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Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem      Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO

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Progress in Chemistry >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 9: 1349 - 1362

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240126

Review

Design and Application of Multifunctional Infrared Stealth Materials

  • Sike Yu 1, 2 ,
  • Yan Bao , 1, 2, * ,
  • Lu Gao 1, 2 ,
  • Wenbo Zhang , 1, 2, *
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  • 1 College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering (College of Flexible Electronics), Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
  • 2 National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Light Chemical Engineering, Xi’an 710021, China
*e-mail： (Yan Bao)；
(Wenbo Zhang)

Received date: 2024-01-30

  Revised date: 2024-05-04

  Online published: 2024-07-01

Supported by

National Natural Science Foundation of China(22378253)

National Natural Science Foundation of China(22078188)

Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2024JC-YBMS-122)

Xianyang Scientific and Technological Projects(2021ZDZX-GY-0007)

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Abstract

the rapid development of infrared detection equipment has caused a huge threat to military equipment.and infrared stealth technology is an important way to improve the survival,strike and breakthrough capabilities of military equipment,and plays a vital role In the development of the national defense industry.However,the battlefield environment is complex and changeable,and materials with only infrared stealth performance are difficult to meet the actual needs when facing radar detection,rainforest,mountain,ocean,desert and other environments.Therefore,it is imperative to develop multifunctional infrared stealth materials.in this paper,the latest research progress of different infrared stealth materials is reviewed from the perspective of the mechanism of infrared stealth materials,such as low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative working mode materials,and the control methods of different infrared stealth materials are discussed.Secondly,the multi-functional infrared stealth materials suitable for different application scenarios,such as multi-band stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance,anti-corrosion and flame retardant infrared stealth materials,and their design mechanisms are discussed.Finally,the future development of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is summarized and prospected。

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Infrared stealth mechanisms

3 Selection and performance control of infrared stealth materials

3.1 Low emissivity materials

3.2 Temperature-controlled materials

3.3 Variable emissivity materials

3.4 Collaborative work mode materials

4 Design and application of multifunctional infrared stealth materials

4.1 Multi-band stealth

4.2 Electromagnetic shielding

4.3 Antibacterial and waterproof properties

4.4 High temperature resistance

4.5 Flame retardant properties

4.6 Anti-corrosion properties

5 Conclusion and outlook

Key words： infrared stealth; multifunction; dynamic adaptive materials; collaborative work model materials; multi-band compatible stealth

Cite this article

Sike Yu , Yan Bao , Lu Gao , Wenbo Zhang . Design and Application of Multifunctional Infrared Stealth Materials[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2024 , 36(9) : 1349 -1362 . DOI: 10.7536/PC240126

1 Introduction

infrared stealth technology is to reduce the possibility of target detection,identification,tracking and attack by changing the Infrared radiation intensity of the target[1]。 According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law,the infrared radiation intensity of an object is closely related to the surface temperature and emissivity.Therefore,the key to the development of infrared stealth technology is to obtain low emissivity materials(such as metal and semiconductor materials)and temperature control materials(thermal insulation materials and phase change materials)[6⇓⇓~9][11⇓⇓⇓~15][19⇓~21][26⇓⇓⇓~30]。 with the improvement of the accuracy and sensitivity of infrared detection equipment,researchers have developed adaptive variable emissivity materials or cooperative mode materials to better match the target and background through dynamic camouflage.In addition,the application scenarios of infrared stealth materials are complex,and only materials with infrared stealth performance can not meet the actual needs,so it is of great significance for battlefield survival and combat capability to endow infrared stealth materials with multi-functional characteristics,such as multi-band compatible stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance and flame retardant。
Based on this,the mechanism of infrared stealth is briefly described in this paper.Secondly,the types of infrared stealth materials and their control methods are introduced from the mechanism.the research progress in recent years is systematically summarized,and then the multifunctional infrared stealth materials suitable for different scenes are emphatically expounded;Finally,the development trend of multifunctional infrared stealth materials is prospected。

