efficient and environmentally friendly technical means. As a separation technology based on ion exchange membranes and the action of an electric field， electrodialysis technology has remarkable advantages such as high efficiency， energy conservation， and environmental friendliness， and has gradually become an important technology in brine resource treatment. This article introduces the principles of electrodialysis technology， including the working mechanisms of anion and cation membranes and bipolar membranes. By combining application cases， it explores the research progress of electrodialysis technology in the comprehensive utilization of brine resources. In terms of separation and extraction， this technology has a remarkable effect on the separation and extraction of elements such as lithium， boron， and potassium. It has outstanding advantages， especially in the extraction of lithium from brine with a high magnesium - to - lithium ratio. In the concentration process， it can achieve brine concentration with low energy consumption. In product processing， it can improve product purity and optimize the production process. Although electrodialysis technology has achieved remarkable results in the laboratory and pilot - scale stages， it still faces challenges such as the durability of membrane materials and equipment costs in large - scale industrial applications. In the future， electrodialysis technology is expected to develop synergistically with other technologies. Differentiated technical solutions will be developed according to the characteristics of different brine resources to achieve the full - component utilization of brine resources and promote the sustainable development of related industries.

In the era of heightened global environmental consciousness， the principle of sustainable development has become deeply ingrained in public awareness. However， conventional petroleum-based adhesives are plagued by issues of unsustainability， high energy consumption， and significant environmental pollution during their production and application. Consequently， the development of green， sustainable， and high-performance biomass-based adhesives has emerged as a critical research focus. Biomass-based adhesives continue to encounter significant challenges， including suboptimal water resistance， elevated production costs， and the necessity for enhanced environmental performance. Future research should focus on optimizing the modification process of biomass raw materials， reducing production costs， improving the comprehensive properties of adhesives， and promoting their large-scale industrial application. In-depth investigation into the correlation between the structure and properties of biomass is crucial for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective adhesives. This paper summarizes the classification， modification methods， and properties of biomass-based raw materials and provides a detailed prospect for their future development.

Mirror-image peptides and proteins composed entirely of D-amino acids have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates owing to their resistance to proteolysis and reduced immunogenicity. Mirror-image phage display （MIPD） is currently the main experimental technique for identifying mirror-image peptide ligands targeting disease-related proteins. However， the success of MIPD critically depends on synthetic mirror-image target proteins， which cannot be produced by traditional recombinant methods due to the intrinsic chirality of biological systems. Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis， such as enzyme-cleavable solubilizing tags， backbone-installed split intein-assisted ligation， and removable glycosylation modification-assisted folding strategies， have effectively addressed key challenges in preparing these complex mirror-image proteins. In addition， computational approaches， exemplified by AI-driven protein design， have become powerful complementary tools， accelerating the discovery and optimization of mirror-image protein drug candidates. Although mirror-image protein drugs have not yet reached clinical use， ongoing innovations in chemical synthesis and ligand screening methods are steadily advancing their therapeutic potential toward clinical translation.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

The increasing proportion of nuclear energy in China’s energy resources has brought about a series of difficulties and challenges. Nuclear power plants generate a large amount of radioactive liquid and solid waste during operation， and how to effectively treat and dispose of them has become a research focus. For radioactive liquid waste， the current main treatment processes in China are ion exchange and barrel evaporation drying. In addition， chemical precipitation， membrane technology， and other emerging technologies are also the current research directions for combined treatment. For solid waste， radioactive ions are tightly bound to solid materials， making it difficult for decontamination and regulatory release. Currently， solidification and compression are used for disposal in China， especially for mixed waste resins， which have large output and high radiation dose， as well as water absorption and elasticity， the main method in China is to use hot state overpressure technology to improve the volume reduction ratio， and then package and dispose of it geologically.

The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction （UOR） has emerged as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional oxygen evolution reaction for hydrogen production， with mechanistic understanding being critical for the rational design of catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in in situ characterization techniques for elucidating the dynamic reaction mechanisms of UOR. Studies reveal that phase transitions， valence state migration， and electronic structure evolution of catalysts under operational conditions are key factors governing activity and stability. Techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction， X-ray absorption spectroscopy， Raman spectroscopy， and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy enable real-time monitoring of catalyst reconstruction， intermediate evolution， and interfacial adsorption behavior， overcoming the environmental deviations inherent in conventional ex situ characterization. When combined with theoretical calculations， these methods provide direct evidence for identifying active-site configurations， reaction pathways， and rate-determining steps. In addition， special emphasis is placed on multimodal in situ strategies for deciphering synergistic effects in nickel-based catalysts， while current challenges， including non-alkaline systems， real wastewater environments， and multi-metal cooperation mechanisms， are critically discussed. Future research should focus on developing novel in situ approaches for complex systems and establishing a mutually reinforcing framework integrating theoretical prediction and experimental validation， thereby advancing UOR catalyst design from empirical exploration to mechanism-guided optimization.

