Graphite Materials in Metal-Ion Secondary Batteries

Qingdong Wang; Zitao Wang; Yu Dong; Tao Liu; Ning Li; Yuefeng Su

doi:10.7536/PC20250408

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Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (12) : 1820-1835. DOI: 10.7536/PC20250408

Review

Graphite Materials in Metal-Ion Secondary Batteries

Qingdong Wang ¹^,² ,
Zitao Wang ¹^,² ,
Yu Dong ¹^,² ,
Tao Liu ¹^,² ,
Ning Li ¹^,²^,^* ,
Yuefeng Su ¹^,²^,^*

Author information +

History +

Abstract

With the increasing proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure， the development of efficient and safe secondary battery energy storage technologies is crucial for addressing the challenges of integrating intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar power into the grid. Due to its unique structure and physicochemical properties， graphite anode material has been widely used in lithium-ion batteries. Inspired by the lithium storage behavior of graphite， its application in other metal-ion batteries has also been extensively studied， demonstrating significant potential. However， the application of graphite anode materials in various metal-ion secondary batteries still lacks a comprehensive understanding. This review analyzes the electrochemical behavior of graphite in different metal-ion secondary battery systems， identifies the challenges faced by graphite materials， and highlights the primary strategies and current research progress in addressing these issues. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of high-performance and sustainable graphite-based energy storage batteries.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Basic concepts of graphite materials

2.1 Crystal structure of graphite

2.2 Graphite intercalation compound

2.3 Types of Graphite Anodes for Batteries

3 Lithium-ion batteries

3.1 Challenges faced by graphite anode of lithium ion battery

3.2 Modification methods and research progress

4 Sodium ion battery

4.1 Present situation and challenge of graphite anode in sodium ion battery

4.2 Modification strategy of graphite anode

5 Potassium ion battery

5.1 Potassium storage mechanism of graphite anode

5.2 Challenge of graphite anode in potassium ion battery

5.3 Modification method

6 Multivalent metal ion battery

6.1 magnesium ion battery

6.2 Calcium ion battery

6.3 Zinc ion battery

6.4 Aluminum ion battery

7 Summary and prospect

Key words

graphite / metal-ion batteries / modification strategies / energy storage mechanisms

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Qingdong Wang , Zitao Wang , Yu Dong , et al . Graphite Materials in Metal-Ion Secondary Batteries[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2025, 37(12): 1820-1835 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC20250408

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Funding

Heilongjiang Province Key R&D Program(2023ZX04A01)

National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC2902905)

Chongqing Key Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(2022TIAD-DEX0024)

Chongqing Key Technology Innovation and Application Development Project(2023TIAD-KPX0007)

Beijing Nova Program，and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China(2022NSCQ-JQX3895)

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