2 Infrared stealth mechanism

infrared stealth is to make The infrared radiation(wavelength range of 0.76~1000μm)of The target consistent with the surrounding environment,so that the infrared detection equipment can not identify the target object.infrared detection equipment mainly detects and identifies targets by capturing the infrared radiation contrast between the target and the background.the bands it can detect are 3~5μm and 8~14μm,of which the 3~5μm band is used for infrared guidance;the 8~14μm band is used for infrared thermal imaging reconnaissance.the infrared radiation contrast can be expressed by C:[2]
C = E T − E B E T + E B 2
Where C is the infrared radiation contrast;The ETis the infrared radiation intensity of the target;EBis the ambient radiation intensity.Infrared stealth technology can be realized by controlling the intensity of infrared radiation.According to the Stefan-Boltzmann law,the formula of infrared radiation intensity is as follows:[3]
E = σ ε T 4
Where,E is the total intensity of infrared radiation;σis the Stefan-Boltzmann constant;εis the infrared emissivity;T is the absolute temperature.it can be seen from the formula(2)that the infrared radiation intensity is proportional to the emissivity and the fourth power of the temperature.Therefore,the infrared radiation intensity can be regulated by changing the emissivity of the target or controlling the temperature of the target surface.In addition,the effects of the two on the infrared radiation intensity are different under different conditions.When the difference between the target temperature and the ambient temperature is small,the infrared radiation intensity is mainly affected by the emissivity,so it is necessary to reduce the infrared emissivity to achieve a lower contrast and stealth effect;When the target temperature is much higher than the background,it is difficult to achieve excellent stealth effect only by changing the infrared emissivity,but the temperature control is more important。

3 Selection and Performance Control of Infrared Stealth Material

Based on the design mechanism of infrared stealth technology,infrared stealth materials can be divided into four categories:low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative materials。

3.1 Low emissivity material

Infrared emissivity(ε)is the ratio of the radiation of an object to the radiation of a blackbody at the same temperature,and its value is between 0 and 1[4]。 the infrared emissivity can reflect the thermal radiation characteristics of the material.the lower the emissivity is,the weaker the radiation intensity of the object is.Therefore,low emissivity materials are beneficial to achieve infrared stealth of objects.At present,the common low emissivity materials are metal materials and semiconductor materials。

3.1.1 Inorganic low emissivity material

According to the Hagen-Rubens law,the smaller the resistivity of a material,the higher the conductivity and the lower the emissivity,that is,materials with high conductivity tend to have lower emissivity,such as silver(Ag),gold(Au),copper(Cu),aluminum(Al),etc[5]。 Among them,Au and Ag have the best conductivity,but their high cost and limited resources limit their application range[6,7]。 Therefore,researchers often develop infrared stealth materials based on Cu and al.For example,Wang Shuo et Al.Prepared infrared stealth textiles with emissivity as low as 0.32 by electroless copper plating on fabrics[8]。 Sun Xiaoquan et al.Dynamically regulated the periodic structure of the Cu film surface by laser induction,and its emissivity at 3~5μm infrared band can be changed in the range of 0.025~0.119[9]。 Compared with Cu,al has less pollution to the environment,but Al also has some problems in the field of infrared stealth,such as easy oxidation,poor corrosion resistance and conflict between high metallic luster and visual stealth.At present,some researchers have solved the above problems By adding other materials.by adding carbon black and fluororesin to aluminum,Yan et Al.Prepared an infrared stealth coating(emissivity 0.11)which is not easy to oxidize,corrosion-resistant and has low gloss[10]。 Among them,carbon black has strong tinting strength and can improve the strength,hardness and wear resistance of materials;Fluorine-containing resin has the advantages of corrosion resistance and surface stability without affecting the mechanical properties。
Metal materials are popular in the field of infrared stealth because of their low infrared emissivity,but they also have some disadvantages,such as strong metallic luster and poor corrosion resistance.Therefore,semiconductor materials have gradually become the research focus in recent years。
semiconductor materials are materials whose conductivity is between conductor and insulator at room temperature,so their emissivity is much higher than that of metal materials.Doping metal elements is one of the ways to reduce the emissivity of semiconductor materials.Semiconductor materials can be divided into N-type and P-type according to the valence state of the doped elements.A large number of studies have shown that N-type semiconductor materials doped with high valence metals can reduce the emissivity of semiconductor materials[11,12]。 For example,antimony（Sb5+）,tin（Sn4+）,and aluminum（Al3+）were doped into tin oxide（SnO2）,indium oxide（In2O3）,and zinc oxide(ZnO),respectively,Antimony-doped tin oxide(ATO),tin-doped indium oxide(ITO),and aluminum-doped zinc oxide(ZAO)prepared instead of Sn4+,In3+,and Zn2+can successfully reduce their emissivity[13][14][15]。 This is mainly because the high-valence metal doped in the N-type semiconductor acts as a carrier donor,which can increase the carrier concentration of the semiconductor material,increase the mobility and collision probability of the internal free electrons,improve the conductivity and promote the formation of optical phonons,thus inhibiting the high emission characteristics of the semiconductor material in the infrared band。
to sum up,high-valence metal-doped semiconductor materials can ensure low emissivity while avoiding the disadvantage of easy corrosion of metal materials,so they are widely used in the design of infrared stealth materials.However,semiconductor materials also have other characteristics,such as excellent conductivity,laser absorption and optoelectronics,which are widely used in the fields of electronics,laser stealth and solar cells.Therefore,it will be a new challenge for researchers To develop structural semiconductor stealth materials and broaden their application fields。

