the rapid development of infrared detection equipment has caused a huge threat to military equipment.and infrared stealth technology is an important way to improve the survival,strike and breakthrough capabilities of military equipment,and plays a vital role In the development of the national defense industry.However,the battlefield environment is complex and changeable,and materials with only infrared stealth performance are difficult to meet the actual needs when facing radar detection,rainforest,mountain,ocean,desert and other environments.Therefore,it is imperative to develop multifunctional infrared stealth materials.in this paper,the latest research progress of different infrared stealth materials is reviewed from the perspective of the mechanism of infrared stealth materials,such as low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative working mode materials,and the control methods of different infrared stealth materials are discussed.Secondly,the multi-functional infrared stealth materials suitable for different application scenarios,such as multi-band stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance,anti-corrosion and flame retardant infrared stealth materials,and their design mechanisms are discussed.Finally,the future development of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is summarized and prospected。

With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

Plastic products represented by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) have become an important part of modern life and global economy. In order to solve the resource waste and environmental problems caused by PET waste and to realize high-value recycling of materials, there is an urgent need to explore low-cost green and efficient conversion and recycling methods. Chemical depolymerization can deal with low-value, mixed, and contaminated plastics, recover polymer monomers through different chemical reactions or chemically upgrade and recycle to produce new high value-added products, realizing the closed-loop recycling of plastic waste and high value-added applications, which is a key way to establish a circular polymer economy. This paper reviews the latest research progress of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste, analyzes the problems of chemical depolymerization technology of PET waste, and looks forward to the future development trend of chemical depolymerization process of PET waste.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a large category of emerging pollutants that have been highly concern in recent years.the huge production and rapid consumption demand of PPCPs make them widely enter and highly exist in various environmental mediums.Due to migration,transformation and bioaccumulation,PPCPs enter the ecological environment,causing different degrees of negative impact on organisms and human bodies,thus bringing serious threats to the ecological environment and human health.in this review,we summarize the exposure sources,pathways and characteristics of current PPCPs in the environment,conclude the degradation method and pathway of PPCPs in the environment,review the main biotoxicity of PPCPs,overview the exposure concentrations and the health influences on the human body,and finally have some outlooks on the research field of ecotoxicity of PPCPs。

with the continuous development of flexible electronic devices in recent years,flexible wearable sensors show great potential for development in the fields of human health monitoring,electronic skin,and intelligent machines.biomass materials,as a kind of renewable resource derived from living organisms with excellent characteristics such as inexpensive,green and,eco-friendly,skin-friendly and breathable,and good biocompatibility,have been heavily studied as the matrix of wearable,flexible sensors.biomass-based sensors can be ideal for use in the field of human health monitoring because they combine the excellent properties of biomass materials with sensing elements.This paper first reviews the structure,composition and working principle of common flexible sensors(strain,pressure,temperature,biological).and then,the characteristics of different biomass-based sensors and their applications are described in detail.the biomass materials involved mainly include collagen,gelatine,cellulose,chitosan,sodium alginate,and silk protein.in addition,the applications of biomass-based sensors in human health monitoring(including physical signals,chemical signals,bioelectrical signals and thermal signals monitoring)are summarised.Finally,the challenges and future directions of biomass-based sensors and their applications in the field of human health monitoring are pointed out in light of the current status of the applications they are currently facing。

The visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives is a novel, efficient, and green synthetic method. It allows the construction of various carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds for the synthesis of a wide range of high-value-added chemicals, making it a hot topic in the field of modern synthetic chemistry. In recent years, researchers worldwide have conducted extensive studies in this area, achieving a series of innovative results that have been widely applied in organic synthesis, materials science, and medicinal chemistry. This paper reviews the latest experimental and theoretical advances in the visible-light-driven copper-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reactions of carboxylic acids and their derivatives, with a focus on several typical cross-coupling reactions that form C—X (X = C, N, O, S) bonds. It also discusses the future development prospects of this catalytic method.

