Liquid crystal elastomers （LCEs） are crosslinked polymer networks that combine the anisotropy of liquid crystals with the entropic elasticity of elastomers. They exhibit reversible large deformations under external stimuli， making them a focal point in smart materials research. Among various forms， LCE fibers， characterized by their high aspect ratio and large specific surface area， demonstrate enhanced sensitivity， greater deformation capacity， and excellent reversibility， weavability， and programmability， significantly broadening their application potential. In recent years， advancements in manufacturing technologies have expanded the fabrication methods of LCE fibers from traditional pulling and templating techniques to advanced spinning technologies such as melt spinning， electrospinning， wet spinning， and emerging 3D/4D printing techniques. These innovations have not only provided more possibilities for structural design and performance optimization of LCE fibers but also promoted their widespread use in high-performance material applications. This article systematically reviews the molecular structure and diverse fabrication methods of LCE fibers， discusses their applications in artificial muscles， soft robotics， smart clothing， and wearable devices， and provides an outlook on the future development of LCE fibers.

Brine resources are widely present in salt lakes， groundwater， and seawater. They are rich in many valuable elements such as lithium， potassium， magnesium， and boron， and thus possess significant economic value. With the rapid development of the new energy industry， especially the sharp increase in the demand for lithium resources， the comprehensive utilization of brine resources has become crucial for ensuring the sustainable supply of resources and promoting green development. However， traditional brine treatment methods， such as evaporation crystallization and chemical precipitation， have problems like high energy consumption， low separation precision， and environmental pollution. There is an urgent need for more efficient and environmentally friendly technical means. As a separation technology based on ion exchange membranes and the action of an electric field， electrodialysis technology has remarkable advantages such as high efficiency， energy conservation， and environmental friendliness， and has gradually become an important technology in brine resource treatment. This article introduces the principles of electrodialysis technology， including the working mechanisms of anion and cation membranes and bipolar membranes. By combining application cases， it explores the research progress of electrodialysis technology in the comprehensive utilization of brine resources. In terms of separation and extraction， this technology has a remarkable effect on the separation and extraction of elements such as lithium， boron， and potassium. It has outstanding advantages， especially in the extraction of lithium from brine with a high magnesium - to - lithium ratio. In the concentration process， it can achieve brine concentration with low energy consumption. In product processing， it can improve product purity and optimize the production process. Although electrodialysis technology has achieved remarkable results in the laboratory and pilot - scale stages， it still faces challenges such as the durability of membrane materials and equipment costs in large - scale industrial applications. In the future， electrodialysis technology is expected to develop synergistically with other technologies. Differentiated technical solutions will be developed according to the characteristics of different brine resources to achieve the full - component utilization of brine resources and promote the sustainable development of related industries.

In the era of heightened global environmental consciousness， the principle of sustainable development has become deeply ingrained in public awareness. However， conventional petroleum-based adhesives are plagued by issues of unsustainability， high energy consumption， and significant environmental pollution during their production and application. Consequently， the development of green， sustainable， and high-performance biomass-based adhesives has emerged as a critical research focus. Biomass-based adhesives continue to encounter significant challenges， including suboptimal water resistance， elevated production costs， and the necessity for enhanced environmental performance. Future research should focus on optimizing the modification process of biomass raw materials， reducing production costs， improving the comprehensive properties of adhesives， and promoting their large-scale industrial application. In-depth investigation into the correlation between the structure and properties of biomass is crucial for the development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective adhesives. This paper summarizes the classification， modification methods， and properties of biomass-based raw materials and provides a detailed prospect for their future development.

Hydrogen production via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources represents a critical approach to addressing the dual challenges of energy and the environment. However， the practical implementationof this technology remains constrained by the sluggish kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction （OER）. Recent advances in high-entropy materials （HEMs） with unique structural configurations and compositional tunability have demonstrated breakthrough capabilities in OER catalysis. Their near-continuous adsorption energy tunability across multi-dimensional landscapes enables surpassing the perforce ceilings of conventional single-/dual-component electrocatalysts. While substantial progress has been achieved in developing HEMs for OER catalysis， formidable scientific challenges persist regarding the intricate composition-structure-activity relationships in multi-component systems and unresolved mechanistic ambiguities governing catalytic synergies. This review systematically examines the fundamental mechanisms underlying the four-electron transfer process in OER， followed by a critical survey of recent breakthroughs in high-entropy alloys （HEAs）， high-entropy oxides （HEOs）， and high-entropy metal-organic frameworks （HEMOFs） for OER applications. By emphasizing three critical dimensions： atomic coordination environment modulation， electronic structure engineering， and surface adsorption energy optimization， we establish explicit correlations between compositional architecture， structural characteristics， and catalytic performance. This framework profoundly elucidates the synergistic catalytic mechanisms arising from multi-metallic active sites. Furthermore， we propose strategic optimization pathways through material design， defect engineering， and elemental regulation. The review concludes by discussing emerging challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field. This review can provide inspiration for the accurate design of high-entropy electrocatalysts， the atomic-level analysis of structure-activity relationships， and the regulation and optimization of catalytic performance.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 OER pathway

