The spatial confinement effect of porous materials can change the surface electron distribution and electron transport performance,realize the local reaction in the micro-nano pore domain,effectively prevent the external environment from affecting the active substances in the confined space,and inhibit the agglomeration of the active center,which is an effective way to strengthen the denitrification performance of the catalyst.This paper focuses on the changes in surface energy,periodic boundary conditions and electronic energy levels of different catalytic materials,and discusses the formation mechanism of the spatial confinement effect.The effects of confinement effect on the dispersion of active species,redox ability and molecular adsorption strength in the reaction process and the regulation strategies of size effect,encapsulation effect and molecular sieve effect in confinement effect were described.The strengthening effects of confined catalysts on NH₃adsorption performance,reaction selectivity,anti-toxicity and denitrification activity in the denitrification process were summarized.Finally,the development prospect of confined denitrification catalysts was prospected.

Photocatalytic direct conversion of methane(CH₄)to methanol(CH₃OH)provides an effective way for efficient energy storage and the synthesis of high-value chemicals.However,due to the difficulty in activating CH₄molecules and the fact that CH₃OH is more reactive than CH₄and prone to peroxidation,the conversion rate of CH₄is low,and the selectivity of CH₃OH is low as well.Therefore,the selective photocatalytic direct conversion of CH₄to CH₃OH still faces significant challenges.This review focuses on the research ideas on promoting CH₄conversion rate and CH₃OH selectivity in recent years in the direct conversion of photocatalytic CH₄to CH₃OH,as well as the corresponding catalyst design strategies.In terms of promoting the CH₄conversion rate,the main research idea is to effectively activate CH₄by improving reactive oxygen radical activation or catalytic activation pathways.In terms of promoting CH₃OH selectivity,the main idea is to inhibit the peroxidation of CH₃OH or achieve CH₃OH regeneration.In order to improve the conversion rate of CH₄and the selectivity of CH₃OH,catalytic design strategies mainly include loading cocatalysts,controlling the size of catalytic materials and constructing oxygen vacancies.Finally,this review provides an outlook on the future research direction of photocatalytic direct conversion of CH₄to CH₃OH .

Microvasculature-on-a-chip,utilizing microfluidic technology,has emerged as a significant in vitro tool for simulating both the normal and disease states of blood vessel networks.in our review,we highlight the efficacy of microfluidic platforms in accurately reproducing the microenvironment of human blood vessels.we outline a range of methodologies employed to fabricate vascular networks in vitro,focusing on the use of endothelial cells within microfluidic structures.for each method,we provide an assessment of recent examples,critically evaluating their strengths and drawbacks.Furthermore,we delve into the outlook and the innovative advancements anticipated for next-generation vascular-on-a-chip models and the broader field of chip-based tissue engineering.

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation is driven by solar energy.N₂and H₂O are used to directly produce NH₃at normal temperature and pressure,and the process has zero carbon emissions.It is one of the most promising artificial nitrogen fixation methods and has attracted wide attention from researchers in recent years.Limited by the difficult activation of N₂,low utilization rate of photogenerated carrier and low utilization rate of sunlight,the ammonia production efficiency is still not high,so improving the ammonia production efficiency is the focus of research in the field of photocatalytic ammonia synthesis.Starting from the three important processes of N₂adsorption activation,carrier separation and migration,and surface reaction,it is very promising to promote the activation and conversion of N₂under mild conditions and produce NH₃efficiently by reasonable modification of the catalyst.This paper mainly studied the modification of photocatalysts,summarized the influence of N₂molecular adsorption and activation ability,photogenerated electron transfer ability and light utilization on the ammonia production efficiency,analyzed the research in recent years in these fields,and finally summarized the modification strategy of photocatalytic ammonia synthesis catalyst.

