Lithium metal batteries （LMBs） have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable energy density. Yet， challenges surrounding safety and cycling stability have existed as crucial factors impeding their practical application. The development of an efficient electrolyte， which stands as a vital component in LMBs， serves as a key strategy to tackle those issues. In this review， the fluorinated solvent for lithium metal batteries is summarized in detail for the follow three reasons： （1） because of the strong electron-withdrawing effect of fluorine atoms， the fluorination of electrolyte solvents can reduce the HOMO and LUMO energy level， facilitating the generation of a robust solid electrolyte interface layer enriched with LiF on the lithium metal anode's surface； （2） fluorination can alter the electrostatic potential distribution of electrolyte solvents， thereby modifying coordination sites and regulating solvation structures； （3） the fluorination of solvents can also enhance the temperature endurance and flame retardance of the electrolyte. According to the chemical structures， fluorinated carbonates， fluorinated ethers， fluorinated carboxylates， fluorinated siloxanes， and fluorinated nitriles are elucidated elaborately based on the degree of fluorination and position of fluorine substitution. The relationships between the chemical structures of fluorinated solvents and the solvation structure， interfacial compatibility， and cell performances are described systematically. This review summarizes and provides insights into the future development prospects on fluorinated solvents for lithium metal batteries.

Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite （HOCl/ClO^-） are important participants in various physiological and pathological processes in the organisms. Both contribute immune defense throughinflammatory responses， but their overproduction and generation at inappropriate sites will result in oxidative damage of cell membranes， DNA， and proteins. Therefore， in view of the important physiopathological significance of HOCl/ClO^-， its specific identification and detection have been an important research topic for researchers. Fluorescence and fluorescent probe methods stand out among many traditional detection methods due to their many advantages. In this paper， some representative research works on HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes for organic small molecules are reviewed from the first case to the present day， categorized according to the recognition mechanisms between fluorescent probes and HOCl/ClO^-. The recognition mechanisms and biological applications of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are highlighted， and the prospects for the chemical and biological development of HOCl/ClO^- specific fluorescent probes are discussed.

With the improvement of living standard and heightened awareness of environmental protection，renewable and environmentally friendly cellulose materials have attracted much attention in the field of daytime radiative cooling due to their high mid-infrared emissivity and the advantages of tunability of hierarchical structure. In this review，the classification，advantages/disadvantages of radiative cooling materials，the principles of radiative cooling，and the factors influencing their performance are introduced. The classification，state of the art as well as radiative cooling properties of cellulose-based daytime radiative cooling materials are elaborated. The recent progress in the four main application areas including building thermal management，personal thermal management，photovoltaics and low-temperature storage/transportation are summarized. Finally，the existing challenges in the current research are discussed and the future development in this field is also envisaged.

In recent decades，along with the improvement of peptide synthetic strategies，the development about bicyclic peptides have been accelerated vigorously，and as a result，more and more bicyclic peptide compounds have entered the clinical trial stage. Through high-throughput screening of peptide compound libraries，the efficiency of obtaining target structures has been greatly increased，further promoting the development of the bicyclic peptide field. Compared with linear and monocyclic peptides，bicyclic peptides have much larger structures and greater structural rigidity，which results in higher affinity and selectivity of the binding to their targets. The absence of terminally free amine and carboxyl groups can also increase the stability of bicyclic peptides against proteolytic enzymes significantly. In addition，the facility of bicyclic peptides to cross cell membranes contributes the improved bioavailability. With the sustainable development and wide application of synthetic technologies，more and more potential bicyclic peptides have been developed successively，laying the foundation for the researches of bicyclic peptide drugs. However，in terms of druggability，there are still many limitations in solubility，conformational stability and in vivo activity，which are urgently need to be solved by means of pharmaceutical preparation and chemically structural modification. This review mainly focuses on the chemical preparation strategies of bicyclic peptides and their applications in drug discovery in recent years.

Li-S batteries have great application prospects because of their extremely high capacity and energy density. However，the instability and insulation of polysulfides（LiPSs）seriously hinder their further application. In order to solve the problem of slow reaction kinetics in Li-S batteries，it is urgent to explore efficient catalysts to accelerate the sulfur redox. In the case，transition metals with unique and excellent catalytic properties are considered as potential catalysts for Li-S battery. However，differences in the structure and properties of transition metals will lead to different catalytic mechanisms. Therefore，this work divides five types of transition metals（ferrous metals，conventional non-ferrous metals，precious metals，rare refractory metals，and rare earth metals）based on metal characteristics. Then，the catalytic mechanisms of transition metal catalysts were analyzed，including adsorption，accelerating electron transfer，reducing activation energy and co-catalysis. Besides，the research progress of various metals used in Li-S batteries was reviewed，and the catalytic mechanisms of different types of metals were clarified. Four optimization strategies were proposed： nanostructured design，doping-modification，alloying and external cladding，in order to provide certain references for the design of Li-S battery catalysts.

