Degradation Mechanisms and Durability Improvement Strategies of Fe-N-C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Longhao Li; Wei Zhou; Liang Xie; Chaowei Yang; Xiaoxiao Meng; Jihui Gao

doi:10.7536/PC230725

PDF(13985 KB)

Prog Chem ›› 2024, Vol. 36 ›› Issue (3) : 376-392. DOI: 10.7536/PC230725

Review

Degradation Mechanisms and Durability Improvement Strategies of Fe-N-C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Longhao Li ² ,
Wei Zhou ²^,^* ,
Liang Xie ² ,
Chaowei Yang ² ,
Xiaoxiao Meng ¹^,²^,^* ,
Jihui Gao ²

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Among the many non-precious metal catalysts that have been reported so far, M-N-C catalysts based on transition metal-nitrogen-carbon structure are considered as the most promising candidates to replace Pt-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Compared with other M-N-C catalysts, Fe-N-C catalysts exhibit the highest ORR activity in acidic environments due to the suitable adsorption energy of oxygen-containing intermediates and thermodynamically favorable 4e pathway. However, the practical application of this catalyst is still limited by the challenge of insufficient stability under the high voltage and strong acidic conditions of PEMFC. Thus, the preparation of stable and efficient Fe-N-C catalysts still faces many challenges. In this review, we systematically summarize the common synthesis methods of Fe-N-C catalysts, including spatial confinement method and template-assisted strategy, outline the half-cell and single-cell test methods used to evaluate the catalyst stability, and analyze the reasons for the discrepancies between the two test results. In order to design highly stable catalysts, a clear knowledge and understanding of the degradation mechanism is required, so we describe four possible degradation mechanisms for Fe-N-C catalysts: demetallization, carbon oxidation, protonation, and microporous water flooding, subsequently we propose some specific strategies to enhance the stability of Fe-N-C catalysts. Finally, the future development direction of Fe-N-C catalysts is discussed in this review. It is hoped that the comprehensive and in-depth study of Fe-N-C catalysts will guide the design and development of highly stable Fe-N-C catalysts for the application of PEMFC.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis methods of Fe-N-C catalysts

2.1 Spatial confinement method

2.2 The template method

2.3 Other methods

3 Stability test protocols for Fe-N-C catalysts

3.1 Half-cell test

3.2 Single-cell test

3.3 Analysis of the variability of the results of the two test protocols

4 Degradation mechanisms of Fe-N-C catalysts

4.1 Demetalation

4.2 Carbon crossion

4.3 Protonation

4.4 Water flooding in microporous

5 Durability improvement strategies of Fe-N-C catalysts

5.1 Stable carbon matrix

5.2 Stable active sites

5.3 Avoiding fenton reaction

6 Conclusion and outlook

Key words

proton exchange membrane fuel cell / oxygen reduction reaction / Fe-N-C electrocatalysts / stability / degradation mechanisms / durability improvement strategies

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

Longhao Li , Wei Zhou , Liang Xie , et al . Degradation Mechanisms and Durability Improvement Strategies of Fe-N-C Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2024, 36(3): 376-392 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC230725

References

List( Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within ) Chart analysis

[1]	Ehelebe K, Schmitt N, Sievers G, Jensen A W, Hrnjić A, Collantes Jiménez P, Kaiser P, Geuß M, Ku Y P, Jovanovič P, Mayrhofer K J J, Etzold B, Hodnik N, Escudero-Escribano M, Arenz M, Cherevko S. ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7(2): 816. Cited in this article [1]

[2]	Zhao L, Zhu J B, Zheng Y, Xiao M L, Gao R, Zhang Z, Wen G B, Dou H Z, Deng Y P, Yu A P, Wang Z B, Chen Z W. Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 12(2): 2102665. Cited in this article [1]

[3]	Wang Y D, Meyer Q, Tang K N, McClure J E, White R T, Kelly S T, Crawford M M, Iacoviello F, Brett D J L, Shearing P R, Mostaghimi P, Zhao C, Armstrong R T. Nat. Commun., 2023, 14: 745. Cited in this article [1]

[4]	Jiao K, Xuan J, Du Q, Bao Z M, Xie B, Wang B W, Zhao Y, Fan L H, Wang H Z, Hou Z J, Huo S, Brandon N P, Yin Y, Guiver M D. Nature, 2021, 595(7867): 361. Cited in this article [1]

[5]	Liu F, Shi C X, Pan L, Huang Z F, Zhang X W, Zou J J. EES. Catal., 2023, 1(4): 562.