With the rapid development of portable electronic products and electric vehicles,the demand for high energy density lithium-ion batteries is increasing.High-nickel ternary materials with nickel content higher than 0.6(include)(e.g.,LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂,LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂and LiNi_0.9Co_0.05Mn_0.05O₂),which can deliver a high reversible specific capacity of more than 200 mAh·g^-1at an upper cut-off voltage of 4.3 V vs Li⁺/Li,are an important development direction of cathode material with high specific capacity.However,the weak mechanical strength,low compaction density of polycrystal ternary materials and the anisotropy of primary grains lead to intergranular cracks in the polycrystal particles during the charging and discharging process.The electrolyte will penetrate into the polycrystal particles along the intergranular cracks,thus aggravating the side reaction between the electrode and electrolyte and deteriorating the cycle performance and safety of the battery.The design of single crystal material without grain boundary can reduce the formation of intergranular cracks,effectively suppress the side reaction at the interfaces and improve the cycle stability.In this study,the advantages and problems of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed,and their synthesis methods and modification strategies are analyzed.Finally,the application prospects and challenges of single-crystal high-nickel ternary materials are reviewed and prospected.

the rapid development of infrared detection equipment has caused a huge threat to military equipment.and infrared stealth technology is an important way to improve the survival,strike and breakthrough capabilities of military equipment,and plays a vital role In the development of the national defense industry.However,the battlefield environment is complex and changeable,and materials with only infrared stealth performance are difficult to meet the actual needs when facing radar detection,rainforest,mountain,ocean,desert and other environments.Therefore,it is imperative to develop multifunctional infrared stealth materials.in this paper,the latest research progress of different infrared stealth materials is reviewed from the perspective of the mechanism of infrared stealth materials,such as low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative working mode materials,and the control methods of different infrared stealth materials are discussed.Secondly,the multi-functional infrared stealth materials suitable for different application scenarios,such as multi-band stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance,anti-corrosion and flame retardant infrared stealth materials,and their design mechanisms are discussed.Finally,the future development of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is summarized and prospected。

In recent years,the problems of environmental pollution and energy scarcity have affected human life,and green and low-carbon photocatalytic and electrocatalytic technologies have attracted widespread attention.Semiconductor-based photocatalytic and electrocatalytic technologies are very promising for ammonia synthesis applications.Since single semiconductors suffer from the disadvantages of low carrier separation efficiency and easy compounding,it is crucial to find co-catalysts that can enhance the performance of nitrogen fixation catalysts.Two-dimensional transition metal carbide/nitride/carbon nitride MXene,which has a promising application in photo-and electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis,is ideal for photo-and electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation owing to their good hydrophilicity,large specific surface area,excellent electrical conductivity and abundance of active sites for efficient catalysis of N₂reduction.This paper mainly reviews the preparation of MXene and its composites and their progress in the field of photoelectrocatalytic ammonia synthesis.Firstly,the structural features of MXene and the preparation strategies of MXene and its complexes are briefly summarised.Secondly,the performance study of MXene-based composite catalysts for photo-and electrocatalytic ammonia synthesis is highlighted.Finally,the development direction of MXene-based composites is discussed and prospected.

Hydrogel materials are widely used due to their excellent hydrophilicity,biocompatibility,adjustable biomimetic properties,etc.However,their inherent non-uniform microstructure and low-density molecular chains make their mechanical properties poor,which limits their practical applications.the preparation of hydrogel materials with high mechanical strength yet toughness has been a challenge for research in This field.As composites are constantly developing in the direction of functionalization and intelligence,the introduction of polymer hydrogels into the textile field for the preparation of gel-based textile composites not only improves the defects of gel materials,but also gives textiles excellent properties and broadens their potential application prospects.this paper reviews the research progress of hydrogel textile composites,focusing on the design strategy of hydrogel-based textile composites and their enhanced mechanical and antimicrobial properties,discusses the application progress of the composites in the fields of oil-water separation,medical dressings,wearable electronic devices,and flame-retardant protection,and the future research direction is also prospected.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products(PPCPs)are a large category of emerging pollutants that have been highly concern in recent years.the huge production and rapid consumption demand of PPCPs make them widely enter and highly exist in various environmental mediums.Due to migration,transformation and bioaccumulation,PPCPs enter the ecological environment,causing different degrees of negative impact on organisms and human bodies,thus bringing serious threats to the ecological environment and human health.in this review,we summarize the exposure sources,pathways and characteristics of current PPCPs in the environment,conclude the degradation method and pathway of PPCPs in the environment,review the main biotoxicity of PPCPs,overview the exposure concentrations and the health influences on the human body,and finally have some outlooks on the research field of ecotoxicity of PPCPs。