Bifunctional small molecules are a sort of small molecules that engage multiple targets. They are subdivided into two categories: bifunctional small molecules with linkers and without linkers. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a currently emerging strategy hijacking cellular protein degradation systems, namely ubiquitin-proteasomal system and lysosomal system, to induce the degradation of targeted protein for drug development. Distinct from the traditional mechanism of action based on inhibition, TPD inhibits the function of targeted protein through targeted clearance, thus is advantageous in long-term inhibition and targeting undruggable proteins. With a unique mechanism of action, bifunctional small molecules are capable of binding degradation-associated protein and targeted protein simultaneously, and therefore used widely in the realm of TPD. This review summarizes the recent development of bifunctional molecules in TPD. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), molecular degraders of extracellular proteins through the asialoglycoprotein receptors (MoDE-As), and autophagy targeting chimeras (AUTACs) which based on bifunctional small molecules with linkers, and molecular glue degraders (MGDs) and autophagosome-tethering compounds (ATTECs) which based on bifunctional small molecules without linkers are introduced, with their clinical application highlighted. Finally, the challenges that the two categories of bifunctional small molecules respectively face in the realm of TPD as well as prospects and suggestions for their development are proposed.

MXene is a two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitrogen compound or carbon-nitrogen compound obtained from MAX phase materials by chemical etching followed by ultrasonic or intercalation treatment.It has the properties of two-dimensional atomic layer structure,abundant components,metallic conductivity,large specific surface area and active surface,etc.It has distinct infrared absorption in the near-infrared and mid\far-infrared bands,and has attracted extensive attention from researchers in recent years in a number of infrared applications,such as infrared camouflage,photothermal conversion,and photovoltaic effect.in this paper,the properties of MXene materials in the infrared band are reviewed in detail,including the high absorbance and localized surface plasmon resonance effect in the near-infrared band and the infrared low-emission properties in the mid/far-infrared band.Further based on its infrared properties,the research progress of its applications in popular fields such as infrared camouflage,broadband absorber,passive radiant heating,photothermal conversion and photovoltaic effect is summarized.Finally,the main problems of the current research on MXene materials in the infrared field and the future development direction are prospected。

Microplastic pollution arising from the aging and decomposition of plastic waste poses a significant challenge to global plastic pollution control. Landfills have been the primary disposal sites for solid waste for a long time, and the considerable amount of plastic waste accumulated in landfills has emerged as a crucial source of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. This paper mainly reviews the development of plastic waste landfilling and its evolution in the landfilling process, analyzes the external input and internal generation process of microplastics in landfills, and summarizes the abundance and structural composition characteristics of microplastics reported in the landfill piles (580-168 000 items/kg) and leachate (420-291 000 items/m³) and the surrounding soils (4-14 200 items/kg) and groundwater (3000-27 200 items/m³). This paper further reveals the migration of microplastics within the waste-soil-groundwater system, and the exposure routes of humans to microplastics through the contaminated soil, air, and edible plants. As the risks and control measures to the entire environmental process of microplastics in landfills urgently require investigation, this paper puts forward key scientific and technical issues and management suggestions.

Solar energy is the energy source for all life on Earth, and its efficient conversion is of great significance for solving the global energy crises and environmental issues. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, researchers have recently developed whole-cell biohybrids based on semiconductors and microorganisms by integrating the excellent light absorption ability of photosensitizer semiconductors and the efficient biocatalysis ability of whole-cell microbes. The development of whole-cell biohybrids aims to realize efficient solar-to-chemical production in a green and low-carbon pathway. This review clarifies the operation principle and advantages of whole-cell biohybrids, and the properties of photosensitizer semiconductors are summarized, including the band structure, excitation wavelength and quantum yield. Moreover, this work innovatively concludes the construction mechanisms of whole-cell biohybrids and the electron transfer mechanisms in the interface between semiconductor and microbe. Moreover, the advanced progress of whole-cell biohybrids are reviewed, such as the high-value conversion of carbon dioxide, artificial nitrogen fixation, hydrogen production as well as pollutant removal and recovery. Finally, the environmental impacts and challenges of whole-cell biohybrids are discussed and the perspectives for the development of whole-cell biohybrids are proposed. This article is expected to provide fundamental insights for the further development and actual application of whole-cell biohybrids.

