Raman Spectroscopy in the Detection of Environmental Micro- and Nanoplastics: Applications and Challenges

Kefu Ye; Minjie Xie; Xingqi Chen; Zhiyu Zhu; Shixiang Gao

doi:10.7536/PC240710

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Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (1) : 2-15. DOI: 10.7536/PC240710

Microplastics Special Issue

Raman Spectroscopy in the Detection of Environmental Micro- and Nanoplastics: Applications and Challenges

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Abstract

This review highlights the advantages and research advancements of Raman spectroscopy in detecting micro- and nanoplastics in the environment. With the worsening issue of microplastic pollution, particularly its widespread presence in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, Raman spectroscopy has emerged as a non-destructive, high-resolution analytical technique widely employed for identifying and quantitatively analyzing micro- and nanoplastics. This is attributed to its unique spectral characteristics and reduced susceptibility to water interference compared to infrared spectroscopy. The strengths of Raman spectroscopy in detecting micro- and nanoplastics lie in its high spatial resolution, broad spectral range, and exceptional sensitivity. However, challenges such as fluorescence interference and low signal-to-noise ratios persist in the detection process. To enhance Raman signals, researchers have introduced various approaches, including sample pretreatment, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and nonlinear Raman spectroscopy techniques. Furthermore, this paper underscores the necessity of building a comprehensive Raman spectroscopy database to boost detection accuracy and efficiency. Future research directions include developing more effective preprocessing methods, dynamically monitoring the behavior of micro- and nanoplastics, and integrating intelligent detection systems.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Raman spectroscopy methods for micro-and nanoplastics

2.1 Basic principles and conventional Raman spectroscopy

2.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)

2.3 Coherent Raman spectroscopy (CRS)

2.4 Raman imaging

3 Identification in environmental samples with Raman spectroscopy

3.1 Fluorescence interference and its elimination

3.2 Machine learning applications with Raman spectral databases

4 Quantitative Analysis

4.1 In situ concentration and mass concentration

4.2 Number concentration via µ-Raman and imaging

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words

Raman spectroscopy / micro- and nanoplastics / qualitative identification / quantitative detection / signal enhancement and optimization / machine learning

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Kefu Ye , Minjie Xie , Xingqi Chen , et al . Raman Spectroscopy in the Detection of Environmental Micro- and Nanoplastics: Applications and Challenges[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2025, 37(1): 2-15 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240710

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(22241601)

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