Hydrogen energy，as a pivotal clean energy carrier under the carbon neutrality goal，urgently demands breakthroughs in its efficient preparation technology. This paper focuses on pulsed electrolysis for hydrogen production，systematically elucidating the mechanisms of reducing the diffusion layer thickness，accelerating bubble detachment，and enhancing electrode stability through periodic modulation of current/voltage. It reveals the optimization mechanisms of suppressing the bubble shielding effect via pulse modulation and shortening the ion relaxation time using high-frequency pulses. The paper summarizes the influence laws of pulse parameters （waveform，frequency，duty cycle，etc.） on hydrogen production characteristics，compares the application potential of inductive pulses，voltage/current pulses，and fluctuating power electrolysis technologies，and highlights their advantages in adapting to the fluctuating power sources of wind and solar energy （wide power regulation range，suppression of voltage flicker）. Despite demonstrating high energy efficiency and robust performance，pulsed electrolysis still encounters bottlenecks such as insufficient electrode impact resistance and unclear multi-parameter coupling mechanisms. Future research should integrate intelligent algorithms for dynamic regulation optimization，develop integrated wind-solar-storage-hydrogen systems，promote the application of high-frequency resonance and low ripple filtering technologies，and accelerate the large-scale production of green hydrogen. This paper provides theoretical support for the advancement of pulsed electrolysis technology and its potential engineering applications.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Principle of hydrogen production by pulse electrolysis of water

2.1 Introduction to hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis

2.2 Analysis of the mechanism for enhancing hydrogen production performance through pulse electroly

3 The influence of pulse parameters on hydrogen production characteristics

3.1 Impact of pulse waveform

3.2 Impact of pulse period，frequency，and duty cycle

3.3 Impact of pulse potential

4 Classification of hydrogen production technology through pulsed electrolysis of water

4.1 Hydrogen production through induced pulse electrolysis of water

4.2 Hydrogen production through electrolysis of water using voltage pulse

4.3 Hydrogen production by electrolysis of water using current pulse

4.4 Power fluctuation in hydrogen production through water electrolysis

5 Wide-power hydrogen production technology through water electrolysis，adaptable to fluctuating wind and solar inputs

5.1 Impact of fluctuation in wind and solar power sources

5.2 Hydrogen production technology based on wind fluctuation power generation

5.3 Photovoltaic fluctuation power generation and hydrogen production technology

5.4 Hydrogen production technology through wind-solar hybrid fluctuating power generation

6 Summary and future outlook

As a clean and efficient secondary energy source， hydrogen energy represents a strategic pillar for future energy transition， capable of replacing fossil fuels to achieve deep decarbonization in industries， transportation， and other sectors. In recent years， seawater electrolysis has emerged as a promising route for green hydrogen production， owing to its potential to utilize seawater as a feedstock and address offshore wind power utilization challenges in remote marine areas. However， current research on seawater electrolysis predominantly focuses on catalyst development at the material level， with insufficient attention to synergistic optimization at the system and process levels. To bridge this gap， this review systematically summarizes the state-of-the-art technologies and future trends in seawater electrolysis systems and processes. The system is decomposed into four key components： electrolyzer， power supply system， gas-liquid separation system， and gas purification system， with a comprehensive analysis of their current research progress. Additionally， this paper highlights innovations in non-catalyst aspects， including technological and methodological advancements. Finally， future directions and application prospects for seawater electrolysis systems are discussed， emphasizing the importance of integrated system design， scalability， and cost-effectiveness to accelerate industrial deployment. This work aims to provide insights into the holistic development of seawater electrolysis technology for sustainable hydrogen production.

The electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction （UOR） has emerged as an energy-efficient alternative to the traditional oxygen evolution reaction for hydrogen production， with mechanistic understanding being critical for the rational design of catalysts. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in in situ characterization techniques for elucidating the dynamic reaction mechanisms of UOR. Studies reveal that phase transitions， valence state migration， and electronic structure evolution of catalysts under operational conditions are key factors governing activity and stability. Techniques such as in situ X-ray diffraction， X-ray absorption spectroscopy， Raman spectroscopy， and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy enable real-time monitoring of catalyst reconstruction， intermediate evolution， and interfacial adsorption behavior， overcoming the environmental deviations inherent in conventional ex situ characterization. When combined with theoretical calculations， these methods provide direct evidence for identifying active-site configurations， reaction pathways， and rate-determining steps. In addition， special emphasis is placed on multimodal in situ strategies for deciphering synergistic effects in nickel-based catalysts， while current challenges， including non-alkaline systems， real wastewater environments， and multi-metal cooperation mechanisms， are critically discussed. Future research should focus on developing novel in situ approaches for complex systems and establishing a mutually reinforcing framework integrating theoretical prediction and experimental validation， thereby advancing UOR catalyst design from empirical exploration to mechanism-guided optimization.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Agricultural activities constitute a significant source of greenhouse gases including methane （CH₄）， nitrous oxide （N₂O）， and carbon dioxide （CO₂）. Achieving continuous， real-time， and large-scale online monitoring of these gases represents a crucial means of advancing sustainable agriculture and addressing climate change. Although monitoring technologies such as infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing have demonstrated mature performance in terms of accuracy and selectivity， their high cost， energy consumption， and complex deployment methods have limited widespread adoption in agricultural settings. This review highlights that semiconductor gas sensors， with their advantages of low cost， ease of integration， suitability for large-scale deployment， and deep integration with the Internet of things， are emerging as the ideal core technology for constructing future agricultural monitoring networks. The paper systematically reviews recent research advances inenhancing semiconductor sensor sensitivity， selectivity， and stability through strategies including nanomaterial regulation， heterostructure construction， catalytic and surface engineering， and signal processing algorithm integration. It also delves into practical challenges encountered in real agricultural environments—such as environmental interference， humidity effects， cross-sensitivity， and long-term stability—within livestock management and soil monitoring applications. Finally， this paper outlines future development trends for semiconductor gas sensors in agriculture： intelligent design of sensing materials， high integration of sensing nodes with IoT， multi-gas collaborative monitoring， and AI-based gas identification and emission modelling. Collectively， these advancements will drive the formation of future smart agricultural systems integrating precise monitoring， intelligent decision-making， and ecological management.

Photoelectrochemical （PEC） biosensors， as an emerging analytical platform， offer significant advantages， including low background signals， high sensitivity， and operational simplicity， due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric †conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing， primarily involving three essential processes： light harvesting， charge carrier separation， and interfacial reaction. Based on this， the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously， the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally， this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.

During the oxygen evolution reaction （OER），the surface reconstruction phenomenon of catalysts is closely related to the enhancement of their catalytic performance. However，the mechanistic understanding of catalyst surface reconstruction remains incomplete，particularly the technical bottlenecks in achieving controlled surface reconstruction and precise regulation of active sites. To address this，this article systematically elucidates two OER catalytic mechanisms-the adsorbate evolution mechanism （AEM） and the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism （LOM） and analyzes the influence of pH，temperature，and applied potential on the surface reconstruction behavior of catalysts. Key mechanisms such as ion leaching （cation/anion leaching），elemental doping （metal/non-metal doping），and size effect modulation are summarized to reveal the relationship between surface reconstruction and catalytic activity of the OER catalysts. This work aims to provide theoretical support for the development of high-performance OER electrocatalysts. Finally，based on the challenges and prospects faced by surface-reconstructed OER catalysts，the potential impact of controlled reconstruction on the catalytic performance is prospected.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER catalytic mechanisms