Photoelectrochemical （PEC） biosensors， as an emerging analytical platform， offer significant advantages， including low background signals， high sensitivity， and operational simplicity， due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric †conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing， primarily involving three essential processes： light harvesting， charge carrier separation， and interfacial reaction. Based on this， the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously， the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally， this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.

Owing to its high temperature strength， high ductility and good corrosion resistance， Inconel 718 （IN718） alloy had broad application prospects in aerospace， military and energy fields. However， the low hardness and wear resistance of IN718 alloy severely limited its application. To solve these problems， one of the feasible strategies was to modify the composition/microstructure of IN718 alloy. Laser additive manufacturing methods had the capabilities of effectively regulating the composition and microstructure of composite materials， so as to enhance their mechanical performances. Herein， the intrinsic properties and compositional modification strategies of IN718-matrix composites were first introduced， and then the advantages and limitations of laser-additive-manufactured IN718-matrix composites were summarized， respectively. Subsequently， the evolution laws of microstructural morphologies and mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing methods were summarized. Finally， the key scientific problems in modifying the preparation method， regulating microstructure and optimizing mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites were respectively clarified， and the future developments were prospected.

Agricultural activities constitute a significant source of greenhouse gases including methane （CH₄）， nitrous oxide （N₂O）， and carbon dioxide （CO₂）. Achieving continuous， real-time， and large-scale online monitoring of these gases represents a crucial means of advancing sustainable agriculture and addressing climate change. Although monitoring technologies such as infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing have demonstrated mature performance in terms of accuracy and selectivity， their high cost， energy consumption， and complex deployment methods have limited widespread adoption in agricultural settings. This review highlights that semiconductor gas sensors， with their advantages of low cost， ease of integration， suitability for large-scale deployment， and deep integration with the Internet of things， are emerging as the ideal core technology for constructing future agricultural monitoring networks. The paper systematically reviews recent research advances inenhancing semiconductor sensor sensitivity， selectivity， and stability through strategies including nanomaterial regulation， heterostructure construction， catalytic and surface engineering， and signal processing algorithm integration. It also delves into practical challenges encountered in real agricultural environments—such as environmental interference， humidity effects， cross-sensitivity， and long-term stability—within livestock management and soil monitoring applications. Finally， this paper outlines future development trends for semiconductor gas sensors in agriculture： intelligent design of sensing materials， high integration of sensing nodes with IoT， multi-gas collaborative monitoring， and AI-based gas identification and emission modelling. Collectively， these advancements will drive the formation of future smart agricultural systems integrating precise monitoring， intelligent decision-making， and ecological management.

Methane， as a light alkane clean resource with abundant reserves， its efficient utilization has significant practical significance. Direct conversion of methane into high-value target products through gas-phase selective oxidation of methane has become an effective way to efficiently utilize methane. This reaction has the advantages of simple equipment and relatively low reaction energy consumption. However， the strong carbon-hydrogen bond of methane makes its activation process difficult， and the product formaldehyde is prone to deep oxidation under high-temperature and oxygen-containing conditions， resulting in a decrease in the selectivity of the target product. Therefore， achieving high-selectivity direct oxidation of methane to form oxygen-containing compounds is challenging. This article reviews the research progress in the gas-phase selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde， focusing on the reaction mechanism of selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde on catalysts， catalyst systems， and the application of various in-situ characterizations in the reaction. Finally， the future development directions of the selective oxidation of methane are summarized and prospected.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） are a category of persistent organic pollutants （POPs） that are ubiquitously found across various environmental media， due to their extensive application in industrial processes and consumer products. These substances can infiltrate the human body through diet， drinking water， inhalation and skin contact， thereby posing potential risks to human health. The placenta， a critical organ at the maternal-fetal interface， is integral to material exchange and endocrine regulation， functioning as a natural barrier to shield the fetus from harmful external agents. Nonetheless， PFAS can cross the placental barrier， accumulate in placental tissues， and subsequently disrupt normal placental physiological functions， which poses significant threats to fetal growth and development. Based on evidence from epidemiological studies， placental cell models， and animal exposure models， this review summarizes the global exposure levels of PFAS in the placenta， examines the effects of PFAS exposure on placental morphology， structure， and function， and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research， this review also offers insights into future research directions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Exposure of placentas to PFAS