[6]	Ding S C, Barr J A, Shi Q R, Zeng Y C, Tieu P, Lyu Z Y, Fang L Z, Li T, Pan X Q, Beckman S P, Du D, Lin H F, Li J C, Wu G, Lin Y H. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(9): 15165.

[7]	Tian Y H, Deng D J, Xu L, Li M, Chen H, Wu Z Z, Zhang S Q. Nano Micro Lett., 2023, 15(1): 122. Cited in this article [1]

[8]	Tian X L, Lu X F, Xia B Y, Lou X W D. Joule, 2020, 4(1): 45. Cited in this article [1]

[9]	Wang X X, Swihart M T, Wu G. Nat. Catal., 2019, 2(7): 578. Cited in this article [1]

[10]	Wang W, Chen X W, Zhang X, Ye J Y, Xue F, Zhen C, Liao X Y, Li H Q, Li P T, Liu M C, Kuang Q, Xie Z X, Xie S F. Nano Energy, 2020, 71: 104623. Cited in this article [1]

[11]	Dey S, Mondal B, Chatterjee S, Rana A, Amanullah S, Dey A. Nat. Rev. Chem., 2017, 1(12): 98. Cited in this article [1]

[12]	Pegis M L, Wise C F, Martin D J, Mayer J M. Chem. Rev., 2018, 118(5): 2340. Cited in this article [1]

[13]	Muñoz-Becerra K, Zagal J H, Venegas R, Recio F J. Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 2022, 35: 101035. Cited in this article [1]

[14]	Li L F, Wen Y D, Han G K, Liu Y X, Song Y J, Zhang W, Sun J, Du L, Kong F P, Ma Y L, Gao Y Z, Wang J J, Du C Y, Yin G P. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 437: 135320. Cited in this article [1]

[15]	Ye H, Li L J, Liu D D, Fu Q J, Zhang F Z, Dai P C, Gu X, Zhao X B. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12(52): 57847. Cited in this article [1]

[16]	Meng P F, Zhang X R, Liao S J, Deng Y J. Prog. Chem. 2022, 34(10): 2190. (孟鹏飞, 张笑容, 廖世军, 邓怡杰. 化学进展 2022, 34(10): 2190.). Cited in this article [1]

[17]	Liu K X, Qiao Z, Hwang S, Liu Z Y, Zhang H G, Su D, Xu H, Wu G, Wang G F. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 2019, 243: 195. Cited in this article [1]

[18]	Xie J F, Xie Y. Chem. Eur. J., 2016, 22(11): 3588. Cited in this article [1]

[19]	Lebechi A K, Ipadeola A K, Eid K, Abdullah A M, Ozoemena K I. Nanoscale, 2022, 14(30): 10717. Cited in this article [1]

[20]	Shen W, Zhu J M, Hu Y, Yin J, Zheng Y, Xi P X. Chin. J. Chem., 2023, 41(14): 1740. Cited in this article [1]

[21]	Li Y Q, Li J, Wang Y G, Chen X R, Liu M T, Zheng Z, Peng X H. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy, 2021, 46(24): 13273. Cited in this article [1]

[22]	Jasinski R. Nature, 1964, 201(4925): 1212. Cited in this article [1]

[23]	Lefèvre M, Proietti E, Jaouen F, Dodelet J P. Science, 2009, 324(5923): 71. Cited in this article [1]

[24]	Liang X, Fu N H, Yao S C, Li Z, Li Y D. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144(40): 18155. Cited in this article [1]

[25]	Yin H B, Xia H C, Zhao S Y, Li K X, Zhang J N, Mu S C. ENERGY ENVIRONMENTAL Mater., 2021, 4(1): 5. Cited in this article [1]