2.1 AEM

2.2 LOM

2.3 OPM

3 Research progress and bottlenecks of high‑entropy oxygen evolution catalytic materials

3.1 High‑entropy alloys

3.2 High‑entropy oxides

3.3 High‑entropy MOFs

3.4 Other high‑entropy compounds

4 Optimization strategies

4.1 Machine learning‑assisted design

4.2 Defect engineering

4.3 Element regulation

5 Conclusion and outlook

The increasing proportion of nuclear energy in China’s energy resources has brought about a series of difficulties and challenges. Nuclear power plants generate a large amount of radioactive liquid and solid waste during operation， and how to effectively treat and dispose of them has become a research focus. For radioactive liquid waste， the current main treatment processes in China are ion exchange and barrel evaporation drying. In addition， chemical precipitation， membrane technology， and other emerging technologies are also the current research directions for combined treatment. For solid waste， radioactive ions are tightly bound to solid materials， making it difficult for decontamination and regulatory release. Currently， solidification and compression are used for disposal in China， especially for mixed waste resins， which have large output and high radiation dose， as well as water absorption and elasticity， the main method in China is to use hot state overpressure technology to improve the volume reduction ratio， and then package and dispose of it geologically.

Methane， as a light alkane clean resource with abundant reserves， its efficient utilization has significant practical significance. Direct conversion of methane into high-value target products through gas-phase selective oxidation of methane has become an effective way to efficiently utilize methane. This reaction has the advantages of simple equipment and relatively low reaction energy consumption. However， the strong carbon-hydrogen bond of methane makes its activation process difficult， and the product formaldehyde is prone to deep oxidation under high-temperature and oxygen-containing conditions， resulting in a decrease in the selectivity of the target product. Therefore， achieving high-selectivity direct oxidation of methane to form oxygen-containing compounds is challenging. This article reviews the research progress in the gas-phase selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde， focusing on the reaction mechanism of selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde on catalysts， catalyst systems， and the application of various in-situ characterizations in the reaction. Finally， the future development directions of the selective oxidation of methane are summarized and prospected.

Mirror-image peptides and proteins composed entirely of D-amino acids have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates owing to their resistance to proteolysis and reduced immunogenicity. Mirror-image phage display （MIPD） is currently the main experimental technique for identifying mirror-image peptide ligands targeting disease-related proteins. However， the success of MIPD critically depends on synthetic mirror-image target proteins， which cannot be produced by traditional recombinant methods due to the intrinsic chirality of biological systems. Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis， such as enzyme-cleavable solubilizing tags， backbone-installed split intein-assisted ligation， and removable glycosylation modification-assisted folding strategies， have effectively addressed key challenges in preparing these complex mirror-image proteins. In addition， computational approaches， exemplified by AI-driven protein design， have become powerful complementary tools， accelerating the discovery and optimization of mirror-image protein drug candidates. Although mirror-image protein drugs have not yet reached clinical use， ongoing innovations in chemical synthesis and ligand screening methods are steadily advancing their therapeutic potential toward clinical translation.

Photoelectrochemical （PEC） biosensors， as an emerging analytical platform， offer significant advantages， including low background signals， high sensitivity， and operational simplicity， due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric †conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing， primarily involving three essential processes： light harvesting， charge carrier separation， and interfacial reaction. Based on this， the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously， the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally， this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.

With the increasing global emphasis on carbon dioxide emissions reduction， electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction （ECO₂R） to methanol has garnered significant attention within the context of carbon neutrality. However， existing ECO₂R catalysts still suffer from limitations in activity， selectivity， and stability， thereby constraining their practical applications. This underscores the urgent need for the development of highly efficient catalysts， which remains a central research focus in this field. Traditional catalyst design predominantly relies on trial-and-error approaches， which are inherently inefficient. Therefore， novel strategies are required to accelerate catalyst discovery and optimization. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence， machine learning has emerged as a powerful tool to drive catalyst development. This review systematically summarizes the reaction mechanisms underlying ECO₂R to methanol and highlights recent advancements in catalyst research， encompassing Cu-based， non-Cu-based， and phthalocyanine-based catalysts. Furthermore， the fundamental framework of machine learning applications in this domain is introduced， covering key stages from data acquisition to model validation. Particular emphasis is placed on machine learning-driven predictions of catalytic activity， catalyst design， and performance optimization. Although machine learning has made remarkable progress in ECO₂R research， there are still several challenges， including data scarcity， insufficient model interpretability， and the lack of a universal prediction framework. Future research should focus on the establishment of high-quality catalyst databases， enhancement of model interpretability， and improvement of generalization capabilities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on ECO₂R catalyst design while emphasizing the pivotal role of machine learning in facilitating breakthroughs in this field.

Owing to its high temperature strength， high ductility and good corrosion resistance， Inconel 718 （IN718） alloy had broad application prospects in aerospace， military and energy fields. However， the low hardness and wear resistance of IN718 alloy severely limited its application. To solve these problems， one of the feasible strategies was to modify the composition/microstructure of IN718 alloy. Laser additive manufacturing methods had the capabilities of effectively regulating the composition and microstructure of composite materials， so as to enhance their mechanical performances. Herein， the intrinsic properties and compositional modification strategies of IN718-matrix composites were first introduced， and then the advantages and limitations of laser-additive-manufactured IN718-matrix composites were summarized， respectively. Subsequently， the evolution laws of microstructural morphologies and mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites prepared by laser additive manufacturing methods were summarized. Finally， the key scientific problems in modifying the preparation method， regulating microstructure and optimizing mechanical performances of IN718-matrix composites were respectively clarified， and the future developments were prospected.