Environmental Persistent Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matters

Chungang Yuan; Mingyu Li; Jiaojiao Xie; Yiran Fu; Yiwen Shen; Songyao Liu; Huiying Gao

doi:10.7536/PC240817

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Prog Chem ›› 2025, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (7) : 1025-1034. DOI: 10.7536/PC240817

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Environmental Persistent Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matters

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Abstract

Compared with short-lived radicals， environmentally persistent free radicals （EPFRs） can exist in the environment for a long time and have long-distance migration ability. They mainly derive from vehicle emissions， industry emissions and biomass combustion. They are usually generated on the surface of particles. EPFRs exist widely in various environmental media like atmospheric particulate matters （PMs）. Because the composition， source and formation mechanism of PMs varies in different regions， different seasons and different particle sizes， the characteristics of EPFRs are also different. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance （EPR） is an effective method to determine EPFRs in PMs. EPFRs on PMs can induce reactive oxygen species （ROS）， cause oxidative stress in the cell and oxidative DNA damage. However， the assessment of their health risks is not perfect yet. Concentrated on the EPFRs in PMs， this paper summarized the occurrence characteristics of EPFRs in PMs in different regions， different seasons and different particle sizes， analyzed its source and generation mechanism， compared the advantages and disadvantages of existing determination methods， and discussed its health risk and related evaluation models. The related research work in the future is also prospected.

EPFRs in PMs mainly derive from the vehicle emission， industry emission and biomass combustion. Typically， EPFRs form through electron transfer from organic compounds to transition metals during thermal processes， they are generated on the surface of the PMs. Transition metals and transition metal oxides can promote the formation of EPFRs. The characteristics of EPFRs in PMs varies in different regions， different seasons and different particle sizes. EPR is the most effective method to determine EPFRs in PMs. EPFRs can induce health risk and the equivalent cigarette model usually used to assess the exposure dose. However， the assessment of their health risk is not perfect yet.

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Characteristics of EPFRs in PMs

2.1 Characteristics of EPFRs in PMs in different regions

2.2 Characteristics of EPFRs in PMs in different seasons

2.3 Characteristics of EPFRs in PMs with different particle sizes

3 Sources and formation mechanisms of EPFRs in PMs

4 Determination methods of EPFRs in PMs

4.1 Determination after solvent extraction

4.2 Determination directly using EPR

5 Health risks of EPFRs in PMs

5.1 Toxicological study

5.2 Exposure risk assessment

6 Conclusion and prospects

Key words

atmospheric particulate matter （PMs） / environmental persistent free radicals （EPFRs） / characterization / generation mechanism / measurement method / health risk

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Chungang Yuan , Mingyu Li , Jiaojiao Xie , et al . Environmental Persistent Radicals in Atmospheric Particulate Matters[J]. Progress in Chemistry. 2025, 37(7): 1025-1034 https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240817

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Funding

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22206049)

the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities(2024MS174)

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Received	Revised	Published
2024-09-09	2024-12-24	2025-07-24
Issue Date
2025-06-20

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