with the continuous development of flexible electronic devices in recent years,flexible wearable sensors show great potential for development in the fields of human health monitoring,electronic skin,and intelligent machines.biomass materials,as a kind of renewable resource derived from living organisms with excellent characteristics such as inexpensive,green and,eco-friendly,skin-friendly and breathable,and good biocompatibility,have been heavily studied as the matrix of wearable,flexible sensors.biomass-based sensors can be ideal for use in the field of human health monitoring because they combine the excellent properties of biomass materials with sensing elements.This paper first reviews the structure,composition and working principle of common flexible sensors(strain,pressure,temperature,biological).and then,the characteristics of different biomass-based sensors and their applications are described in detail.the biomass materials involved mainly include collagen,gelatine,cellulose,chitosan,sodium alginate,and silk protein.in addition,the applications of biomass-based sensors in human health monitoring(including physical signals,chemical signals,bioelectrical signals and thermal signals monitoring)are summarised.Finally,the challenges and future directions of biomass-based sensors and their applications in the field of human health monitoring are pointed out in light of the current status of the applications they are currently facing。

Revealing The intrinsic electronic principles driving the surface chemistry of nanomaterials is a central goal in nanoscience;however,the concepts and theoretical frameworks have long remained incomplete and unsystematic.this review systematically introduces a theoretical framework to reveal the interaction mechanisms and trends of surface ligands with nanomaterials at the electronic level,on the basis of competitive orbital redistribution in chemisorption and a concept of orbital potential,the characteristic electronic attribute directly determining surface reactivity.Based on the competitive interactions between surface coordination bonds and bulk energy bands,This theoretical framework can provide coherent answers to these key scientific issues.(1)the opposite and uniform relation of surface activity and stability in nanomaterials originates from the normalization principle of wavefunctions.(2)the physical nature of enhanced surface activity by size reduction lies in two mechanisms:weakening the constrain strength to surface valence atomic orbitals by nanomaterial energy bands,and amplifying the effects of other structural parameters like defects.(3)Nanoscale cooperative chemisorption(NCC)model generally reveals the electronic-level mechanisms and common rules how ligand coverage regulates the energy band states and physical/chemical properties of nanomaterials.(4)the roles and interaction mechanisms of nanomaterial size(r),specific surface area(S/V),surface ligands,and ligand coverage(θ)in nanomaterial surface chemical reactions are elucidated.

With the rapid development of current society and economy, as well as the accelerated process of industrialization and urbanization, the complexity and seriousness of environmental pollution issues are becoming increasingly apparent. Beyond traditional pollutants, the appearance of emerging pollutants on a global scale has brought new challenges to environment and public health. China’s “14th Five-Year Plan” and medium and long-term planning put forward “emerging pollutant control”, report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also explicitly requested “carry out emerging pollutant control”. In 2022, General Office of the State Council issued “Action Plan for Emerging Pollutant Control”, followed by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and various provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions, which released corresponding implementation plans, China has transferred to a new phase of environmental protection that balances the control of both traditional and emerging pollutants. However, management of emerging pollutants is a long-term, dynamic and complex systematic project, which urgently needs to strengthen top-level design as well as scientific and technological support. Conducting systematic research on emerging pollutants not only provides effective scientific guidance for their control and improves the level of environmental quality management, but also assists our country in fulfilling international conventions, enhances the discourse power in global environmental governance, ensures our country environmental security, food security, international trade security, etc., and is of great significance for realizing sustainable development. This review aims to comprehensively explore various aspects of emerging pollutants, including their types and characteristics, production, use and emission, identification and detection, environmental occurrence, migration and transformation, ecotoxicological effects, human exposure, health risks, and management strategies. Furthermore, it looks forward to the future research direction, with a view to providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for control of emerging pollutants in China.