Solar photoelectrochemical （PEC） water splitting holds significant importance for the development of sustainable green energy. With ongoing research， the BiVO₄ photoanode， a core component of PEC systems， faces challenges in scaling up and maintaining long-term stability. The superiority of fully conformal coating strategies lies in their lack of substrate size constraints， ability to suppress photo-corrosion of the BiVO₄ semiconductor， creation of multifunctional interfaces， and potential synergistic action with heterojunctions and promoter catalysts， which may facilitate the stable operation of large-scale PEC water splitting devices for over 1000 hours. This review briefly introduces the basic principles of PEC water splitting and the development status of representative devices， elaborates on the important concept and main design principles of fully conformal coatings aimed at large-scale photoanodes， summarizes recent advances in materials capable of achieving fully conformal deposition coatings， including molecular catalysts， metal oxides/hydroxides， carbonized/sulfurized/phosphorized materials， and metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）， and discusses key characteristics of fully conformal coatings with greater development potential. Finally， it presents a prospective view on future trends in fully conformal coatings for BiVO₄ photoanodes.

the risk of algal blooms has significantly increased in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs due To the global climate change and anthropogenic pollution,which has a significant impact on the safety and stability of municipal water supplies.to protect source water,it is necessary to construct a mathematical model and alert system to predict algae concentration in lakes and reservoirs.This paper reviews the main environmental factors(physical,chemical,and biological)that affect the algae growth,and summarizes the principles and application scenarios of existing models.Prediction models can generally be divided into two categories:process-based models(PB models)and data-driven models(DD models).PB models are based on natural processes,which enhances their interpretability and generality.However,they require a high level of research and testing,which can be costly.DD models rely on artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning,which offer flexible and diverse modeling approaches.However,they depend on data quality,lack mechanism support,and are location-specific.Both models have been extensively studied in the past decades and have been applied in some lakes and reservoirs.to further improve model performance,future research should improve the frequency and quality of data monitoring and combine natural process mechanisms with artificial intelligence methods。

Nowadays stretchable electronic devices have become a hot research topic in the field of information electronics because of their excellent mechanical and electrical properties. As the high-speed electron transmission channel in stretching electronic devices， stretchable conductive materials play a crucial role in realizing the functions of stretching electronic devices. Liquid metal has become a hot research object in the field of stretchable conductive composites in recent years because of its intrinsic flexibility and excellent conductivity. Liquid metal is a room temperature liquid conductive material， which exhibits excellent stretchability and tunability due to its inherent high conductivity， fluidity， and ductility. Liquid metal-based stretchable conductive composites preparation and patterning techniques have been reported and many stretchable devices with excellent combination of mechanical and electrical properties have been prepared. In view of the general structural characteristics of liquid metal-based stretchable composites， the key to the preparation is how to solve the interfacial non-impregnation problem caused by the physical property differences between different materials. Therefore， starting from the common types of composites， this paper firstly briefly introduces the components and physical properties of liquid metals generally used， as well as the stretchable polymer matrix materials usually employed. Then， the composite methods of conductive materials and elastomer materials in liquid metal-based electrodes are reviewed from the two ways of "passive" and "active" to deal with the problem of non-wetting at the interface， as well as the blending and dispersion method and the new modification method. Finally， the latest research progress is introduced， and the current status of liquid metal research is summarized. Future development and potential problems to be faced are also discussed.