3.1.2 Organic low emissivity material

Organic polymer materials contain a variety of infrared absorbing groups and generally have high emissivity,which greatly limits their infrared stealth performance.However,conductive polymers and polymer materials with high infrared transmittance are the breakthroughs to achieve infrared stealth performance because of their special properties。
Conducting polymers are a class of polymeric materials that can be transformed from insulators into conductors by appropriate chemical or electrochemical doping[16]。 Common conductive polymer materials include polyaniline,polythiophene,and polypyrrole[17][18][19]。 Compared with other conductive polymers,polyaniline has the advantages of easy availability of raw materials,low cost and good processing,which has attracted wide attention of researchers.Wang et al.Used the chemical oxidation method to adjust the infrared reflectivity of polyaniline in the atmospheric window by doping with hydrochloric acid gas,and the infrared emissivity was reduced to less than 50%at a specific doping concentration,which could achieve the infrared stealth performance of some ground targets[20]。 in addition,according to the principle of conservation of energy,α(absorptivity)+R(reflectivity)+T(transmittance)=1,and combined with Kirchhoff's law,α(absorptivity)=ε(emissivity),it can be seen that selecting materials with high reflectivity or high transmittance is one of the ways to reduce the infrared emissivity of materials.Polymer materials with high infrared transmittance have low emissivity compared with other polymers because of their weak infrared absorption groups In the atmospheric window.Among them,polyethylene,ethylene propylene diene monomer,polyurethane,epoxy resin and other polymers with high infrared transmittance are usually used as film-forming materials for infrared stealth materials because of their low emissivity and high mechanical strength[21]。
Although organic low emissivity materials have high mechanical strength,they can not meet the requirements of infrared stealth performance,so they are generally not used alone,and they are usually compounded with low emissivity fillers to prepare infrared stealth coatings。

3.1.3 Organic-inorganic low emissivity material

the organic-inorganic low emission materials interact with each other,and the organic phase acts as a binder to provide the inorganic phase with excellent mechanical properties and film-forming processability;the inorganic phase is used as a filler to provide low emissivity for the organic phase,and the inorganic phase and the organic phase are compounded to prepare the infrared stealth coating with excellent performance.Therefore,adhesives and fillers are the key factors to regulate the infrared stealth performance。
the infrared transmittance and viscosity of the adhesive are the main factors affecting the infrared emissivity of the coating.the organic polymer material with high infrared transmittance is selected,and the sedimentation rate of the filler is reduced by increasing the viscosity of the adhesive,so that the cured filler is located on the surface of the coating,which is beneficial to reducing the infrared emissivity of the material[22]。 In addition,the type and amount of filler,morphology and size will have a certain impact on the emissivity of the coating.Generally speaking,the practical application requirements of infrared stealth coatings are met by adding flaky low-emissivity fillers with high distribution density,suitable size,excellent corrosion resistance and multi-band stealth[23]。 At the same time,the coating process,the smoothness of the coating surface,the thickness of the coating and other factors will affect the emissivity[24][25][26]。
Therefore,in the design of infrared stealth coatings,it is necessary to consider various factors and add other functional fillers to meet the practical application needs of complex environments without affecting the stealth performance。

