The Sources， Emission Characteristics， and Environmental Management of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes

Yuyan Luo, Guorui Liu

Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (11) : 1704-1718.

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Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (11) : 1704-1718. DOI: 10.7536/PC20250502
Review

The Sources， Emission Characteristics， and Environmental Management of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes

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Abstract

Polychlorinated naphthalenes （PCNs） are persistent organic compounds that are regulated by the Stockholm Convention. Because of their persistence and long-range transport， PCNs are widely distributed in the environment， even in the Tibetan Plateau and Arctic area. Historical manufacturing and unintentional release from human industrial activities are the two major sources of PCNs. Accurate characterization of PCNs is essential for the development of targeted pollution prevention strategies and effective reduction of their residual levels in the environment. In this paper we summarize the current status of emission studies on PCNs， including their emission sources， emission factors and progress in emission inventories. Historical emission studies show that PCN emissions are closely related to the industrialization process， with an increasing and then decreasing trend in most regions. Studies on unintentional emissions show that the emission factors of PCNs vary considerably between industries and processes and are strongly influenced by pollution control measures. Although some progress has been achieved， the systematic study of global emissions of PCNs is still inadequate， particularly in the determination of emission factors and the compilation of emission inventories. Future research is needed to further improve the emission inventory and strengthen monitoring and management to effectively control the environmental risks of PCNs.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Properties of PCNs

2.1 Physicochemical properties of PCNs

2.2 Toxicity of PCNs

2.3 Environmental behavior of PCNs

3 Current status of global management policies for PCNs

4 Source of PCNs

5 Progress in the study of historical production and emission of PCNs

5.1 Estimation of historical production

5.2 Release of PCNs as historical chemicals

6 Unintentional emissions of PCNs

6.1 Emission factors for PCNs

6.2 Emission inventories of PCNs

7 Conclusion and outlook

Key words

polychlorinated naphthalenes / emission inventories / persistent organic pollutants / emission factors / environmental management

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Yuyan Luo , Guorui Liu. The Sources， Emission Characteristics， and Environmental Management of Polychlorinated Naphthalenes[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2025, 37(11): 1704-1718 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC20250502

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Funding

Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of sciences(XDB0750400)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22376204)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22576189)
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