The spatial confinement effect of porous materials can change the surface electron distribution and electron transport performance,realize the local reaction in the micro-nano pore domain,effectively prevent the external environment from affecting the active substances in the confined space,and inhibit the agglomeration of the active center,which is an effective way to strengthen the denitrification performance of the catalyst.This paper focuses on the changes in surface energy,periodic boundary conditions and electronic energy levels of different catalytic materials,and discusses the formation mechanism of the spatial confinement effect.The effects of confinement effect on the dispersion of active species,redox ability and molecular adsorption strength in the reaction process and the regulation strategies of size effect,encapsulation effect and molecular sieve effect in confinement effect were described.The strengthening effects of confined catalysts on NH₃adsorption performance,reaction selectivity,anti-toxicity and denitrification activity in the denitrification process were summarized.Finally,the development prospect of confined denitrification catalysts was prospected.

Photocatalytic direct conversion of methane(CH₄)to methanol(CH₃OH)provides an effective way for efficient energy storage and the synthesis of high-value chemicals.However,due to the difficulty in activating CH₄molecules and the fact that CH₃OH is more reactive than CH₄and prone to peroxidation,the conversion rate of CH₄is low,and the selectivity of CH₃OH is low as well.Therefore,the selective photocatalytic direct conversion of CH₄to CH₃OH still faces significant challenges.This review focuses on the research ideas on promoting CH₄conversion rate and CH₃OH selectivity in recent years in the direct conversion of photocatalytic CH₄to CH₃OH,as well as the corresponding catalyst design strategies.In terms of promoting the CH₄conversion rate,the main research idea is to effectively activate CH₄by improving reactive oxygen radical activation or catalytic activation pathways.In terms of promoting CH₃OH selectivity,the main idea is to inhibit the peroxidation of CH₃OH or achieve CH₃OH regeneration.In order to improve the conversion rate of CH₄and the selectivity of CH₃OH,catalytic design strategies mainly include loading cocatalysts,controlling the size of catalytic materials and constructing oxygen vacancies.Finally,this review provides an outlook on the future research direction of photocatalytic direct conversion of CH₄to CH₃OH .

Microvasculature-on-a-chip,utilizing microfluidic technology,has emerged as a significant in vitro tool for simulating both the normal and disease states of blood vessel networks.in our review,we highlight the efficacy of microfluidic platforms in accurately reproducing the microenvironment of human blood vessels.we outline a range of methodologies employed to fabricate vascular networks in vitro,focusing on the use of endothelial cells within microfluidic structures.for each method,we provide an assessment of recent examples,critically evaluating their strengths and drawbacks.Furthermore,we delve into the outlook and the innovative advancements anticipated for next-generation vascular-on-a-chip models and the broader field of chip-based tissue engineering.

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation is driven by solar energy.N₂and H₂O are used to directly produce NH₃at normal temperature and pressure,and the process has zero carbon emissions.It is one of the most promising artificial nitrogen fixation methods and has attracted wide attention from researchers in recent years.Limited by the difficult activation of N₂,low utilization rate of photogenerated carrier and low utilization rate of sunlight,the ammonia production efficiency is still not high,so improving the ammonia production efficiency is the focus of research in the field of photocatalytic ammonia synthesis.Starting from the three important processes of N₂adsorption activation,carrier separation and migration,and surface reaction,it is very promising to promote the activation and conversion of N₂under mild conditions and produce NH₃efficiently by reasonable modification of the catalyst.This paper mainly studied the modification of photocatalysts,summarized the influence of N₂molecular adsorption and activation ability,photogenerated electron transfer ability and light utilization on the ammonia production efficiency,analyzed the research in recent years in these fields,and finally summarized the modification strategy of photocatalytic ammonia synthesis catalyst.

Hydrogel materials are widely used due to their excellent hydrophilicity,biocompatibility,adjustable biomimetic properties,etc.However,their inherent non-uniform microstructure and low-density molecular chains make their mechanical properties poor,which limits their practical applications.the preparation of hydrogel materials with high mechanical strength yet toughness has been a challenge for research in This field.As composites are constantly developing in the direction of functionalization and intelligence,the introduction of polymer hydrogels into the textile field for the preparation of gel-based textile composites not only improves the defects of gel materials,but also gives textiles excellent properties and broadens their potential application prospects.this paper reviews the research progress of hydrogel textile composites,focusing on the design strategy of hydrogel-based textile composites and their enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties,discusses the application progress of the composites in the fields of oil-water separation,medical dressings,wearable electronic devices,and flame-retardant protection,and the future research direction is also prospected.

In recent years,the problems of environmental pollution and energy scarcity have affected human life,and green and low-carbon photocatalytic and electrocatalytic technologies have attracted widespread attention.Semiconductor-based photocatalytic and electrocatalytic technologies are very promising for ammonia synthesis applications.Since single semiconductors suffer from the disadvantages of low carrier separation efficiency and easy compounding,it is crucial to find co-catalysts that can enhance the performance of nitrogen fixation catalysts.Two-dimensional transition metal carbide/nitride/carbon nitride MXene,which has a promising application in photo-and electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis,is ideal for photo-and electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation owing to their good hydrophilicity,large specific surface area,excellent electrical conductivity and abundance of active sites for efficient catalysis of N₂reduction.This paper mainly reviews the preparation of MXene and its composites and their progress in the field of photoelectrocatalytic ammonia synthesis.Firstly,the structural features of MXene and the preparation strategies of MXene and its complexes are briefly summarised.Secondly,the performance study of MXene-based composite catalysts for photo-and electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis is highlighted.Finally,the development direction of MXene-based composites is discussed and prospected.

With the rapid development of portable electronic products and electric vehicles,the demand for high energy density lithium-ion batteries is increasing.High-nickel ternary materials with nickel content higher than 0.6(include)(e.g.,LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂,LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂and LiNi_0.9Co_0.05Mn_0.05O₂),which can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of more than 200 mAh·g^-1at an upper cut-off voltage of 4.3 V vs Li⁺/Li,are an important development direction of cathode material with high specific capacity.However,the weak mechanical strength,low compaction density of polycrystal ternary materials and the anisotropy of primary grains lead to intergranular cracks in the polycrystal particles during the charging and discharging process.The electrolyte will penetrate into the polycrystal particles along the intergranular cracks,thus aggravating the side reaction between the electrode and electrolyte and deteriorating the cycle performance and safety of the battery.The design of single crystal material without grain boundary can reduce the formation of intergranular cracks,effectively suppress the side reaction at the interfaces and improve the cycle stability.In this study,the advantages and problems of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed,and their synthesis methods and modification strategies are analyzed.Finally,the application prospects and challenges of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed and prospected.

Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)have become one of the research focuses currently in porous materials due to their excellent photocatalytic activity.Compared with other heterogeneous photocatalysts,COFs possess regular and controllable structures,large specific surface areas,uniform pore channels and good chemical/thermal stability.Additionally,COFs have suitable band structures,adjustable absorption range,and are easy to be functionalized and recovered/reused after the reactions.the advantages above surely endow COFs with potential value in fundamental researches and industrial applications.in recent years,the application of COFs in photocatalysis has gained rapid progress,especially in the field of photocatalytic organic transformations.Theses significant works have greatly promoted the development of COFs.in this review,numerous synthesis strategies for photo-functionalized COFs are briefly introduced,e.g.,“bottom-up”strategy,post modification and combination method.Then,the photocatalytic reaction mechanisms mediated by COFs are condensed into two pathways,i.e.,energy transfer and electron transfer.the latest research progress of COFs as photocatalysts in photocatalytic selective oxidation reaction(oxidation of amines to imines,preparation of sulfoxides through selective oxidation of sulfides,oxidation hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols,and oxidation of N-aryl tetrahydroisoquinoline),reduction reaction(reductive dehalogenation,hydrogenation of nitrobenzene,and hydrogenation of styrene),coupling reaction(C-C cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction,C−N cross-coupling reaction,and C−S cross-coupling reaction),cyclization reaction,polymerization reaction and asymmetric organic synthesis,etc.,are succinctly outlined and discussed.Finally,the application of COFs in photocatalysis is summarized and prospected。

combination products present significant opportunities for advancing traditional medical devices by versatile integration of therapeutic drugs and devices.as clinical needs evolve,there remains growing interest in developing new surface and interface engineering technologies for modulating drug delivery behavior.Recently,polymeric porous surface interface technology has emerged As a robust strategy for the flexible amalgamation of functional molecules with medical devices via capillary adsorption.in comparison to the conventional coating method,This technology shows distinctive features like flexible loading,facile dosage control,and tunable release,therefore providing a novel insight for personalized medicine.This review begins by outlining the methods for preparing porous surfaces of polymer materials,including the breath figure,template method,surface non-solvent-induced phase separation,stimulus-induced phase separation method,and electrospinning method.Then,the mechanism for the capillary-based loading process and hindered release behavior of functional species,which play a central role in the development of spongy surface-based Combination devices,is discussed.This review also provides an overview of the latest research on the porous surface interfaces of polymer materials in applications like targeted anti-cancer,cardiovascular implants,and bone repair,summarizes the present challenges in research on the porous surfaces of polymer materials,and highlights insights into potential future directions。

with the continuous development of flexible electronic devices in recent years,flexible wearable sensors show great potential for development in the fields of human health monitoring,electronic skin,and intelligent machines.biomass materials,as a kind of renewable resource derived from living organisms with excellent characteristics such as inexpensive,green and,eco-friendly,skin-friendly and breathable,and good biocompatibility,have been heavily studied as the matrix of wearable,flexible sensors.biomass-based sensors can be ideal for use in the field of human health monitoring because they combine the excellent properties of biomass materials with sensing elements.This paper first reviews the structure,composition and working principle of common flexible sensors(strain,pressure,temperature,biological).and then,the characteristics of different biomass-based sensors and their applications are described in detail.the biomass materials involved mainly include collagen,gelatine,cellulose,chitosan,sodium alginate,and silk protein.in addition,the applications of biomass-based sensors in human health monitoring(including physical signals,chemical signals,bioelectrical signals and thermal signals monitoring)are summarised.Finally,the challenges and future directions of biomass-based sensors and their applications in the field of human health monitoring are pointed out in light of the current status of the applications they are currently facing。

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a large category of emerging pollutants that have been highly concern in recent years.the huge production and rapid consumption demand of PPCPs make them widely enter and highly exist in various environmental mediums.Due to migration,transformation and bioaccumulation,PPCPs enter the ecological environment,causing different degrees of negative impact on organisms and human bodies,thus bringing serious threats to the ecological environment and human health.in this review,we summarize the exposure sources,pathways and characteristics of current PPCPs in the environment,conclude the degradation method and pathway of PPCPs in the environment,review the main biotoxicity of PPCPs,overview the exposure concentrations and the health influences on the human body,and finally have some outlooks on the research field of ecotoxicity of PPCPs。

Revealing The intrinsic electronic principles driving the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is a central goal in nanoscience;however,the concepts and theoretical frameworks have long remained incomplete and unsystematic.this review systematically introduces a theoretical framework to reveal the interaction mechanisms and trends of surface ligands with nanomaterials at the electronic level,on the basis of competitive orbital redistribution in chemisorption and a concept of orbital potential,the characteristic electronic attribute directly determining surface reactivity.Based on the competitive interactions between surface coordination bonds and bulk energy bands,This theoretical framework can provide coherent answers to these key scientific issues.(1)the opposite and uniform relation of surface activity and stability in nanomaterials originates from the normalization principle of wavefunctions.(2)the physical nature of enhanced surface activity by size reduction lies in two mechanisms:weakening the constrain strength to surface valence atomic orbitals by nanomaterial energy bands,and amplifying the effects of other structural parameters like defects.(3)Nanoscale cooperative chemisorption(NCC)model generally reveals the electronic-level mechanisms and common rules how ligand coverage regulates the energy band states and physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials.(4)the roles and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterial size(r),specific surface area(S/V),surface ligands,and ligand coverage(θ)in nanomaterial surface chemical reactions are elucidated.