3.1.4 Photonic crystal

photonic crystal(PC)is a new type of artificial structure material with Photonic band gap,which is composed of periodic arrangement of materials with different dielectric constants[27]。 Because the photonic crystal has a high reflection characteristic for electromagnetic waves in the photonic band gap,the photonic band gap can be in the position of the infrared detection band by introducing new dielectric materials such as superconductors,plasmas and the like or regulating the periodic structure of the photonic crystal,so that the infrared stealth performance can be realized[28,29]。 Researchers usually use the wider band gap width and higher reflectivity of metal materials to control the photonic band gap,but metal materials are only suitable for normal temperature environment and can not meet the actual needs of high temperature environment[30]。 Therefore,researchers have found that by sandwiching a superconductor(Nb)between two dielectric materials and adjusting the external temperature of the superconductor to control the band gap width of photonic crystals,it is expected to achieve stealth performance in high temperature environment[31]。 in addition,one of the ways to achieve infrared stealth performance is to obtain multiple photonic band gap structures by regulating the periodic structure of PC,and then obtain high reflectivity In the infrared band[32]。 Wang et al.Fabricated a four-period one-dimensional PC composed of alternating Ge and ZnS by magnetron sputtering.the Ge/ZnS has a high reflectivity(95.1%)at 3~5μm,and the infrared emissivity in this band is 0.054,which meets the requirements of infrared stealth[33]。
At present,photonic crystals have broad research prospects in the field of infrared stealth,but they face the problems of high preparation cost and can not be used on a large scale,and they are mainly coated on the surface of equipment in the form of coatings,so how to combine with thermal insulation materials to prepare structural stealth materials is the main direction for future researchers to solve。

3.2 Temperature controlled material

Controlling the temperature to reduce the infrared radiation energy is one of the ways to achieve infrared stealth.It mainly uses thermal insulation materials and phase change temperature control materials to reduce the temperature of the target surface,thereby reducing the infrared radiation intensity of the target surface to achieve the purpose of infrared stealth。

3.2.1 Thermal insulation material

thermal insulation materials are porous materials with low thermal conductivity(such as aerogel,foam,hollow structure,etc.)or thermal insulation film materials to block the outward heat transfer,heat convection and heat radiation of the target,thus achieving infrared stealth(Figure 1A)[34⇓⇓~37][38]。 for porous materials,the lower the density,the more pores,and the smaller the pore size(For submicron polymer foams with pore sizes greater than 100µm,the thermal conductivity depends on the porosity and is almost independent of the pore size),the lower the thermal conductivity of the material,and the better the thermal insulation performance[39]。 At present,the selection of porous materials mainly focuses on aerogel and foam materials,in which the composition and composition of materials Are particularly important.Polyimide(PI),melamine,polyurethane(PU),etc.are commonly used as matrix materials because of their excellent thermal stability[40][41][42]。 Freeze-drying,chemical foaming and supercritical technology are the common methods to prepare aerogel or foam[43][44][45]。 in the preparation process,the pore density,size and morphology of porous materials largely depend on the process conditions.the study shows that under high pressure,increasing the supersaturation of gas In the polymer is beneficial to increasing the pore density and reducing the pore size[46]。 However,this kind of porous material has the problems of poor strength and brittleness,so it is often necessary to introduce multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT),reduced graphene oxide(RGO)and other reinforcing materials to improve its strength[47][48~49]。 in addition,In the composite process,the foam material also has the problem of poor interfacial adhesion,which requires the use of polydopamine(PDA)or chemical etching to increase the surface roughness,enhance the binding sites,and then improve the interfacial adhesion[50][51]。
图1 （a）多孔材料隔热机理[51]；（b）PAN@LDH复合膜的隔热机理[52]

Fig. 1 (a) Thermal insulation mechanism of porous materials[51]; (b) PAN@LDH thermal insulation mechanism[52]

in addition to porous materials,the development of membrane materials is also one of the ways to achieve infrared stealth performance,and the construction of membrane structure is the key factor affecting its stealth performance.Song et al.Constructed a PAN@LDH fibrous membrane with a three-dimensional interpenetrating network structure by In-situ growth of layered hydrotalcite(LDH)on polyacrylonitrile(PAN)(Figure 1b),which can produce different scales of interfacial thermal resistance effect,thus inhibiting thermal conduction and convection,enhancing the thermal insulation effect,and obtaining a low thermal conductivity of 0.036 W/(m·K)[52]。 Yue et al.Constructed a thermal reflection layer by vacuum filtering Ag nanoparticles on the surface of the fiber,which can reflect most of the heat generated by the human body,thus achieving the effect of heat insulation[53]。 In addition,anisotropic membrane materials with directional thermal conductivity obtained by mechanical stretching or multi-layer filtration are also conducive to improving the thermal insulation effect[54]。
Compared with porous materials,thermal insulation membrane materials have the advantage of thin thickness,but they are not the best choice for thin and lightweight weapons and equipment.of course,porous thermal insulation materials also have the disadvantages of large pores,easy blockage and large thickness,and limited application scenarios.Therefore,the development of thinner insulation materials with excellent performance should be considered by future researchers。