2.1 Exposure concentration and distribution of human placentas to PFAS

2.2 Factors influence PFAS retention and transport in the Placenta

3 The effect of PFAS on placental structure and function

3.1 Effect on placental morphological

3.2 Effect on placental histological structure

3.3 Effect on placental vascular

3.4 Effect on nutrient metabolism and transport

3.5 Effect on placental endocrine

3.6 Molecular mechanisms of placental dysfunction

4 Conclusion and outlook

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is recognized as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate global energy crises and mitigate environmental pollution. As a typical ternary chalcogenide semiconductor with a layered structure， Zn₃In₂S₆ （ZIS） has garnered significant attention in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution， thanks to its favorable energy band structure， excellent visible-light response capability， and abundant surface active sites. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in photocatalytic hydrogen production. First， it systematically elaborates on the fundamental properties of ZIS， including its hexagonal layered crystal structure and its energy band characteristics， as well as the core mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production centered on the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. Then， the review focuses on the application progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in different photocatalytic hydrogen production systems： overall water splitting （achieving efficient carrier separation via S-scheme heterojunctions）， hydrogen production in sacrificial agent systems （optimizing hole consumption paths with agents like lactic acid， formic acid， and triethanolamine to enhance efficiency）， and bifunctional coupled reaction systems （including organic pollutant degradation coupled with hydrogen production， selective oxidation of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupled with hydrogen production， and hydrogen peroxide synthesis coupled with hydrogen production）. For each system， a comparative analysis is conducted on reaction mechanisms， advantages， disadvantages， performance optimization strategies （e.g.， heterojunction construction， cocatalyst loading， defect engineering）， and technical economy. Finally， the review discusses the current challenges faced by ZIS-based photocatalytic materials， especially in bifunctional coupled reaction systems， such as limited selectivity in organic oxidation， catalyst deactivation， and complex product separation， and proposes future development directions， including the design of atomically dispersed cocatalysts， in situ mechanism studies using advanced characterization technologies， and integration with practical application scenarios like wastewater treatment. This review provides a systematic reference for the rational design and further development of high-performance ZIS-based photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production.

In recent years， flexible electronic devices have shown broad application prospects in fields such as smart sensing equipment， human-machine interfaces and bio-inspired electronic skins. Ionogels demonstrate significant potential in the preparation of flexible electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance， tunable mechanical properties and high environmental adaptability. However， the generally poor mechanical properties of ionogels limit their widespread use. To address this， this article systematically reviews the research progress of ionogels from two aspects： preparation methods and mechanical reinforcement strategies. First common types of ionic liquids and their characteristics are summarized based on the types of anions and cations. Then the preparation techniques for ionogels are categorized into physical blending， in situ polymerization and solvent exchange， with detailed analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. Next， representative strategies for enhancing mechanical performance are outlined， including regulating polymer network structures， constructing non-covalent interactions， forming microphase-separated structures and introducing inorganic nanoparticles. The mechanism of these strategies， the regulatory effect on the mechanical properties of ionogels， and the application scenarios are systematically explained. Finally， key challenges in current ionogels preparation processes are discussed along with future development directions. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance ionogels and improving their properties.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types and characteristics of ionic liquids

3 Preparation methods of ionogels

3.1 Physical blending method

3.2 In situ polymerization

3.3 Solvent exchange

4 Strategies for strengthening the mechanical properties of ionogels

5 Conclusion and outlook

During the oxygen evolution reaction （OER），the surface reconstruction phenomenon of catalysts is closely related to the enhancement of their catalytic performance. However，the mechanistic understanding of catalyst surface reconstruction remains incomplete，particularly the technical bottlenecks in achieving controlled surface reconstruction and precise regulation of active sites. To address this，this article systematically elucidates two OER catalytic mechanisms-the adsorbate evolution mechanism （AEM） and the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism （LOM） and analyzes the influence of pH，temperature，and applied potential on the surface reconstruction behavior of catalysts. Key mechanisms such as ion leaching （cation/anion leaching），elemental doping （metal/non-metal doping），and size effect modulation are summarized to reveal the relationship between surface reconstruction and catalytic activity of the OER catalysts. This work aims to provide theoretical support for the development of high-performance OER electrocatalysts. Finally，based on the challenges and prospects faced by surface-reconstructed OER catalysts，the potential impact of controlled reconstruction on the catalytic performance is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER catalytic mechanisms

2.1 Adsorbate evolution mechanism

2.2 Lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism

3 Surface reconstruction

3.1 Fundamental principles of surface reconstruction

3.2 Factors influencing surface reconstruction

4 Strategies for modulating oer catalyst surface reconstruction

4.1 Ion leaching

4.2 Elemental doping

4.3 Size regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook