Biochar System for Phosphorus Cycling: Enhanced Recovery from Wastewater and Performance Evaluation of Derived Slow-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers

Yunxian Liu, Xue Zhou, Hao Xu, Wei Yan

Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (12) : 1902-1916.

PDF(13721 KB)
Home Journals Progress in Chemistry
Progress in Chemistry

Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem      Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO

About  /  Aim & scope  /  Editorial board  /  Indexed  /  Contact  / 
PDF(13721 KB)
Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (12) : 1902-1916. DOI: 10.7536/PC20250614
Review

Biochar System for Phosphorus Cycling: Enhanced Recovery from Wastewater and Performance Evaluation of Derived Slow-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers

Author information +
History +

Abstract

Efficient recovery and recycling of phosphorus are of dual strategic significance to alleviate global phosphorus shortage and eutrophication. As a green, economical and multifunctional porous carbon material, biochar is an ideal carrier for phosphorus recovery and slow-release utilization. This paper discusses the influence of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis process on phosphorus adsorption capacity, and puts forward the principles of feedstock screening and preparation process optimization. Secondly, the metal modification-based enhancement strategy is analyzed in detail, and the mechanism and advantages of metal doping in enhancing phosphorus adsorption performance are clarified. Next, the synergistic effects involving electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, ligand exchange and surface precipitation during biochar phosphorus adsorption are systematically revealed, and functional groups and Lewis acid-base interactions contribute to the selectivity of phosphorus adsorption. The application of slow-release kinetic models to evaluate the phosphorus release mechanism is discussed, and a phosphorus fertilizer efficiency evaluation system is established by integrating slow-release characteristics and agronomic effect assessment. Finally, the future problems and directions are outlined to provide theoretical references for advancing this field.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Strategies for preparation and modification of biochar-based adsorbents

2.1 Feedstock selection and preparation

2.2 Modification strategies for biochar

3 Biochar-phosphorus recovery mechanism

3.1 Synergistic mechanisms

3.2 Selective adsorption mechanisms

4 Performance evaluation of biochar-based phosphate fertilizer

4.1 Evaluation of phosphorus release kinetics and slow release properties

4.2 Assessment of agronomic effects

5 Conclusions and outlook

Key words

biochar / phosphorus / adsorption mechanism / slow-release phosphorus fertilizer / recycling

Cite this article

Download Citations
Yunxian Liu , Xue Zhou , Hao Xu , et al. Biochar System for Phosphorus Cycling: Enhanced Recovery from Wastewater and Performance Evaluation of Derived Slow-Release Phosphorus Fertilizers[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2025, 37(12): 1902-1916 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC20250614

References

[1]
Venkiteshwaran K, McNamara P J, Mayer B K. Sci. Total Environ., 2018, 644: 661.
[2]
Amar H, Benzaazoua M, Elghali A, Hakkou R, Taha Y. J. Clean. Prod., 2022, 381: 135151.
[3]
Yu H F, Lu X, Miki T, Matsubae K, Sasaki Y, Nagasaka T. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2022, 180: 106203.
[4]
Al-Hazmi H E, Mohammadi A, Hejna A, Majtacz J, Esmaeili A, Habibzadeh S, Saeb M R, Badawi M, Lima E C, Mąkinia J. Environ. Res., 2023, 236: 116711.
[5]
Zhang Y, Wang X, Hu Z Q, Xiao Q Q, Wu Y. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2025, 353: 128453.
[6]
Zhu F Y, Cakmak E K, Cetecioglu Z. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 454: 140153.
[7]
Rott E, Minke R, Steinmetz H. J. Water Process. Eng., 2017, 17: 188.
[8]
Wang H S, Yang J X, Zhang H, Zhao J, Liu H Z, Wang J L, Li G B, Liang H. Sci. Total Environ., 2024, 908: 168277.
[9]
Biswas B, Rahman T, Sakhakarmy M, Jahromi H, Eisa M, Baltrusaitis J, Lamba J, Torbert A, Adhikari S. Heliyon, 2023, 9(9): e19830.
[10]
Wang Y X, Munir T, Wu X F, Huang Y F, Li B. Sci. Total Environ., 2025, 973: 179143.
[11]
Pereira Lopes R, Astruc D. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2021, 426: 213585.
[12]
Shaheen S M, Niazi N K, Hassan N E E, Bibi I, Wang H L, Tsang D C W, Ok Y S, Bolan N, Rinklebe J. Int. Mater. Rev., 2019, 64(4): 216.
[13]
Zhao J H, Li X X, Li H, Chang J, Li N, Wang S P. Water. Purif. Technol., 2024, 43(6): 44, 70
(赵健慧, 李欣欣, 李欢, 常晶, 李宁, 王少坡. 净水技术, 2024, 43(6): 44, 70.)
[14]
Wang S Y, Zhang X B, Peng A P, Liu Y, NGO H H, Guo W S, Wen H T. Chem. Ind. Eng. Prog., 2023, 42(10): 5459
(王书燕, 张新波, 彭安萍, 刘阳, NGO H H, 郭文珊, 温海涛. 化工进展, 2023, 42(10): 5459)
[15]
Liang W J, Guo P L, Shi S H, Liang H. 山东化工, 2022, 51(6): 137
(梁文洁, 郭盼梁, 石晟昊, 梁海. 山东化工, 2022, 51(6): 137)
[16]
Kumar Mishra R, Jaya Prasanna Kumar D, Narula A, Minnat Chistie S, Ullhas Naik S. Fuel, 2023, 343: 127968.
[17]
Almanassra I W, McKay G, Kochkodan V, Ali Atieh M, Al-Ansari T. Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 409: 128211.
[18]
Krishna Veni D, Kannan P, Jebakumar Immanuel Edison T N, Senthilkumar A. Waste Manag., 2017, 68: 752.
[19]
Dai L C, Tan F R, Li H, Zhu N M, He M X, Zhu Q L, Hu G Q, Wang L, Zhao J. J. Environ. Manag., 2017, 198: 70.
[20]
Jellali S, Khiari B, Al-Balushi M, Al-Sabahi J, Hamdi H, Bengharez Z, Al-Abri M, Al-Nadabi H, Jeguirim M. J. Environ. Manag., 2024, 351: 119926.
[21]
Guo X, Liang S, Zou Z K, Xu X X, Yang F, Quan J D, Li X W, Duan H B, Yu W B, Yang J K. Water Res., 2025, 271: 122901.
[22]
Jung K W, Hwang M J, Ahn K H, Ok Y S. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2015, 12(10): 3363.
[23]
Canteral K F F, Dias Y N, Fernandes A R. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2023, 234(6): 376.
[24]
Cheng F, Bayat H, Jena U, Brewer C E. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2020, 147: 104780.
[25]
Shyam S, Arun J, Gopinath K P, Ribhu G, Ashish M, Ajay S. Chemosphere, 2022, 286: 131490.
[26]