the rapid development of infrared detection equipment has caused a huge threat to military equipment.and infrared stealth technology is an important way to improve the survival,strike and breakthrough capabilities of military equipment,and plays a vital role In the development of the national defense industry.However,the battlefield environment is complex and changeable,and materials with only infrared stealth performance are difficult to meet the actual needs when facing radar detection,rainforest,mountain,ocean,desert and other environments.Therefore,it is imperative to develop multifunctional infrared stealth materials.in this paper,the latest research progress of different infrared stealth materials is reviewed from the perspective of the mechanism of infrared stealth materials,such as low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative working mode materials,and the control methods of different infrared stealth materials are discussed.Secondly,the multi-functional infrared stealth materials suitable for different application scenarios,such as multi-band stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance,anti-corrosion and flame retardant infrared stealth materials,and their design mechanisms are discussed.Finally,the future development of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is summarized and prospected。

the rapid advancement of large-scale energy storage devices has spurred the need for research focused on achieving higher energy density in lithium-ion batteries.Within this context,anode materials,which are crucial components of lithium-ion batteries,play a critical role in attaining enhanced energy density.Unfortunately,commercially available graphite anodes suffer from limitations such as low theoretical capacity,poor rate capability,and a low voltage plateau.Consequently,there is an urgent requirement to develop alternative anode materials that can meet these demands.electrospinning has emerged as a popular method for fabricating electrode materials due to its simplicity,cost-effectiveness,and ability to produce flexible nanofibers.This technique offers several advantages,including the ability to tailor nanomaterials with diverse morphologies By adjusting key parameters.Furthermore,electrospinning enables the creation of nanomaterials with large specific surface areas,high mechanical strength,flexibility,and self-supporting properties.Consequently,It has garnered significant interest in the field of anode material preparation for lithium-ion batteries.This paper aims to provide an overview of the research progress in utilizing electrospinning for the preparation of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.it covers various categories of anode materials,including carbon-based,titanium-based,silicon-based,tin-based,and other metallic compound materials.Additionally,the paper outlines the future directions and potential advancements in the development of electrospun anode materials.by exploring the applications of electrospinning in anode material preparation,this paper contributes to the understanding and advancement of lithium-ion battery technology,offering insights into the potential of electrospinning as a versatile and effective technique for enhancing anode performance。

The design and development of material-microorganism hybrid systems that can use solar energy for green biosynthesis is expected to provide human society with a viable solution for addressing the global energy shortage and environmental crisis.in recent years,the construction of hybrid systems by coupling excellent physical and chemical features of artificial materials with the biosynthetic function of microorganisms has received extensive attention.polymeric materials,due to versatile functions,excellent designability and good biocompatibility,have been widely used to construct material-microorganism hybrid systems,and have shown broad application prospects In the field of bioenergy.Based on the functional features of Polymeric materials,this paper systematically summarizes different types of polymer-microorganism biohybrid systems,and discusses the augmentation of their catalytic performance by enhancing light utilization,accelerating electron transfer,and stabilizing biological activity.Finally,the challenges and future development of polymer-microorganism hybrid systems are discussed.