3.2.2 Phase change material

phase change infrared stealth materials mainly use the endothermic or exothermic effect of Phase change materials(PCM)to maintain the temperature unchanged,so as to reduce the temperature difference between the target and the background,and achieve the purpose of infrared stealth[55]。
phase change materials can be divided into two categories according to the mechanism.One is the crystal phase transition,in which the arrangement of the crystal phase within the molecule changes with temperature,causing changes in physical properties[56]。 When the temperature of vanadium dioxide（VO2）reaches the phase transition temperature(68℃),the crystal phase changes from insulating state of monoclinic system to metallic state of rutile phase.And that transition can cause reversible transition between infrared light transmission and reflection of the VO2,thereby dynamically adjust the infrared emissivity to realize the infrared stealth effect[57]。 However,the research of VO2in infrared stealth materials is still in the preliminary stage,because VO2with high phase transition temperature is not suitable for most outdoor environments;It is difficult to achieve visible light stealth because of its blue-black color;It is easy to oxidize into toxic V2O5at high temperature.At present,researchers have reduced the phase transition temperature by ion doping,surface modification or changing the reaction conditions[58][59][60]; The problems of VO2color and easy oxidation at high temperature are solved by coating inorganic materials on the surface[61]。
the other is solid-liquid phase transformation,in which PCM changes its physical properties by endothermic or exothermic heat,and its macroscopic performance is The physical state transformation of melting or solidification,that is,solid-liquid phase transformation process[62]。 Paraffin wax(PW)is a common phase change material because of its high latent heat(200 J/G).Zhou et al.Prepared a flexible PVA matrix phase change hydrogel by adding PW microspheres into PVA,and its thermal conductivity and infrared transmittance were reduced to 0.17 W/(m·K)and 0.3%,respectively[63]。 However,solid-liquid phase change materials are easy to leak in liquid state,which has a certain impact on the infrared stealth performance of the materials,so some researchers have proposed to use microencapsulated materials(MCPCM)to avoid the leakage of solid-liquid phase change materials.Wang et al.Prepared phase change microcapsules with PW as core material and melamine urea-formaldehyde resin(MUF)as wall material by in-situ polymerization.when the core-wall ratio was 2:1,the latent heat of phase change was 141.10 J/G.it has good thermal stability,and When It is further introduced into epoxy resin,the surface temperature of epoxy resin is significantly reduced,which indicates that the doped phase change microcapsules can delay the rise of the target temperature and help to achieve infrared stealth performance[64]。
Crystalline phase transition materials have adjustable crystal structure,which can endow materials with a wider range of phase transition.Solid-liquid phase change materials have the advantages of small volume change before and after phase change,wide phase change temperature range and large phase change latent heat,but they are prone to leakage in liquid state,so in practical application,attention should be paid to the ideal encapsulation of phase change droplets to ensure that they do not affect the infrared stealth performance。

3.3 Variable emissivity material

In order to adapt to the changing environment,the variable emissivity material can self-adjust the emissivity According to the environment,reduce the infrared thermal radiation gap between the target and the background,and realize adaptive infrared stealth.according to the different ways of regulating emissivity,it can be divided into electrovariable emissivity materials and thermovariable emissivity materials。