Jung K W, Jeong T U, Kang H J, Ahn K H. Bioresour. Technol., 2016, 211: 108.
[27]
Yin Q Q, Liu M T, Ren H P. J. Environ. Manag., 2019, 249: 109410.
[28]
Karunanithi R, Ok Y S, Dharmarajan R, Ahmad M, Seshadri B, Bolan N, Naidu R. Environ. Technol. Innov., 2017, 8: 113.
[29]
Morales M M, Comerford N, Guerrini I A, Falcão N P S, Reeves J B. Soil Use Manag., 2013, 29(3): 306.
[30]
Sarkhot D V, Ghezzehei T A, Berhe A A. J. Environ. Qual., 2013, 42(5): 1545.
[31]
Zhang H, Voroney R P, Price G W. J. Environ. Qual., 2017, 46(4): 889.
[32]
Melia P M, Busquets R, Hooda P S, Cundy A B, Sohi S P. Sci. Total Environ., 2019, 675: 623.
[33]
Ghodake G S, Shinde S K, Kadam A A, Saratale R G, Saratale G D, Kumar M, Palem R R, AL-Shwaiman H A, Elgorban A M, Syed A, Kim D Y. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 297: 126645.
[34]
Eduah J O, Nartey E K, Abekoe M K, Henriksen S W, Andersen M N. Environ. Technol. Innovation, 2020, 17: 100572.
[35]
Yang Z K, Qin Q R, Qing Z L, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang S L, Chen J M. New J. Chem., 2025, 49(19): 7758.
[36]
Ruan R H, Hua W J, Yang W J, Jia S Y, Ma J H, Zhao X, Wang J D, Wang X B, Tan H Z. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 2025, 187: 107006.
[37]
Jung K W, Kim K, Jeong T U, Ahn K H. Bioresour. Technol., 2016, 200: 1024.
[38]
Song S H, Liu S R, Liu Y N, Shi W Q, Ma H Y. Agronomy, 2024, 14(12): 2923.
[39]
Chen M, Wang F, Zhang D L, Yi W M, Liu Y. Renew. Energy, 2021, 169: 1343.
[40]
Zhang Y H, Zhuang S Y. Environ. Poll. Control., 2020, 42(10): 1216
(张雨禾, 庄舜尧. 环境污染与防治, 2020, 42(10): 1216)
[41]
Ding Z H, Hu X, Wan Y S, Wang S S, Gao B. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2016, 33: 239.
[42]
Liu B, Liu F Y, Li W H, Qin W L, Wang M, Jia Y, Wang C, Ma Z L. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2025, 13(2): 116100.
[43]
Zhu Y, Xiao Q B, Xi Y L, Gao D, Wang Y X, Du J, Ye X M. Ecol. Environ. Sciences., 2020, 29(9): 1897
(朱艳, 肖清波, 奚永兰, 高娣, 王宇欣, 杜静, 叶小梅. 生态环境学报, 2020, 29(9): 1897)
[44]
Tang Y, Wu T, Gou X, Wang B, Luo T, Xie Y H. Technol. Water Treat., 2021, 47(11): 91
(唐勇, 吴桐, 勾曦, 王波, 罗婷, 谢燕华. 水处理技术, 2021, 47(11): 91)
[45]
Jin X B, Guo J Y, Hossain M F, Lu J J, Lu Q W, Zhou Y, Zhou Y B. Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 2024, 204: 107464.
[46]
Cheng P, Liu Y, Yang L, Ren Q T, Wang X, Chi Y B, Yuan H L, Wang S B, Ren Y X. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2023, 11(2): 109377.
[47]
Park J H, Wang J J, Xiao R, Zhou B Y, Delaune R D, Seo D C. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 2018, 525: 143.
[48]
Liao T W, Li T, Su X D, Yu X, Song H Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Y M. Bioresour. Technol., 2018, 263: 207.
[49]
Feng Q W, Chen M, Wu P, Zhang X Y, Wang S S, Yu Z B, Wang B. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 429: 132166.
[50]
Liu J W, Jiang J G, Aihemaiti A, Meng Y, Yang M, Xu Y W, Gao Y C, Zou Q, Chen X J. J. Environ. Manag., 2019, 250: 109438.
[51]