[26]	Liu H D, Cheng M, Liu Y, Wang J, Zhang G X, Li L, Du L, Wang G F, Yang S Z, Wang X Y. Energy Environ. Sci., 2022, 15(9): 3722. Cited in this article [1]

[27]	Dong A R, Lin Y, Guo Y Y, Chen D D, Wang X, Ge Y J, Li Q P, Qian J J. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2023, 650: 2056. Cited in this article [1]

[28]	Jiao L, Zhu J T, Zhang Y, Yang W J, Zhou S Y, Li A W, Xie C F, Zheng X S, Zhou W, Yu S H, Jiang H L. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143(46): 19417. Cited in this article [1]

[29]	Yang M R, Xie Y X, Zhu D R. Prog. Chem., 2023, 35(5): 683. (杨孟蕊, 谢雨欣, 朱敦如. 化学进展, 2023, 35(5): 683.). Cited in this article [1]

[30]	Sun P P, Qiao K W, Li D Y, Liu X R, Liu H B, Yang L, Xu H X, Zhuang Z B, Yan Y S, Cao D P. Chem Catal., 2022, 2(10): 2750. Cited in this article [5]

[31]	Xia D S, Tang X, Dai S, Ge R L, Rykov A, Wang J H, Huang T H, Wang K W, Wei Y P, Zhang K, Li J, Gan L, Kang F Y. Adv. Mater., 2023, 35(5): 2204474. Cited in this article [6]

[32]	Liu S W, Li C Z, Zachman M J, Zeng Y C, Yu H R, Li B Y, Wang M Y, Braaten J, Liu J W, Meyer H M, Lucero M, Kropf A J, Alp E E, Gong Q, Shi Q R, Feng Z X, Xu H, Wang G F, Myers D J, Xie J, Cullen D A, Litster S, Wu G. Nat. Energy, 2022, 7(7): 652. Cited in this article [6]

[33]	Thompson S T, Wilson A R, Zelenay P, Myers D J, More K L, Neyerlin K C, Papageorgopoulos D. Solid State Ion., 2018, 319: 68. Cited in this article [1]

[34]	Peng L S, Yang J, Yang Y Q, Qian F R, Wang Q, Sun-Waterhouse D, Shang L, Zhang T R, Waterhouse G I N. Adv. Mater., 2022, 34(29): 2202544. Cited in this article [4]

[35]	Liu Y Y, Tu F D, Zhang Z Y, Zhao Z G, Guo P, Shen L X, Zhang Y L, Zhao L, Shao G J, Wang Z B. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 2023, 324: 122209. Cited in this article [4]

[36]	Zhan Q N, Shuai T Y, Xu H M, Huang C J, Zhang Z J, Li G R. Chin. J. Catal., 2023, 47: 32. Cited in this article [1]

[37]	Lin L H, Chen Z, Chen W X. Nano Res., 2021, 14(12): 4398. Cited in this article [1]

[38]	Niu W H, Li L G, Liu X J, Wang N, Liu J, Zhou W J, Tang Z H, Chen S W. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137(16): 5555. Cited in this article [1]

[39]	Gong X F, Zhu J B, Li J Z, Gao R, Zhou Q Y, Zhang Z, Dou H Z, Zhao L, Sui X L, Cai J J, Zhang Y L, Liu B, Hu Y F, Yu A P, Sun S H, Wang Z B, Chen Z W. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31(8): 2008085. Cited in this article [4]

[40]	Han J X, Bao H L, Wang J Q, Zheng L R, Sun S R, Wang Z L, Sun C W. Appl. Catal. B Environ., 2021, 280: 119411. Cited in this article [3]

[41]	Wei X Q, Song S J, Cai W W, Luo X, Jiao L, Fang Q, Wang X S, Wu N N, Luo Z, Wang H J, Zhu Z H, Li J, Zheng L R, Gu W L, Song W Y, Guo S J, Zhu C Z. Chem, 2023, 9(1): 181. Cited in this article [3]