in recent years,there has been significant progress in non-fullerene organic solar cells(NF-OSCs)due to the rapid development of narrow-bandgap small-molecule acceptor materials and the high-performance polymer donor materials,with the power conversion efficiency(PCE)approaching 20%.However,As the design of alternating D-A copolymer materials reaches saturation,there is an urgent need to develop more efficient conjugated polymer materials.the ternary random strategy has emerged to address this challenge.the advantages of the ternary random copolymerization,including easy energy level tuning,broad and strong absorption,and high molar absorptivity,which have attracted considerable attention in the field of organic solar cells.In this review,firstly,the advantages of the ternary random copolymerization strategy in modulating polymer properties and device performance are discussed.Through this strategy,the active layer morphology can be effectively regulated and optimized,and thus the charge transfer efficiency can be improved leading to the improved PCE.Furthermore,the application of the ternary random copolymerization into NF-OSCs is summarized from the perspectives of random polymer donors and acceptors.Finally,a summary and outlook of the further development of random polymers are presented.as expected,to understand the design concept and advantages of ternary random strategy would be beneficial for the development of organic solar cells。

As public concern regarding the safety of drinking water continues growing, microplastics and antibiotics have emerged as new contaminants of interest within the field of water treatment. Microplastics and antibiotics not only pollute aquatic environments and endanger both aquatic life and human health, but their coexistence in water can also lead to physical and chemical interactions, such as adsorption. These interactions are influenced by various factors, including the morphology, functional groups, and aging degree of microplastics, as well as the pH, temperature, salinity, heavy metal ions, and organic macromolecules in the water. The resulting microplastic-antibiotic complex pollutants exhibit greater toxicity and are more challenging to remove. This review discusses the hazards of microplastics and antibiotics in water, their interaction mechanisms, and influencing factors. It also highlights the removal characteristics of complex pollutants using two typical water treatment technologies: coagulation and advanced oxidation. The principles and degradation effects of these treatment processes are analyzed in detail.

as a molecular imaging technique with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution,fluorescence imaging is widely used in cancer diagnosis and therapy.However,commonly used fluorescence imaging agents,such as small-molecule fluorescent dyes and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles,have defects such as poor photostability,rapid metabolism in vivo,and low accumulation at lesion sites,which limit their application in the field of cancer fluorescence imaging.in recent years,the appearance of dendrimer has provided a new strategy for the development of nano-scale fluorescence imaging agents.A dendrimer is composed of three parts,including a central core,internal repeating units and abundant terminal functional groups.the excellent structure of dendrimer enables it to load small-molecule fluorescent dyes or fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles to achieve early fluorescence monitoring of cancer and evaluate its distribution and metabolism in vivo.Additionally,some amino-terminated dendrimers can be used to monitor their uptake by cancer cells through their intrinsic fluorescence.the introduction of dendrimer greatly improves the water solubility and biocompatibility of fluorescent dyes and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles,and the surface functionalization of dendrimer could achieve their tissue-specific delivery.Most importantly,the protection of dendrimer can greatly avoid fluorescence quenching and achieve long-time fluorescence imaging.Therefore,this review mainly describes various kinds of dendrimer-based fluorescence imaging agents,summarizes their synthesis methods and their applications in cancer fluorescence imaging,and prospects for their future development。

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Functionalized dendrimer with fluorescence property

