Signal Amplification Mechanisms in Photoelectrochemical Biosensors： From Photoelectric Conversion to Signal Output

Sitian Long; Haibing Zhu; Yuchen Du; Yadong Xue; Juan Li; Zhanjun Yang

doi:10.7536/PC20260101

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Prog Chem ›› 2026, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (3) : 532-560. DOI: 10.7536/PC20260101

Review

Signal Amplification Mechanisms in Photoelectrochemical Biosensors： From Photoelectric Conversion to Signal Output

Sitian Long ² ,
Haibing Zhu ² ,
Yuchen Du ² ,
Yadong Xue ¹^,^* ,
Juan Li ²^,^* ,
Zhanjun Yang ²^,^*

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Abstract

Photoelectrochemical （PEC） biosensors， as an emerging analytical platform， offer significant advantages， including low background signals， high sensitivity， and operational simplicity， due to the inherent separation of the excitation source and the detection signal. The core of achieving high performance in PEC biosensors lies in the development of efficient signal amplification strategies. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress on signal amplification mechanisms in PEC biosensors. Photoelectric †conversion constitutes the basis of PEC sensing， primarily involving three essential processes： light harvesting， charge carrier separation， and interfacial reaction. Based on this， the prevailing signal amplification mechanisms are reviewed from the core processes of photoelectric conversion to the design of signal output. Simultaneously， the design principles and characteristics of these mechanisms are delved. Finally， this review examines the challenges of PEC sensing technologies and explores future trends. This review aims to provide theoretical guidance for the rational design of high-performance PEC biosensors and to promote their further development in applications of analysis.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Signal amplification mechanisms in PEC sensors

2.1 Modulating light absorption and photogenerated charge carriers separation

2.2 Modulating interfacial redox reactions

2.3 Modulating the output signal

3 Challenges and perspectives

Key words

photoelectrochemical biosensing / signal amplification / photogenerated carrier separation engineering / interfacial redox reactions / signal-output design

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Sitian Long , Haibing Zhu , Yuchen Du , et al . Signal Amplification Mechanisms in Photoelectrochemical Biosensors： From Photoelectric Conversion to Signal Output[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2026, 38(3): 532-560 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC20260101

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China(22474124)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(21475116)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(21575125)

Project for Yangzhou City and Yangzhou University corporation(YZ2023204)

Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science(SKLACLS2405)

Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX25_3936)

Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Green & Functional Materials Environmental Chemistry

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