Dynamic Evolution of Copper-Based Catalysts in Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia

Yabo Wang; Gangfeng Du; Zhengshan Tian; Zihong Pan; Kesheng Cao; Haoqi Wang

doi:10.7536/PC20250813

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Prog Chem ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (5) : 809-831. DOI: 10.7536/PC20250813

Review

Dynamic Evolution of Copper-Based Catalysts in Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia

Yabo Wang ¹ ,
Gangfeng Du ¹ ,
Zhengshan Tian ¹^,^* ,
Zihong Pan ¹ ,
Kesheng Cao ¹^,^* ,
Haoqi Wang ²^,^*

Author information +

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Abstract

The dynamic evolution of catalysts is a crucial phenomenon in electrocatalysis， particularly in the nitrate electroreduction to ammonia （NO₃RR） process. This review systematically studies the mechanisms underlying the dynamic evolution of copper-based catalysts during NO₃RR， emphasizing how reconstructed structures can significantly influence electrochemical performance. Achieving a designed active surface through dynamic evolution is essential for optimizing catalytic efficiency. We highlight advanced electrochemical， microscopic， and spectroscopic techniques that are instrumental in tracking these dynamic processes， providing insights into how structural changes occur in real-time. Moreover， we present a comprehensive summary of the latest strategies for regulating dynamic evolution， including valence-state control， morphological engineering， crystal facet optimization， heterogeneous interface construction， and in-situ defect engineering. These approaches effectively harness the dynamic nature of catalysts to enhance their performance in NO₃RR. However， several challenges remain， such as the mechanistic ambiguity surrounding active sites， limited capabilities for in-situ monitoring， trade-offs between stability and activity， and scalability barriers. This review concludes by offering perspectives for future research， asserting that controlled dynamic evolution is pivotal for unlocking the full potential of Cu-based catalysts in the pursuit of sustainable nitrate reduction to ammonia.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Mechanism of evolution

3 Characterizations of dynamic evolution

3.1 Electrochemical characterizations

3.2 Microstructure characterizations

3.3 Spectroscopic characterizations

4 Regulation strategies for copper dynamics

4.1 Valence-state control

4.2 Morphological engineering

4.3 Crystal facet optimization

4.4 Heterogeneous interface construction

4.5 Defect engineering

5 Challenges and perspectives

6 Conclusions

Key words

dynamic evolution / nitrate reduction / electrocatalysis / copper catalysts

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Yabo Wang , Gangfeng Du , Zhengshan Tian , et al . Dynamic Evolution of Copper-Based Catalysts in Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2026, 38(5): 809-831 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC20250813

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Funding

Henan Province Science and Technology Research and Development Plan Joint Fund （Industry Category， No. 202324111）

Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Pingdingshan University(PXY-BSQD2023044)

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