Alhujaily A, Mao Y Z, Zhang J L, Ifthikar J, Zhang X Y, Ma F Y. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 2020, 117: 75.
[52]
Deng W D, Zhang D Q, Zheng X X, Ye X Y, Niu X J, Lin Z, Fu M L, Zhou S Q. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 288: 125638.
[53]
Cao H L, Wu X S, Syed-Hassan S S A, Zhang S, Mood S H, Milan Y J, Garcia-Perez M. Bioresour. Technol., 2020, 318: 124063.
[54]
Quisperima A, Pérez S, Flórez E, Acelas N. Bioresour. Technol., 2022, 343: 126106.
[55]
Li X Y, Xie Y H, Jiang F, Wang B, Hu Q L, Tang Y, Luo T, Wu T. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 709: 136123.
[56]
Qu J H, Akindolie M S, Feng Y, Jiang Z, Zhang G S, Jiang Q, Deng F X, Cao B, Zhang Y. Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 394: 124915.
[57]
Liu L Y, Zhang C H, Chen S R, Ma L, Li Y M, Lu Y F. Chemosphere, 2022, 286: 131773.
[58]
Zhao C, Peng D P, Huang Z J, Wu Z, Huang T. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2024, 12(5): 114044.
[59]
Li L, Chen Q F, Zhao C S, Guo B B, Xu X Y, Liu T, Zhao L X. Environ. Technol. Innov., 2022, 26: 102519.
[60]
Zhang L, Yang L B, Chen J B, Zhang Y L, Zhou X F. Sci. Total Environ., 2024, 906: 167293.
[61]
Guo Z Y, Zhang D G, Ma L P, Dai Q X, Yang R, Ao R. J. Water Process. Eng., 2025, 71: 107169.
[62]
Liu Y, Wang S Y, Huo J B, Zhang X B, Wen H T, Zhang D, Zhao Y, Kang D J, Guo W S, Ngo H H. Sci. Total Environ., 2024, 909: 168426.
[63]
Chang L S, Gao Q, Wei J Y, Liu F X, Yan B, Wang W H. Chin. J. Environ. Eng., 2024, 18(2): 481
(常思露, 高茜, 魏佳宇, 刘凤旭, 阎波, 王文华. 环境工程学报, 2024, 18(2): 481)
[64]
Pan F, Wei H, Huang Y L, Song J Q, Gao M J, Zhang Z H, Teng R J, Jing S S. J. Clean. Prod., 2024, 444: 141233.
[65]
Strawn D G, Crump A R, Peak D, Garcia-Perez M, Möller G. PLoS Water, 2023, 2(4): e0000092.
[66]
Na Y, Ma W, Li N, Liu L, Chen R Z. Technol. Water Treat., 2024, 50(11): 31
(纳云, 马巍, 李娜, 刘陆, 陈荣志. 水处理技术, 2024, 50(11): 31.)
[67]
Wang Z H, Shen D K, Shen F, Li T Y. Chemosphere, 2016, 150: 1.
[68]
Mo J J, Li Q, Sun X J, Zhang H X, Xing M Y, Dong B, Zhu H X. Water, 2024, 16(3): 418.
[69]
Lu Y, Wang H, Lu Y Y, Ren Z Q, Gao N, Wang J J, Huang B C, Jin R C. J. Environ. Manag., 2025, 373: 123607.
[70]
Liu H B, Shan J H, Chen Z B, Lichtfouse E. Sci. Total Environ., 2021, 784: 147546.
[71]
Chen M, Liu Y F, Pan J C, Jiang Y L, Zou X Y, Wang Y Y. Chem. Eng. J., 2024, 502: 157993.
[72]
Liu B, Gai S, Lan Y B, Cheng K, Yang F. Environ. Res., 2022, 212: 113353.
[73]
Kubar A A, Huang Q, Ali Kubar K, Khan M A, Sajjad M, Gul S, Yang C, Wang Q Q, Guo G M, Kubar G M, Kubar M I, Wahocho N A. Sustainability. 2022, 14(9): 5617.
[74]
Chen D, Yin Y, Xu Y M, Liu C Q. J. Water Process. Eng., 2023, 51: 103445.
[75]
He D D, Zhang Z Y, Zhang W B, Zhang H, Liu J L. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2024, 261: 129732.
[76]
Fu C X, Zhou M H, Song W, Yang G X, Feng P Z, Chulalaksananukul W, Zhu S N, Huang K, Wang Z M. J. Water Process. Eng., 2024, 66: 106051.
[77]
Adil S, Kim J O. Chemosphere, 2023, 313: 137629.
[78]