2.1 Adsorbate evolution mechanism

2.2 Lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism

3 Surface reconstruction

3.1 Fundamental principles of surface reconstruction

3.2 Factors influencing surface reconstruction

4 Strategies for modulating oer catalyst surface reconstruction

4.1 Ion leaching

4.2 Elemental doping

4.3 Size regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is recognized as one of the most promising solutions to alleviate global energy crises and mitigate environmental pollution. As a typical ternary chalcogenide semiconductor with a layered structure， Zn₃In₂S₆ （ZIS） has garnered significant attention in the field of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution， thanks to its favorable energy band structure， excellent visible-light response capability， and abundant surface active sites. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest research progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in photocatalytic hydrogen production. First， it systematically elaborates on the fundamental properties of ZIS， including its hexagonal layered crystal structure and its energy band characteristics， as well as the core mechanism of photocatalytic hydrogen production centered on the separation and migration of photogenerated carriers. Then， the review focuses on the application progress of ZIS-based nanomaterials in different photocatalytic hydrogen production systems： overall water splitting （achieving efficient carrier separation via S-scheme heterojunctions）， hydrogen production in sacrificial agent systems （optimizing hole consumption paths with agents like lactic acid， formic acid， and triethanolamine to enhance efficiency）， and bifunctional coupled reaction systems （including organic pollutant degradation coupled with hydrogen production， selective oxidation of alcohols such as benzyl alcohol and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural coupled with hydrogen production， and hydrogen peroxide synthesis coupled with hydrogen production）. For each system， a comparative analysis is conducted on reaction mechanisms， advantages， disadvantages， performance optimization strategies （e.g.， heterojunction construction， cocatalyst loading， defect engineering）， and technical economy. Finally， the review discusses the current challenges faced by ZIS-based photocatalytic materials， especially in bifunctional coupled reaction systems， such as limited selectivity in organic oxidation， catalyst deactivation， and complex product separation， and proposes future development directions， including the design of atomically dispersed cocatalysts， in situ mechanism studies using advanced characterization technologies， and integration with practical application scenarios like wastewater treatment. This review provides a systematic reference for the rational design and further development of high-performance ZIS-based photocatalytic materials for hydrogen production.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances （PFAS） are a category of persistent organic pollutants （POPs） that are ubiquitously found across various environmental media， due to their extensive application in industrial processes and consumer products. These substances can infiltrate the human body through diet， drinking water， inhalation and skin contact， thereby posing potential risks to human health. The placenta， a critical organ at the maternal-fetal interface， is integral to material exchange and endocrine regulation， functioning as a natural barrier to shield the fetus from harmful external agents. Nonetheless， PFAS can cross the placental barrier， accumulate in placental tissues， and subsequently disrupt normal placental physiological functions， which poses significant threats to fetal growth and development. Based on evidence from epidemiological studies， placental cell models， and animal exposure models， this review summarizes the global exposure levels of PFAS in the placenta， examines the effects of PFAS exposure on placental morphology， structure， and function， and explores the underlying molecular mechanisms. By providing a comprehensive overview of current research， this review also offers insights into future research directions.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Exposure of placentas to PFAS

2.1 Exposure concentration and distribution of human placentas to PFAS

2.2 Factors influence PFAS retention and transport in the Placenta

3 The effect of PFAS on placental structure and function

3.1 Effect on placental morphological

3.2 Effect on placental histological structure

3.3 Effect on placental vascular

3.4 Effect on nutrient metabolism and transport

3.5 Effect on placental endocrine

3.6 Molecular mechanisms of placental dysfunction

4 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years， flexible electronic devices have shown broad application prospects in fields such as smart sensing equipment， human-machine interfaces and bio-inspired electronic skins. Ionogels demonstrate significant potential in the preparation of flexible electronics due to their excellent electrochemical performance， tunable mechanical properties and high environmental adaptability. However， the generally poor mechanical properties of ionogels limit their widespread use. To address this， this article systematically reviews the research progress of ionogels from two aspects： preparation methods and mechanical reinforcement strategies. First common types of ionic liquids and their characteristics are summarized based on the types of anions and cations. Then the preparation techniques for ionogels are categorized into physical blending， in situ polymerization and solvent exchange， with detailed analysis of their advantages and disadvantages. Next， representative strategies for enhancing mechanical performance are outlined， including regulating polymer network structures， constructing non-covalent interactions， forming microphase-separated structures and introducing inorganic nanoparticles. The mechanism of these strategies， the regulatory effect on the mechanical properties of ionogels， and the application scenarios are systematically explained. Finally， key challenges in current ionogels preparation processes are discussed along with future development directions. This work provides a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance ionogels and improving their properties.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Types and characteristics of ionic liquids

