When spacecraft operate in extreme space environments over extended periods—subjected to atomic oxygen erosion， high and low temperature cycling， micrometeorite impacts， and other hazards—their surface materials are prone to microcracking and structural damage， which can compromise mission safety and lifespan. Self-healing materials offer innovative solutions for spacecraft surface protection by mimicking the healing mechanisms found in living organisms. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress in self-healing materials for spacecraft surfaces， focusing on intrinsic and external photothermal self-healing systems， as well as electromagnetic-induced healing technologies. Intrinsic self-healing materials achieve repair through reversible breaking and reformation of dynamic covalent bonds—such as disulfide bonds， borate ester bonds， and imine bonds—as well as non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonds and coordination bonds. Among these， materials such as epoxy vitrimers and dynamic polyurethanes demonstrate excellent recyclability and healing efficiency via topological rearrangement networks. Externally assisted self-healing systems typically rely on microcapsules that encapsulate healing agents or on nanofillers such as POSS and carbon nanotubes. These materials achieve healing efficiency through crack-triggered release of healing agents or via synergistic effects enabled by nanoparticles. Electromagnetic-induced self-healing materials， on the other hand， utilize Joule heating or magnetic response mechanisms to remotely activate the healing process. When combined with conductive or magnetic nanofillers—such as graphene or Fe₃O₄—they enable precise and localized repair. Studies indicate that advances in photothermal conversion， optimization of dynamic bonds， and multifunctional integrated designs have significantly improved the environmental adaptability of such materials. For example， silicon-based nanocomposites achieve both anti-atomic oxygen properties and self-healing capability through surface passivation layers， while magnetic microcapsules enable targeted repair under magnetic guidance. Although the feasibility of existing self-healing materials has been validated in laboratory and simulated environments， several challenges remain for practical aerospace applications. These include ensuring the stability of dynamic bonds， maintaining durability under extreme conditions， and balancing healing efficiency with mechanical performance.