photoelectrochemical sensing analysis is a rapidly developing new analytical technology in recent years,and photoelectric active materials are The key to photoelectrochemical sensing detection.metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)and their derivatives may be ideal carriers for the construction of photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces by dispersing photoelectrically active substances.Due to the"antenna effect"of organic ligands in MOFs,the metal clusters can be regarded as activated discrete semiconductor quantum dots,giving them photoelectric properties similar to those of semiconductors.the modification of MOFs materials with carbon-based compounds,organic polymers,noble metal nanoparticles,inorganic oxides,and quantum dots,and the construction of MOFs-based photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces,can improve the electrical conductivity of MOFs,promote the separation of photogenerated electrons-holes,and thus improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.the MOFs-based photoelectrochemical sensing interfaces amplify the signal generated by photoelectrochemical sensing,enabling ultra-sensitive detection of the target object.based on these,this study provides a detailed introduction to the photoelectric activity mechanism,synthesis methods,and strategies for constructing photoelectric activity interfaces of MOFs-based materials.the applications of MOFs-based materials in photoelectrochemical sensing detection of small molecule compounds,immunoassay,enzyme activity and environmental analysis in recent years have been comprehensively reviewed.Finally,current challenges and future perspectives in this field are also proposed.

MXene is a two-dimensional transition metal carbon/nitrogen compound or carbon-nitrogen compound obtained from MAX phase materials by chemical etching followed by ultrasonic or intercalation treatment.It has the properties of two-dimensional atomic layer structure,abundant components,metallic conductivity,large specific surface area and active surface,etc.It has distinct infrared absorption in the near-infrared and mid\far-infrared bands,and has attracted extensive attention from researchers in recent years in a number of infrared applications,such as infrared camouflage,photothermal conversion,and photovoltaic effect.in this paper,the properties of MXene materials in the infrared band are reviewed in detail,including the high absorbance and localized surface plasmon resonance effect in the near-infrared band and the infrared low-emission properties in the mid/far-infrared band.Further based on its infrared properties,the research progress of its applications in popular fields such as infrared camouflage,broadband absorber,passive radiant heating,photothermal conversion and photovoltaic effect is summarized.Finally,the main problems of the current research on MXene materials in the infrared field and the future development direction are prospected。

the risk of algal blooms has significantly increased in eutrophic lakes and reservoirs due To the global climate change and anthropogenic pollution,which has a significant impact on the safety and stability of municipal water supplies.to protect source water,it is necessary to construct a mathematical model and alert system to predict algae concentration in lakes and reservoirs.This paper reviews the main environmental factors(physical,chemical,and biological)that affect the algae growth,and summarizes the principles and application scenarios of existing models.Prediction models can generally be divided into two categories:process-based models(PB models)and data-driven models(DD models).PB models are based on natural processes,which enhances their interpretability and generality.However,they require a high level of research and testing,which can be costly.DD models rely on artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning,which offer flexible and diverse modeling approaches.However,they depend on data quality,lack mechanism support,and are location-specific.Both models have been extensively studied in the past decades and have been applied in some lakes and reservoirs.to further improve model performance,future research should improve the frequency and quality of data monitoring and combine natural process mechanisms with artificial intelligence methods。

The design and development of material-microorganism hybrid systems that can use solar energy for green biosynthesis is expected to provide human society with a viable solution for addressing the global energy shortage and environmental crisis.in recent years,the construction of hybrid systems by coupling excellent physical and chemical features of artificial materials with the biosynthetic function of microorganisms has received extensive attention.polymeric materials,due to versatile functions,excellent designability and good biocompatibility,have been widely used to construct material-microorganism hybrid systems,and have shown broad application prospects In the field of bioenergy.Based on the functional features of Polymeric materials,this paper systematically summarizes different types of polymer-microorganism biohybrid systems,and discusses the augmentation of their catalytic performance by enhancing light utilization,accelerating electron transfer,and stabilizing biological activity.Finally,the challenges and future development of polymer-microorganism hybrid systems are discussed.