3 Preparation methods of ionogels

3.1 Physical blending method

3.2 In situ polymerization

3.3 Solvent exchange

4 Strategies for strengthening the mechanical properties of ionogels

5 Conclusion and outlook

In recent years，visible-light-promoted palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions and C—H functionalization have witnessed remarkable advances in the field of organic synthesis. By utilizing photoexcited palladium complexes to mediate single-electron transfer （SET） processes，researchers have effectively addressed challenges associated with the activation of inert bonds in conventional thermal catalytic systems. This strategy has notably expanded the scope of applicable substrates and improved compatibility with diverse functional groups. This review highlights recent developments in visible-light-induced palladium-catalyzed Negishi coupling，Suzuki-Miyaura coupling，Heck reaction，three-component coupling，as well as C—H functionalization. Particular emphasis is placed on the distinct advantages of photoexcited palladium catalysis in enabling inert bond activation，regioselective control，and stereoselective transformations. This Pd/photoredox dual catalytic strategy significantly enhances reaction regioselectivity and stereocontrol，substantially broadening the substrate scope and functional group tolerance. It demonstrates particular utility in the construction of fluorinated molecules，strained rings，and heterocyclic architectures，offering a novel and efficient green pathway for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals，functional materials，and natural products，thereby revealing considerable application potential.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Coupling reaction

2.1 Negishi coupling reaction

2.2 Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction

2.3 Heck-type coupling reactio

2.4 Cross-coupling reaction

2.5 Three-component coupling reaction

2.6 Palladium-catalyzed cyclization reaction

3 Palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization

3.1 Palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization/cyclization reaction

3.2 Palladium-catalyzed directed sp³ C—H functionalization

3.3 Palladium-catalyzed directed sp² C—H functionalization

3.4 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp³ C—H alkylation

3.5 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp³ C—H arylation

3.6 Palladium-catalyzed non-directed sp² C—H alkylation

3.7 Palladium-catalyzed hydrogen atom transfer （HAT） reaction

3.8 Other palladium-catalyzed C—H functionalization reactions

4 Conclusion and outlook

N，N-dimethylformamide （DMF） is a common organic compound. It is not only often used as a solvent in organic reactions but also widely employed as a reaction reagent in industrial production， playing an important role in organic synthesis for a long time. It is worth noting that DMF itself can act as a synthon to provide different structural units for participation in organic synthesis reactions， and it plays a very important role in the construction of complex， diverse and structurally novel functional molecules. Therefore， this review focuses on introducing the performance of DMF as a multifunctional precursor in various reactions， summarizes the latest progress of DMF as an amine source， carbon source， hydrogen source， oxygen source and double synthon reactions， and prospects the future development direction of this field， hoping to provide a reference for the later research on reactions involving DMF as a synthon.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Reaction of DMF as a synthon

2.1 Reaction of DMF as an amine source

2.2 Reaction of DMF as a carbon source

2.3 Reaction with DMF as a hydrogen source

2.4 Reaction of DMF as an oxygen source

2.5 DMF as a double synthon

3 Conclusion and outlook

Copper nanoclusters （CuNCs） have gained prominence due to their remarkable color-tunable light emission and cost-effective， versatile solution-based synthesis. The use of various functional ligands in the synthesis of CuNCs enables the modulation of their emission wavelengths and enhances their environmental stability. These nanoclusters have found applications across diverse fields， including catalysis， sensing， bioimaging， and optoelectronics. This review offers a focused and up-to-date perspective by covering literature from the past decade （2015―2025） with an explicit emphasis on practical environmental matrices， including heavy metal ions， organic pollutants， pharmaceuticals， and other environmental contaminants. It systematically compares sensing mechanisms （e.g.， fluorescence quenching， turn-on responses， ratiometric and inner-filter effects） and provides tabulated limits of detection for key heavy metals， organic pollutants， and pharmaceuticals to facilitate direct benchmarking. Finally， the review highlights translational gaps for in-field deployment， such as matrix interferences， long-term stability of ligand-stabilized CuNCs， sample pre-treatment needs， and the absence of standardized validation protocols and proposes targeted research directions to bridge laboratory advances with real-world environmental monitoring.