Mohammadi R, Eshaq G, Winkler M K H, Pihlajamäki A. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2025, 13(3): 116815.
[79]
Sun Y Q, Han X, Liu W B, Wang X Z, Shi Z Y, Chen C C, Mao T A, Yin F, Chen Z H. Environ. Technol. Innov., 2025, 37: 104008.
[80]
Luo D, Nan H Y, Zhang Y S, Sher F, Wang C Q. Process. Saf. Environ. Prot., 2025, 194: 1538.
[81]
Zhou L S, Liu D, Li W Y, Zhang J J, Yan F, Zhou W L, Cheng Y R. Mater. Today Commun., 2025, 42: 111580.
[82]
Shan L L, Wang R S, Lai H T, Zhu Z B, Chen Y, Ni Z Y, Pang C L, Zhang Q Z. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2024, 31(38): 50411.
[83]
Hu A Q, Jiang Y C, An J Q, Huang X D, Elgarhy A H, Cao H F, Liu G L. RSC Adv., 2024, 14(37): 27204.
[84]
Ma X J, Feng J, Li L, Chen Y J, He J, Jiang L, Yan Z Y, Wang J Q. Appl. Surf. Sci., 2025, 682: 161665.
[85]
Peng G F, Jiang S Q, Wang Y X, Zhang Q Y, Cao Y, Sun Y Q, Zhang W Q, Wang L P. J. Clean. Prod., 2020, 251: 119725.
[86]
Wang B, Hu X L, Li L, Wang H Y, Huang H Y, Wang R R, Zhou D, Yuan J P, Chen L. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 468: 143745.
[87]
Hu M, Liang C H, Zhou H Q, Guo K, Zhu W K, Dai L C. Inorg. Chem., 2023, 62(34): 13985.
[88]
Qu J H, Peng W, Wang M N, Cui K, Zhang J D, Bi F X, Zhang G S, Hu Q, Wang Y F, Zhang Y. Bioresour. Technol., 2024, 407: 131075.
[89]
Du M, Zhang Y Y, Wang Z Y, Lv M R, Tang A Q, Yu Y, Qu X, Chen Z Q, Wen Q X, Li A. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 442: 136147.
[90]
Zhang P, He M M, Huo S L, Li F K, Li K X. Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 446: 137081.
[91]
Trazzi P A, Leahy J J, Hayes M H B, Kwapinski W. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2016, 4(1): 37.
[92]
Ajmal Z, Muhmood A, Dong R J, Wu S B. J. Environ. Manag., 2020, 253: 109730.
[93]
Helfferich F. Nature, 1961, 189(4769): 1001.
[94]
Yang F, Zhang S S, Sun Y Q, Tsang D C W, Cheng K, Ok Y S. J. Hazard. Mater., 2019, 365: 665.
[95]
Yang Q, Wang X L, Luo W, Sun J, Xu Q X, Chen F, Zhao J W, Wang S N, Yao F B, Wang D B, Li X M, Zeng G M. Bioresour. Technol., 2018, 247: 537.
[96]
Li M X, Liu J Y, Xu Y F, Qian G R. Environ. Rev., 2016, 24(3): 319.
[97]
Luo Y, Xie K, Feng Y Y, He Q P, Zhang K Q, Shen S Z, Wang F. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2021, 610: 125736.
[98]
Li R H, Wang J J, Zhang Z Q, Awasthi M K, Du D, Dang P F, Huang Q, Zhang Y C, Wang L. Sci. Total Environ., 2018, 642: 526.
[99]
Ai D, Ma H Q, Meng Y, Wei T Q, Wang B. Sci. Total Environ., 2023, 860: 160502.
[100]
Zhang T, Xu H Y, Li H H, He X Y, Shi Y J, Kruse A. Sci. Total Environ., 2018, 621: 1512.
[101]
Luo D, Wang L Y, Nan H Y, Cao Y J, Wang H, Kumar T V, Wang C Q. Environ. Chem. Lett., 2023, 21(1): 497.
[102]
Zhang R, Cui X T, Chen N H, Sun X L, Yang X, Xu J T, He W H, Xing D F, Feng Y J, Yang W L, Tian Y S. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2025, 363: 132066.
[103]
Qiu S K, Yuan M Y, Li M M, Han W J, Zhang L S, Zhao D, Li X, Zhang K Q, Wang F. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2023, 30(41): 93986.