[42]	Li J Z, Zhang H G, Samarakoon W, Shan W T, Cullen D A, Karakalos S, Chen M J, Gu D M, More K L, Wang G F, Feng Z X, Wang Z B, Wu G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2019, 58(52): 18971. Cited in this article [2]

[43]	Wang Y C, Zhu P F, Yang H, Huang L, Wu Q H, Rauf M, Zhang J Y, Dong J, Wang K, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. ChemElectroChem, 2018, 5(14): 1914. Cited in this article [2]

[44]	Nabae Y, Kuang Y B, Chokai M, Ichihara T, Isoda A, Hayakawa T, Aoki T. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2(30): 11561. Cited in this article [2]

[45]	Wu G, More K L, Johnston C M, Zelenay P. Science, 2011, 332(6028): 443. Cited in this article [2]

[46]	Xia D S, Tang F, Yao X Z, Wei Y P, Cui Y F, Dou M, Gan L, Kang F Y. Carbon, 2020, 162: 300. Cited in this article [2]

[47]	Liu F, Shi L, Song S F, Ge K, Zhang X P, Guo Y C, Liu D. Small, 2021, 17(40): e2102425. Cited in this article [2]

[48]	Wan X, Liu Q T, Liu J Y, Liu S Y, Liu X F, Zheng L R, Shang J X, Yu R H, Shui J L. Nat. Commun., 2022, 13: 2963. Cited in this article [2]

[49]	Miao Z P, Wang X M, Zhao Z L, Zuo W B, Chen S Q, Li Z Q, He Y H, Liang J S, Ma F, Wang H L, Lu G, Huang Y H, Wu G, Li Q. Adv. Mater., 2021, 33(39): 2006613. Cited in this article [7]

[50]	Luo X, Wei X Q, Wang H J, Gu W L, Kaneko T, Yoshida Y, Zhao X, Zhu C Z. Nano Micro Lett., 2020, 12(1): 163. Cited in this article [1]

[51]	Wan K C, Chu T K, Li B, Ming P W, Zhang C M. Adv. Sci., 2023, 10(11): e2203391. Cited in this article [1]

[52]	Lin J, Wang A Q, Qiao B T, Liu X Y, Yang X F, Wang X D, Liang J X, Li J, Liu J Y, Zhang T. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135(41): 15314. Cited in this article [1]

[53]	Tian J C, Zhu Y Q, Yao X Y, Yang L F, Du C L, Lv Z, Hou M C, Zhang S L, Ma X L, Cao C B. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2023, 11(10): 5288. Cited in this article [1]

[54]	Hu Y F, Li B L, Yu C L, Fang H C, Li Z S. Mater. Today, 2023, 63: 288. Cited in this article [1]

[55]	FCCT. US DOE. 2013. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f25/fcto_dwg_usdrive_fctt_accelerated_stress_tests_jan2013.pdf. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/08/f25/fcto_dwg_usdrive_fctt_accelerated_stress_tests_jan2013.pdf Cited in this article [4]

[56]	Fan J T, Chen M, Zhao Z L, Zhang Z, Ye S Y, Xu S Y, Wang H J, Li H. Nat. Energy, 2021, 6(5): 475. Cited in this article [3]

[57]	Zhang H G, Osmieri L, Park J H, Chung H T, Cullen D A, Neyerlin K C, Myers D J, Zelenay P. Nat. Catal., 2022, 5(5): 455. Cited in this article [1]

[58]	Kumar K, Dubau L, Mermoux M, Li J K, Zitolo A, Nelayah J, Jaouen F, Maillard F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59(8): 3235. Cited in this article [2]

[59]	Liu S Y, Meyer Q, Jia C, Wang S H, Rong C L, Nie Y, Zhao C. Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16(9): 3792. Cited in this article [2]

[60]	Thorarinsdottir A E, Erdosy D P, Costentin C, Mason J A, Nocera D G. Nat. Catal., 2023, 6(5): 425. Cited in this article [1]

[61]	Choi C H, Baldizzone C, Grote J P, Schuppert A K, Jaouen F, Mayrhofer K J J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 54(43): 12753. Cited in this article [6]