3.3.1 Electrovariable emissivity material

Electrically variable emissivity material means that when the material is stimulated by electricity or electrochemistry,its appearance color and infrared emissivity change reversibly,so as to achieve the effect of adaptive infrared stealth.the material has the characteristics of flexible regulation,simple structure and excellent performance,and is widely used in the fields of electrochromic intelligent windows,military camouflage and the like[65]。 In 2018,Kocabas et al.Intercalated non-volatile ionic liquid polyethylene(PE)into multilayer graphene(MLG)by chemical vapor deposition[66]。 By applying a voltage of 3 V,the charge density of the ionic liquid In the graphene is enhanced,thereby suppressing the infrared absorption,and the emissivity of the graphene electrode is reduced from 0.76 to 0.33,showing excellent infrared stealth performance.Although the application effect of this technology is good,the high cost limits the scope of practical application.in 2021,the Kocabas team used wet chemical technology to improve the previous chemical vapor deposition technology to reduce the cost,and used the same principle to prepare polyethersulfone(PES)reversibly intercalated reduced graphene oxide(rGO)composite film,which increased its working range to 75~90℃(Fig.2)[67]。 in order to obtain a material with a wider emissivity range and a better ability to adjust the radiation heat,Sun et al.Used a roll-to-roll process to construct a sandwich-type mid-infrared electrochromic material composed of a porous mid-infrared transparent film,an ionic liquid and MWCNT in the same year.the free carrier concentration of the less-walled carbon nanotube in the MWCNT film is changed in the reversible ion-induced intercalation process,so that the conductivity of the material is influenced,the adjustable thermal emissivity of 0.15-0.70 within 3500 periods can be realized,the stable self-adaptive stealth performance is realized,and the method has strong attraction in the fields of energy conservation and temperature regulation[68]。
图2 （a）热表面示意图；（b）主动热表面工作原理图；（c）分别在0和3 V下制造器件的热相机图像[67]

Fig. 2 (a) Schematic diagram of the active hot surface; (b) Diagram of the operating principle of active hot surfaces; (c) Thermal camera images of devices manufactured at 0 and 3 V, respectively[67]

Although electrically induced variable emissivity materials have become a hot spot in the field of infrared stealth because of their wide emissivity control range,there are still some problems in practical application,such as additional energy consumption and limited application range.Therefore,people focus on thermally induced variable emissivity materials which do not need additional energy consumption and have a wider range of applications。

3.3.2 Thermally induced variable emissivity material

Thermally induced variable emissivity materials are based on the principle of metal-insulator transition(MIT),which uses the change of ambient temperature to cause the change of internal microstructure of materials.Thus,the material can be reversibly changed between the metallic state and the insulating state,and the change can lead to sudden changes in electrical and infrared properties,and finally the adaptive control of the emissivity of the material on the surface of the object is realized[69]。 At present,VO2and perovskite materials have been widely studied in thermal variable emissivity materials 。
As mentioned earlier,VO2undergoes a phase transition at about 68°C,with abrupt changes in optical and electrical properties.Fang et al.Prepared ATO/PAN-VO2fiber membrane composite by electrospinning technique[70]。 When the temperature is lower than 68℃,the exothermic effect of the VO2makes the surface temperature of the fiber membrane rise,and the fiber membrane changes from blue to blue-green under thermal imaging;When the temperature reaches 68℃,the VO2has an endothermic effect,the surface temperature of the fiber membrane decreases,and the color of the fiber membrane gradually changes from yellow-green to blue.At the same time,the infrared emissivity is reduced from 0.85(room temperature)to 0.51(90°C),and the infrared radiation adjustment range is 0.35.In addition to the membrane structure to achieve the temperature control performance of the thermally induced variable emissivity,the thermally induced variable emissivity coating can also be prepared based on the core-shell nanoparticles to better integrate with practical applications.Wu et al.Successfully prepared CaF2@VO2core-shell microspheres by solvent/hydrothermal calcination method,and used the dielectric metal transition characteristic of VO2shell materials with increasing temperature to regulate the light scattering and absorption characteristics of CaF2@VO2core-shell microspheres,so as to realize the dynamic adjustable emissivity(0.48–0.83)in the range of 30–90°C,which solved the problem that the maximum emissivity(0.6–0.7)of VO2deposited on metal plates was limited at high temperature[71]。
Perovskite manganite（LaMnO3）also have thermochromic properties,and the double exchange interaction between ferromagnetic metallic state and paramagnetic insulating state can be induced by appropriate doping.Below the transition temperature,the material exhibits a ferromagnetic metallic state with low emissivity;Above the transition temperature,the material exhibits a paramagnetic insulating state with high emissivity.For example,Liu et al.Used the electrospinning method combined with the sol-gel method to prepare La0.67Ba0.33MnO3micro-nanofibers by doping 0.33 mol of Ba2+,allowing the coexistence of Mn3+and Mn4+for the electron transfer process,resulting in double exchange interaction[72]。 When the temperature reaches the phase transition temperature of 320 K,the emissivity in the 8~14μm band is dynamically adjustable(0.564~0.689)。
Among the thermally induced variable emissivity materials,LaMnO3has a wider temperature response range(100~350 K),but its infrared emissivity variation range is narrow,while VO2has a wider infrared emissivity variation range,which has a broader prospect in the field of thermally induced variable smart stealth materials 。