Graphynes are a kind of low-dimensional carbon material composed of sp- and sp²-hybridized carbon atoms with unique electronic conjugation topologies and tunable chemical properties. Recently， significant progress has been made in the synthesis methods of graphynes. Various derivative structures as well as different morphologies from nanosheets to macroscopic films have been achieved through dry or wet chemical methods， which provide important theoretical and experimental supports for designing new carbon materials. Due to the high specific surface areas， abundant chemically active sites， and adjustable bandgap structures， graphyne derivatives exhibit high nonlinear optical coefficients and ultra-fast carrier migration rates， revealing great application potential in nonlinear optics. In this paper， the structural classification， synthesis strategies， and third-order nonlinear optical properties of graphynes are systematically reviewed， aiming to provide references for practical applications of graphynes in optical and optoelectronic fields.

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure， the development of efficient and safe secondary battery energy storage technologies is crucial for addressing the challenges of integrating intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar power into the grid. Due to its unique structure and physicochemical properties， graphite anode material has been widely used in lithium-ion batteries. Inspired by the lithium storage behavior of graphite， its application in other metal-ion batteries has also been extensively studied， demonstrating significant potential. However， the application of graphite anode materials in various metal-ion secondary batteries still lacks a comprehensive understanding. This review analyzes the electrochemical behavior of graphite in different metal-ion secondary battery systems， identifies the challenges faced by graphite materials， and highlights the primary strategies and current research progress in addressing these issues. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of high-performance and sustainable graphite-based energy storage batteries.

Recent advances in machine learning （ML） have demonstrated remarkable potential in revolutionizing the design，property prediction，and synthesis optimization of nanomaterials，facilitating a paradigm shift from traditional empirical approaches to data-driven methodologies in nanoscience. This review examines the research frameworks and cutting-edge developments in ML-assisted nanomaterial design and fabrication，with a focus on representative material systems，including zero-dimensional quantum dots，one-dimensional nanotubes，two-dimensional materials，and metal-organic frameworks （MOFs）. Key technical aspects such as data acquisition and feature engineering，supervised and unsupervised modeling，generative algorithms，and automated experimental platforms are critically discussed. Furthermore，we highlight emerging challenges and future directions，emphasizing the need for standardized databases，physics-informed ML models，and closed-loop experimental systems to enable intelligent and efficient nanomaterial development. This work provides a comprehensive methodological reference for the integration of ML in next-generation nanomaterial research.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Machine learning application framework

2.1 Acquisition and standardized preprocessing of high-quality data

2.2 Representation methods and feature engineering for material structures

2.3 Model construction and training

2.4 Validation and generalization assessment

2.5 Performance prediction and material screening

2.6 Inverse design and generative structural optimization

3 Representative research progress

3.1 Zero-dimensional nanomaterials

3.2 One-dimensional nanomaterials

3.3 Two-dimensional nanomaterials

3.4 Metal-organic frameworks

4 Conclusion and outlook

Accurate and real-time sensing is fundamental to advancements in health diagnostics， environmental monitoring， and industrial safety. However， conventional sensing materials such as metal oxides， conducting polymers， and carbon-based composites are constrained by intrinsic trade-offs between sensitivity， selectivity， and operational stability. To address these limitations， metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） have emerged as a transformative class of materials， offering unparalleled structural tunability， ultrahigh surface areas， and programmable pore chemistry. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth analysis of MOF-based chemiresistive sensors， moving beyond a simple catalog of examples to establish a mechanistic understanding of how molecular-level design dictates sensing performance. We systematically deconstruct the evolution from often-insulating pristine MOFs to advanced composites where MOFs synergize with conductive fillers like graphene， carbon nanotubes， and polymers and to MOF-derived porous carbons and metal oxides. Each category is critically examined to highlight strategies for overcoming inherent challenges in electrical conductivity， response kinetics， and long-term stability. The review is structured to guide the researcher in the field from fundamental design principles and charge transport mechanisms to performance benchmarking against key metrics such as sensitivity， limit of detection， selectivity， and response/recovery times. A significant focus is placed on the integration of MOFs into next-generation applications， including flexible and wearable electronics， multi-parameter sensor arrays， and intelligent systems that leverage artificial intelligence for pattern recognition and drift compensation. Furthermore， we critically address the pivotal challenges hindering practical deployment， such as hydrothermal/chemical stability， mechanical robustness for wearable formats， and the urgent need for standardized testing protocols. By synthesizing insights from fundamental research and cutting-edge applications， this review serves as a rational design guide and a forward-looking perspective， outlining a concrete roadmap for harnessing the full potential of MOFs in the development of intelligent， reliable， and commercially viable next-generation chemiresistive sensing technologies.