[62]	Zhang P Y, Wang Y C, You Y Z, Yuan J Y, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2021, 12(32): 7797. Cited in this article [1]

[63]	Wan L Y, Zhao K M, Wang Y C, Wei N, Zhang P Y, Yuan J Y, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. ACS Catal., 2022, 12(18): 11097. Cited in this article [1]

[64]	Qiu C Y, Wan L Y, Wang Y C, Rauf M, Hong Y H, Yuan J Y, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. Chin. J. Catal., 2022, 43(7): 1918. Cited in this article [3]

[65]	Gao X B, Wang Y C, Xu W C, Huang H, Zhao K M, Ye H, Zhou Z Y, Zheng N F, Sun S G. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145(28): 15528. Cited in this article [1]

[66]	Xiao F, Wang Y A, Xu G L, Yang F, Zhu S Q, Sun C J, Cui Y D, Xu Z W, Zhao Q L, Jang J, Qiu X Y, Liu E S, Drisdell W S, Wei Z D, Gu M, Amine K, Shao M H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2022, 144(44): 20372. Cited in this article [1]

[67]	Kim J, Yoo J M, Lee H S, Sung Y E, Hyeon T. Trends Chem., 2021, 3(9): 779. Cited in this article [3]

[68]	Liu G, Li X G, Popov B. ECS Trans., 2009, 25(1): 1251. Cited in this article [1]

[69]	Herranz J, Jaouen F, Lefèvre M, Kramm U I, Proietti E, Dodelet J P, Bogdanoff P, Fiechter S, Abs-Wurmbach I, Bertrand P, Arruda T M, Mukerjee S. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115(32): 16087. Cited in this article [1]

[70]	Yang N, Peng L L, Li L, Li J, Liao Q, Shao M H, Wei Z D. Chem. Sci., 2021, 12(37): 12476. Cited in this article [1]

[71]	Jaouen F, Lefèvre M, Dodelet J P, Cai M. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006, 110(11): 5553. Cited in this article [1]

[72]	Choi J Y, Yang L J, Kishimoto T, Fu X G, Ye S Y, Chen Z W, Banham D. Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10(1): 296. Cited in this article [1]

[73]	Kangasniemi K H, Condit D A, Jarvi T D. J. Electrochem. Soc., 2004, 151(4): E125. Cited in this article [1]

[74]	Miao Z P, Wang X M, Tsai M C, Jin Q Q, Liang J S, Ma F, Wang T Y, Zheng S J, Hwang B J, Huang Y H, Guo S J, Li Q. Adv. Energy Mater., 2018, 8(24): 1801226. Cited in this article [5]

[75]	Xia D S, Yang X, Xie L, Wei Y P, Jiang W, Dou M, Li X N, Li J, Gan L, Kang F Y. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2019, 29(49): 1906174. Cited in this article [1]

[76]	Jaouen F, Herranz J, Lefèvre M, Dodelet J P, Kramm U I, Herrmann I, Bogdanoff P, Maruyama J, Nagaoka T, Garsuch A, Dahn J R, Olson T, Pylypenko S, Atanassov P, Ustinov E A. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2009, 1(8): 1623. Cited in this article [3]

[77]	Shao M H, Chang Q W, Dodelet J P, Chenitz R. Chem. Rev., 2016, 116(6): 3594. Cited in this article [3]

[78]	Wan L Y, Chen W K, Xu H, Wang Y C, Yuan J Y, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13(38): 45661. Cited in this article [1]

[79]	Wang Y C, Huang W, Wan L Y, Yang J, Xie R J, Zheng Y P, Tan Y Z, Wang Y S, Zaghib K, Zheng L R, Sun S H, Zhou Z Y, Sun S G. Sci. Adv., 2022, 8(44): eadd8873. Cited in this article [2]

[80]	Li J K, Sougrati M T, Zitolo A, Ablett J M, Oğuz I C, Mineva T, Matanovic I, Atanassov P, Huang Y, Zenyuk I, Di Cicco A, Kumar K, Dubau L, Maillard F, Dražić G, Jaouen F. Nat. Catal., 2020, 4(1): 10. Cited in this article [1]