2.1 Intrinsically fluorescent dendrimer

2.2 Dendrimer loaded with fluorescent dye molecules

2.3 Dendrimer loaded with fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles

3 Conclusion and outlook

Representing an important class of ubiquitous chemical feedstock, aromatics have been extensively utilized in the nucleophilic aromatic substitution (S_NAr) reactions, nitration reactions, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, cross-coupling reactions, C-H bond functionalization reactions etc. Dearomatization reaction is another type of transformations of aromatics, in which their aromaticity is destroyed or reduced. Since its first report, dearomatization reaction has served as an efficient platform to create C(sp³)-H-rich spiro, fused and bridged polycyclic structures, widely applied in material and medicinal chemistry. In the past two decades, various dearomatization reactions have been established by using transition-metal catalysis, organocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis. Diverse polycyclic structures have been obtained by the dearomatization of indoles, pyrroles, (benzo)furans, (benzo)thiophenes, quinolines, pyridines, benzenes, naphthalenes, etc. The coupling reagents, including nucleophiles, electrophiles, dipoles, radicals, and carbenes have been developed to assemble different functional groups on dearomative framework. In this review, we briefly summarized the developed dearomatization reactions, which were categorized by the kinds of aromatic compounds. The remaining challenges and perspectives on the future development of dearomatization reactions are also included here.

In the realm of two-dimensional nanomaterials, black phosphorus (BP) is considered a promising candidate to address the shortcomings of graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Low- dimensional black phosphorus (BP) refers to a class of nanomaterials derived from the layered semiconductor BP. These materials exhibit high structural anisotropy, tunable bandgap widths, and high hole and electron mobility, endowing BP with unique properties such as conductivity, photothermal, photodynamic, and mechanical behaviors. BP's near-infrared light response significantly enhances its effectiveness in photothermal and photodynamic antibacterial applications. Additionally, due to its unique layered structure, BP nanosheets (BPNS) possess a high surface-to-volume ratio, making them excellent carriers for loading and delivering other antimicrobial nanomaterials or drugs. First, this article discusses the physical properties of low-dimensional BP and introduces various preparation methods. Furthermore, it systematically reviews exciting therapeutic applications of polymer-modified black phosphorus nanomaterials in various fields, such as cancer treatment (phototherapy, drug delivery, and synergistic immunotherapy), bone regeneration, and neurogenesis. Finally, the paper discusses some challenges facing future clinical trials and potential directions for further research.

borophene,as an emerging single-element two-dimensional material,has attracted great interest from researchers due to its excellent properties such as high carrier mobility,mechanical compliance,optical transparency,ultrahigh thermal conductivity,and superconductivity.These properties make it an ideal candidate for research fields such as energy,sensors,and information storage.Guided by the pioneering experimental work in 2015,new achievements in experimental synthesis and practical applications of borophene continue emerging,which has driven the development of borophene from experimental synthesis to practical applications.based on the introduction of the special properties and innovative synthesis methods,we mainly review the application of borophene in the field of sensors.Finally,some reasonable discussions on potential issues and challenges for future researches are provided Based on the current state of research。

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Characteristics of borophene

2.1 Electrical properties

2.2 Optical properties

2.3 Mechanical properties

2.4 Magnetic properties

3 Preparation of borophene

3.1 Synthesis of borophene on substrate surface

3.2 Substrate-free synthesis of borophene

4 The application of borophene in sensors

4.1 Borophene gas sensor

4.2 Borophene pressure sensor

4.3 Borophene heterojunction humidity sensor

5 Conclusion and outlook

This review highlights the advantages and research advancements of Raman spectroscopy in detecting micro- and nanoplastics in the environment. With the worsening issue of microplastic pollution, particularly its widespread presence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a non-destructive, high-resolution analytical technique widely employed for identifying and quantitatively analyzing micro- and nanoplastics. This is attributed to its unique spectral characteristics and reduced susceptibility to water interference compared to infrared spectroscopy. The strengths of Raman spectroscopy in detecting micro- and nanoplastics lie in its high spatial resolution, broad spectral range, and exceptional sensitivity. However, challenges such as fluorescence interference and low signal-to-noise ratios persist in the detection process. To enhance Raman signals, researchers have introduced various approaches, including sample pretreatment, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, this paper underscores the necessity of building a comprehensive Raman spectroscopy database to boost detection accuracy and efficiency. Future research directions include developing more effective preprocessing methods, dynamically monitoring the behavior of micro- and nanoplastics, and integrating intelligent detection systems.