[104]
Song W, Zhang L, Guo B, Sun Q Y, Yu Z H, Xu X, Zhao Y X, Yan L G. Sep. Purif. Technol., 2023, 324: 124500.
[105]
Huang Y M, Lee X Q, Grattieri M, Yuan M W, Cai R, Macazo F C, Minteer S D. Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 380: 122375.
[106]
He J J, Pei C H, Yang Y, Lai B, Sun Y, Yang L W. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 321: 128778.
[107]
Bo S F, Luo J M, An Q D, Xiao Z Y, Wang H S, Cai W J, Zhai S R, Li Z C. J. Clean. Prod., 2020, 250: 119585.
[108]
Pierzynski J, Hettiarachchi G M. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 2018, 82(5): 1124.
[109]
Li H X, Li Y X, Xu Y, Lu X Q. Chemosphere, 2020, 244: 125471.
[110]
Koopmans G F, Chardon W J, de Willigen P, van Riemsdijk W H. J. Environ. Qual., 2004, 33(4): 1393.
[111]
Zhang H Y, Li Q Y, Zhang X, Chen W F, Ni J Z, Yang L M, Wei R. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 742: 140416.
[112]
Sun C Y, Cao H, Huang C, Wang P, Yin J L, Liu H, Tian H R, Xu H Y, Zhu J, Liu Z M. Bioresour. Technol., 2022, 362: 127851.
[113]
Yao Y, Gao B, Chen J J, Yang L Y. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47(15): 8700.
[114]
Wang Y L, Lambers H. Plant Soil, 2020, 447(1/2): 135.
[115]
Hou L, Liang Q B, Wang F. RSC Adv., 2020, 10(4): 2378.
[116]
Osman A I, Zhang Y B, Lai Z Y, Rashwan A K, Farghali M, Ahmed A A, Liu Y F, Fang B B, Chen Z H, Al-Fatesh A, Rooney D W, Yiin C L, Yap P S. Environ. Chem. Lett., 2023, 21(6): 3159.
[117]
Cui H B, Dong T T, Hu L L, Xia R Z, Zhou J, Zhou J. Sci. Total Environ., 2022, 824: 153957.
[118]
Chen Z S, Liu T, Dong J F, Chen G L, Li Z X, Zhou J L, Chen Z. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2023, 11(1): 1.
[119]
Fei Y H, Zhao D, Cao Y D, Huot H, Tang Y-T, Zhang H G, Xiao T F. J. Environ. Qual., 2019, 48(2): 502.
[120]
Pang W C, Hou D J, Wang H, Sai S, Wang B R, Ke J W, Wu G B, Li Q, Holtzapple M. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2018, 29(11): 3297.
[121]
An X F, Wu Z S, Qin H H, Liu X, He Y H, Xu X L, Li T, Yu B. J. Clean. Prod., 2021, 283: 124642.
[122]
An X F, Wu Z S, Yu J Z, Ge L H, Li T, Liu X C, Yu B. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 2020, 8(15): 6090.
[123]
Wan S, Wang S S, Li Y C, Gao B. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2017, 47: 246.
[124]
Shin J, Kwak J, Kim S, Son C, Lee Y G, Kim J, Bae S, Park Y, Lee S H, Chon K. Chem. Eng. J., 2023, 451: 138978.
[125]
Shao X, Sun X, Yuan J, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dai Y, Zhang T, Qiu F. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 2025, 13(17): 6451.
[126]
Li H B, Wang Y W, Zhao Y W, Wang L, Feng J T, Sun F. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2023, 11(5): 110875.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(52270078)
Xi'an Jiaotong University Fundamental Research Program(xzy022025024)
Shaanxi Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2025JC-JCQN-027)
PDF(13721 KB)

Accesses

Citation

Detail

Sections
Recommended

/