[81]	Zeng Y C, Li C Z, Li B Y, Li J S, Zachman M J, Cullen D A, Hermann R P, Alp E E, Lavina B, Karakalos S, Lucero M, Zhang B Z, Wang M Y, Feng Z X, Wang G F, Xie J, Myers D J, Dodelet J P, Wu G. Nat. Catal., 2023, 6(12):1215 Cited in this article [1]

[82]	Xie X H, He C, Li B Y, He Y H, Cullen D A, Wegener E C, Kropf A J, Martinez U, Cheng Y W, Engelhard M H, Bowden M E, Song M, Lemmon T, Li X S, Nie Z M, Liu J, Myers D J, Zelenay P, Wang G F, Wu G, Ramani V, Shao Y Y. Nat. Catal., 2020, 3(12): 1044. Cited in this article [3]

[83]	Sun Y Y, Silvioli L, Sahraie N R, Ju W, Li J K, Zitolo A, Li S, Bagger A, Arnarson L, Wang X L, Moeller T, Bernsmeier D, Rossmeisl J, Jaouen F, Strasser P. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2019, 141(31): 12372. Cited in this article [3]

[84]	Li F, Noh H J, Che W, Jeon J P, Han G F, Shin T J, Kim M G, Wang Y B, Bu Y F, Fu Z P, Lu Y L, Baek J B. ACS Nano, 2022, 16(11): 18830. Cited in this article [1]

[85]	Luo X, Wu W K, Wang Y H, Li Y Y, Ye J Y, Wang H Y, Jiang Q R, Zhou Z Y, Li Y C, Wang Y C, Sun S G. Adv. Funct. Mater., 2023, 33(30): 2215021. Cited in this article [1]

[86]	Yang G G, Zhu J W, Yuan P F, Hu Y F, Qu G, Lu B A, Xue X Y, Yin H B, Cheng W Z, Cheng J Q, Xu W J, Li J, Hu J S, Mu S C, Zhang J N. Nat. Commun., 2021, 12: 1734. Cited in this article [1]

[87]	Choi C H, Baldizzone C, Polymeros G, Pizzutilo E, Kasian O, Schuppert A K, Ranjbar Sahraie N, Sougrati M T, Mayrhofer K J J, Jaouen F. ACS Catal., 2016, 6(5): 3136. Cited in this article [5]

[88]	Zhou W L, Su H, Cheng W R, Li Y L, Jiang J J, Liu M H, Yu F F, Wang W, Wei S Q, Liu Q H. Nat. Commun., 2022, 13: 6414. Cited in this article [3]

[89]	Zhang Y X, Zhang S B, Huang H L, Liu X L, Li B B, Lee Y Y, Wang X D, Bai Y, Sun M Z, Wu Y F, Gong S Y, Liu X W, Zhuang Z B, Tan T, Niu Z Q. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2023, 145(8): 4819. Cited in this article [1]

[90]	Wei H W, Su X G, Liu J G, Tian J, Wang Z W, Sun K, Rui Z Y, Yang W W, Zou Z G. Electrochem. Commun., 2018, 88: 19. Cited in this article [1]

[91]	Shao Y Y. US DOE. 2019. [2023-07-01] https://www.hydrogen.energy. gov/pdfs/review22/fc172_shao_2022_p.pdf. Cited in this article [1]

[92]	Chu Y Y, Luo E G, Wei Y, Zhu S Y, Wang X, Yang L T, Gao N X, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Liu C P, Ge J J, Xing W. Chem Catal., 2023, 3(3): 100532. Cited in this article [6]

[93]	Xie H, Xie X H, Hu G X, Prabhakaran V, Saha S, Gonzalez-Lopez L, Phakatkar A H, Hong M, Wu M L, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Ramani V, Al-Sheikhly M I, Jiang D E, Shao Y Y, Hu L B. Nat. Energy, 2022, 7(3): 281. Cited in this article [2]