photoelectrochemical sensing analysis is a rapidly developing new analytical technology in recent years,and photoelectric active materials are The key to photoelectrochemical sensing detection.metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and their derivatives may be ideal carriers for the construction of photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces by dispersing photoelectrically active substances.Due to the"antenna effect"of organic ligands in MOFs,the metal clusters can be regarded as activated discrete semiconductor quantum dots,giving them photoelectric properties similar to those of semiconductors.the modification of MOFs materials with carbon-based compounds,organic polymers,noble metal nanoparticles,inorganic oxides,and quantum dots,and the construction of MOFs-based photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces,can improve the electrical conductivity of MOFs,promote the separation of photogenerated electrons-holes,and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.the MOFs-based photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces amplify the signal generated by photoelectrochemical sensing,enabling ultra-sensitive detection of the target object.based on these,this study provides a detailed introduction to the photoelectric activity mechanism,synthesis methods,and strategies for constructing photoelectric activity interfaces of MOFs-based materials.the applications of MOFs-based materials in photoelectrochemical sensing detection of small molecule compounds,immunoassay,enzyme activity and environmental analysis in recent years have been comprehensively reviewed.Finally,current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also proposed.

polyurethane foam,As one of the most important and widely used synthetic polymers since the 20th century,exhibits advantages such as low density,high strength,and excellent thermal insulation.it finds widespread applications in fields like aerospace noise reduction,railway track stabilization,and building insulation.However,its high flammability poses a serious threat to human life and property,limiting its further development.the addition or surface coating of flame retardants can indeed enhance the flame retardancy of polyurethane foam efficiently.However,these methods often result in the migration and precipitation of flame retardants,ultimately compromising its flame retardant properties and internal performance.Alternatively,the copolymerization of reactive flame retardant molecules into the polymer chain offers a more effective solution.This approach not only addresses the issues of flame retardant migration and precipitation but also minimizes the impact on the substrate’s properties.as a result,It is highly favored by the industry and holds immense potential for future engineering applications.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various methods for the preparation of intrinsic flame-retardant polyurethane foams over the past decade,focusing on the perspective of monomer molecular design and synthesis.This includes polyol modifications,isocyanate modifications,additive modifications,and other modifications.Furthermore,the review will delve into the challenges that remain to be addressed and offer insights into potential future directions for application development。

MXene is a two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitrogen compound or carbon-nitrogen compound obtained from MAX phase materials by chemical etching followed by ultrasonic or intercalation treatment.It has the properties of two-dimensional atomic layer structure,abundant components,metallic conductivity,large specific surface area and active surface,etc.It has distinct infrared absorption in the near-infrared and mid\far-infrared bands,and has attracted extensive attention from researchers in recent years in a number of infrared applications,such as infrared camouflage,photothermal conversion,and photovoltaic effect.in this paper,the properties of MXene materials in the infrared band are reviewed in detail,including the high absorbance and localized surface plasmon resonance effect in the near-infrared band and the infrared low-emission properties in the mid/far-infrared band.Further based on its infrared properties,the research progress of its applications in popular fields such as infrared camouflage,broadband absorber,passive radiant heating,photothermal conversion and photovoltaic effect is summarized.Finally,the main problems of the current research on MXene materials in the infrared field and the future development direction are prospected。

Layered transition metal oxides(LiTMO₂)are candidate cathode materials for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries,primarily owing to their high theoretical specific capacity.Nevertheless,the persistent challenge of chemical-mechanical failure during charge-discharge cycling has impeded its progressive development.In numerous prior investigations,researchers have diligently explored the cycling failure of this material family,presenting a spectrum of modification strategies aimed at addressing this issue including doping,coating,surface or grain boundary modification.Given the impact of lattice defects and heterogeneous structures introduced throughout the synthesis process cannot be overlooked,a comprehensive comprehension of the influence exerted by various controlling factors on the structural formation of materials is imperative.This review aims to elucidate the ramifications of control factors,including precursor,lithium salt,sintering temperature,holding time,and sintering atmosphere,on the material structure during the synthesis process.The objective is to provide the battery community with valuable insights on strategies to synthesize high-performance LiTMO₂materials 。