as a molecular imaging technique with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution,fluorescence imaging is widely used in cancer diagnosis and therapy.However,commonly used fluorescence imaging agents,such as small-molecule fluorescent dyes and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles,have defects such as poor photostability,rapid metabolism in vivo,and low accumulation at lesion sites,which limit their application in the field of cancer fluorescence imaging.in recent years,the appearance of dendrimer has provided a new strategy for the development of nano-scale fluorescence imaging agents.A dendrimer is composed of three parts,including a central core,internal repeating units and abundant terminal functional groups.the excellent structure of dendrimer enables it to load small-molecule fluorescent dyes or fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles to achieve early fluorescence monitoring of cancer and evaluate its distribution and metabolism in vivo.Additionally,some amino-terminated dendrimers can be used to monitor their uptake by cancer cells through their intrinsic fluorescence.the introduction of dendrimer greatly improves the water solubility and biocompatibility of fluorescent dyes and fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles,and the surface functionalization of dendrimer could achieve their tissue-specific delivery.Most importantly,the protection of dendrimer can greatly avoid fluorescence quenching and achieve long-time fluorescence imaging.Therefore,this review mainly describes various kinds of dendrimer-based fluorescence imaging agents,summarizes their synthesis methods and their applications in cancer fluorescence imaging,and prospects for their future development。

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Functionalized dendrimer with fluorescence property

2.1 Intrinsically fluorescent dendrimer

2.2 Dendrimer loaded with fluorescent dye molecules

2.3 Dendrimer loaded with fluorescent inorganic nanoparticles

3 Conclusion and outlook

Microplastic pollution arising from the aging and decomposition of plastic waste poses a significant challenge to global plastic pollution control. Landfills have been the primary disposal sites for solid waste for a long time, and the considerable amount of plastic waste accumulated in landfills has emerged as a crucial source of microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems. This paper mainly reviews the development of plastic waste landfilling and its evolution in the landfilling process, analyzes the external input and internal generation process of microplastics in landfills, and summarizes the abundance and structural composition characteristics of microplastics reported in the landfill piles (580-168 000 items/kg) and leachate (420-291 000 items/m³) and the surrounding soils (4-14 200 items/kg) and groundwater (3000-27 200 items/m³). This paper further reveals the migration of microplastics within the waste-soil-groundwater system, and the exposure routes of humans to microplastics through the contaminated soil, air, and edible plants. As the risks and control measures to the entire environmental process of microplastics in landfills urgently require investigation, this paper puts forward key scientific and technical issues and management suggestions.

Bifunctional small molecules are a sort of small molecules that engage multiple targets. They are subdivided into two categories: bifunctional small molecules with linkers and without linkers. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is a currently emerging strategy hijacking cellular protein degradation systems, namely ubiquitin-proteasomal system and lysosomal system, to induce the degradation of targeted protein for drug development. Distinct from the traditional mechanism of action based on inhibition, TPD inhibits the function of targeted protein through targeted clearance, thus is advantageous in long-term inhibition and targeting undruggable proteins. With a unique mechanism of action, bifunctional small molecules are capable of binding degradation-associated protein and targeted protein simultaneously, and therefore used widely in the realm of TPD. This review summarizes the recent development of bifunctional molecules in TPD. Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), molecular degraders of extracellular proteins through the asialoglycoprotein receptors (MoDE-As), and autophagy targeting chimeras (AUTACs) which based on bifunctional small molecules with linkers, and molecular glue degraders (MGDs) and autophagosome-tethering compounds (ATTECs) which based on bifunctional small molecules without linkers are introduced, with their clinical application highlighted. Finally, the challenges that the two categories of bifunctional small molecules respectively face in the realm of TPD as well as prospects and suggestions for their development are proposed.

in recent years,there has been significant progress in non-fullerene organic solar cells(NF-OSCs)due to the rapid development of narrow-bandgap small-molecule acceptor materials and the high-performance polymer donor materials,with the power conversion efficiency(PCE)approaching 20%.However,As the design of alternating D-A copolymer materials reaches saturation,there is an urgent need to develop more efficient conjugated polymer materials.the ternary random strategy has emerged to address this challenge.the advantages of the ternary random copolymerization,including easy energy level tuning,broad and strong absorption,and high molar absorptivity,which have attracted considerable attention in the field of organic solar cells.In this review,firstly,the advantages of the ternary random copolymerization strategy in modulating polymer properties and device performance are discussed.Through this strategy,the active layer morphology can be effectively regulated and optimized,and thus the charge transfer efficiency can be improved leading to the improved PCE.Furthermore,the application of the ternary random copolymerization into NF-OSCs is summarized from the perspectives of random polymer donors and acceptors.Finally,a summary and outlook of the further development of random polymers are presented.as expected,to understand the design concept and advantages of ternary random strategy would be beneficial for the development of organic solar cells。