Metal-organic frameworks （MOFs） are emerging proton-conducting materials widely used in the modification of proton exchange membranes （PEM）. Among them， the UiO-66 series MOFs （UiO-MOFs） exhibit high thermal and chemical stability， and are easy to synthesize and modify， making them ideal for PEM modification. This paper primarily reviews related research on UiO-MOFs used for PEM modification over the past five years from the perspective of filler design and preparation. Section II introduces the materials and proton conduction mechanisms of UiO-MOFs. Section III summarizes the design of ligands and metal clusters in UiO-MOFs， such as acid/base group modifications and metal cluster replacements. Section IV consolidates the methods for post-synthetic modifications of UiO-MOFs， such as grafting acid/base groups using active functional groups from external crystal structures. Section V presents various composite schemes involving UiO-MOFs and other materials to construct composite fillers with different dimensionalities. Finally， the summary highlights unresolved issues regarding the use of UiO-MOFs in PEMs and proposes future research directions.

Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Metastasis represents the critical determinant of poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Conventional detection methods face limitations， including insufficient sensitivity， invasiveness， and inability to dynamically monitor tumor microenvironment alterations， thereby failing to meet the demands of precision medicine. In recent years， surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy （SERS） has emerged as a powerful tool for breast cancer metastasis monitoring and treatment evaluation， owing to its ultra-high sensitivity at the single-molecule level， exceptional spatiotemporal resolution， and multiplex detection capability. Functionalized SERS probes targeting tumor-specific biomarkers enable non-invasive identification of circulating tumor cells （CTCs）， exosomes（Exos）， and metastasis-associated metabolites， facilitating molecular-level diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis. Furthermore， SERS technology permits real-time monitoring of drug delivery efficiency， release kinetics， and therapeutic responses at tumor sites， providing dynamic molecular profiles for personalized treatment evaluation. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in SERS-based detection of metastasis-related biomarkers， tumor microenvironment analysis， and treatment efficacy assessment. Key challenges， including probe targeting optimization， signal stability enhancement， and clinical translation， are critically discussed. Looking forward， the integration of multimodal SERS probe design with artificial intelligence-powered data analytics is anticipated to propel breast cancer management into a new era of precision medicine and visualization-guided therapeutics.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 SERS overview and probe design

2.1 Overview of SERS

2.2 Technical advantages of SERS

2.3 Principles of SERS probe design

3 Detection and treatment evaluation of breast cancer metastasis based on SERS

3.1 Detection of metastatic markers in liquid

3.2 Imaging of metastatic lesions

4 Evaluation of therapeutic efficacy

5 Conclusion and outlook

This article reviews the challenges and recent advancements in the utilization of methane （CH₄） resources via low-temperature electrochemical oxidation （CH₄OR） for producing value-added chemicals. Conventional indirect pathways， including methane reforming， are energy-intensive and operate under harsh conditions. In contrast， thermal catalytic partial oxidation frequently results in over-oxidation， thereby limiting its practical applications. In contrast， electrochemical CH₄OR represents a promising alternative， facilitating efficient methane conversion under mild conditions， compatible with renewable energy sources， and providing advantages in product separation and transport. This review explores the mechanistic aspects of C—H bond activation during CH₄OR， encompassing both direct and radical-mediated indirect pathways.