As a globally strategic resource， lithium resources are crucial for the development of new energy sources. Due to the similar physical and chemical properties of lithium and magnesium， lithium extraction from saline lakes with high Mg/Li ratios is a great challenge. Therefore， it is of great significance to reverse customize nanofiltration （NF） membranes with high performance according to targeted applications. This article discusses the separation mechanisms such as size exclusion， dehydration effect， Donnan effect， and dielectric exclusion， guiding composite film creation for excellent Li⁺/Mg²⁺ sieving from a theoretical direction. Besides， based on the above separation mechanisms， this paper first comprehensively summarizes existing models （non-equilibrium thermodynamic model， charge model， steric hindrance pore model， etc.） for evaluating composite film parameters， which effectively reduces the number of experiments for the preparation of high-performance NF film in the early stage. Finally， we discuss the importance of utilizing the synergy of principles and models to jointly guide the construction of NF membranes that can effectively separate Li⁺/Mg²⁺ and point out that in the future， the structural parameters of the customized NF membranes should be more precise， and the construction of the separation models should be more relevant to the real scenario， so as to better guide the synthesis of NF films with superior separation performance.

In recent years，covalent organic frameworks（COFs）have emerged as focal points in the research of membrane materials. Distinguished by their distinctive porous structures and structural versatility，COFs offer a promising avenue for advancement in membrane applications compared to conventional polymeric materials. This article delves into diverse interfacial systems，systematically detailing the methodologies for fabricating high-performance COF membranes via interfacial polymerization. The mechanisms underlying membrane formation across various interfacial systems and the strategies for precisely controlling the membrane structure will be elucidated. Furthermore，the intricate relationship between the membrane structure and application performance will be summarized. The challenges and perspectives in this field will be highlighted in the last part of this review.

In order to promote the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development， the standardization of green energy-saving materials has concurrently fostered the emergence of novel materials. Confronted with the dual crisis of energy scarcity and environmental pollution， aerogels have garnered significant research interest because of their exceptional physicochemical properties， such as low thermal conductivity， high strength， low density and high specific surface area. Biomass-based natural wood and its derived nanocellulose， as renewable， biodegradable， and surface chemistry-tunable eco-friendly materials， have attracted widespread attention. This article first reviews the evolution and classification of woody aerogel， then discusses the preparation methods， structural characteristics， and performance advantages of woody aerogels. Subsequently， it provides an overview of the applications of woody aerogels in energy-efficient construction， environmental purification， and energy storage. Finally， it summarizes and analyzes the current research status and the problems faced by woody aerogels， and looks forward to the future development of this field.

Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green，low-cost，and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However，the low electronic conductivity，shuttle effect，and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries，with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials，such as carbon nanotubes，graphene，activated carbon，biomass-derived carbon，and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity，high specific surface area，and good chemical stability，these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules，preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect，but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties，thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally，we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries，including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly，several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost，thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.

All-solid-state batteries have the characteristics of high energy density， long cycle lifeand high safety， which is the development direction of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage. Solid-state electrolytes are the core components of all-solid-state batteries， and sulfide electrolytes have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of high ionic conductivity and good mechanical ductility. As one of the most studied sulfide electrolytes in recent years， lithium-phosphorus-sulfur-chloride sulfide （LPSC） has high ionic conductivity and relatively low cost， but its practical application is limited by shortcomings such as poor stability and poor compatibility of positive and negative electrode materials. The composite solid-state electrolyte has good electrochemical and mechanical properties， and the composite solid-state electrolyte is prepared by modifying the LPSC with polymers， aiming to improve the interfacial compatibility and electrochemical stability of the LPSC. In this paper， the basic composition， recombination mode， modification strategy and ion transport mechanism of LPSC composite solid electrolyte are reviewed， and the future research direction and application prospect of LPSC composite electrolyte are prospected.

Human exhaled air has a close relationship with diseases，among which ammonia becomes a respiratory marker for diseases such as kidney disease. Traditional exhaled gas detection methods are mainly detected by gas chromatography，but the instrument is bulky and complex in operation. Emerging ammonia sensors，however，are garnering significant attention due to their portability，ease of integration，miniaturization，low cost，and simplicity of operation. This review systematically describes the working mechanism of ammonia gas sensors，sensor types，and common ammonia sensing materials. At the same time，it introduces the advantages of sensor array electronic nose technology over a single sensor，and puts forward the application research of ammonia sensors and electronic noses in diseases，aiming at the existing problems and prospects of ammonia gas sensors.

Because of the advantages of aluminum including high volumetric/gravimetric capacity， high safety， and low cost， aluminum batteries have become one of the most attractive new electrochemical energy storage devices. High-performance battery materials are the bottleneck issues impeding the development of aluminum batteries. Compared with various cathode materials， the design of aluminum anode is a common key technology for aluminum batteries. However， the current aluminum anodes still suffer from diverse problems such as surface passivation， local corrosion， and dendrite growth， which greatly influence the electrochemical performance of aluminum batteries. In this review paper， targeting on these problems， we first analyze the key factors governing the electrochemical performance of anode from the viewpoint of reaction mechanisms. Then， we summarize recent important progress about the aluminum anode design， analyze the critical strategies for optimizing aluminum anodes， and discuss their optimization effect and mechanism. Finally， perspectives on the crucial challenges and development trends of aluminum anodes are presented， with a hope to shed light on the design of high-performance aluminum batteries.