3.4 Cooperative Work Mode Material

materials with low infrared emissivity have low radiant heat energy,which will increase the actual surface temperature;However,the infrared emissivity of temperature control materials is high,and the infrared stealth effect is limited.Therefore,the combination of temperature control materials and low emissivity materials can complement each other and achieve better infrared stealth performance.Yu et al.obtained a ZAO/CNTAs/PI multilayer fabric with excellent thermal insulation performance(0.013 W/(m·K))and stealth performance(emissivity<0.5)by hot-pressing carbon nanotube aerogel(CNTAs)on PI fiber fabric and further coating its surface with low emissivity ZAO coating[73]。 In contrast,Chen et Al.Directly blended Al powders with different orientations in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)as a low emissivity layer,and directly stacked with porous UHMWPE thermal insulation film prepared by thermally induced phase separation to construct a multilayer composite material of alternating structure,UHMWPE/Al.It is endowed with excellent infrared stealth performance(emissivityε3~5μm=0.297 andε8~14μm=0.247,thermal conductivity 0.785 W/(m·K)),and the work has adjustable thickness as well as lower emissivity,which can better achieve infrared stealth for thermal targets and has broad application prospects[74]。 In order to maintain a low surface temperature,the thermal insulation material in the temperature control material will have the problem of internal heat accumulation.To solve this problem,Gu et al.Used PCM phase change absorption to deal with heat accumulation,and used electroless silver plating to reduce the emissivity（ε3~5μm=0.655 andε8~14μm=0.687）of the material,while solving the problem of limited heat storage capacity(latent heat of 125.8 J/G)of the PCM[75]。 In addition to using PCM materials to solve the problem of heat accumulation,radiation cooling to enhance surface heat dissipation is also a good choice.Ding et al.Prepared nanostructured composite membranes based on oxalic acid-rich porous alumina(OPA)[76]。 the radiation cooling effect caused by the inherent absorption of oxalate in the undetected band(5~8μm)is used to enhance the surface heat dissipation,thus improving the problem of heat accumulation.At the same time,the substrate metal aluminum is used to reduce the infrared emissivity of the atmospheric window,and the OPA/metal oxide composite layer adjusts the color matching with the background,giving the multi-spectral camouflage performance.This work uses radiation cooling technology for thermal management,which provides a new idea for the design of infrared stealth materials(Fig.3)。
图3 双工作模块红外隐身织物的制备以及多波段兼容伪装设计和性能演示[76]

Fig. 3 Preparation of dual-working module IR stealth fabric and design of multiband compatible camouflage and performance demonstration[76]

in addition,In order to realize the dynamic camouflage of human body and adapt to the complex environment,it is a feasible strategy to obtain flexible composite materials with adjustable temperature and emissivity.Xiong et al.Used thermoplastic polyurethane(TPU)encapsulated with ionic liquid as the intermediate layer(PCIL)and graphene as the outer layer to prepare infrared thermal camouflage composites with adjustable temperature and emissivity[77]。 the temperature of the composite film can be dynamically adjusted(-40~37℃)by using the wide phase change temperature of the phase change material TPU,and the high ionic conductivity of the PCIL can dynamically change the emissivity within 0.30~0.56 to adapt to different backgrounds when a voltage is applied to the outer layer of the graphene.This work provides a new strategy for the design and development of infrared stealth and thermal camouflage materials for both military and civilian applications。
the cooperative working mode can be used to design materials more flexibly to meet the practical application in the field of infrared stealth,and the materials with adjustable temperature and emissivity have more practical application value,but there are few research results at present,which will be the focus of future design of infrared stealth materials。
To sum up,low emissivity materials,temperature control materials,variable emissivity materials and cooperative materials have their own advantages and disadvantages in infrared stealth,as shown in Table 1.Researchers should consider different application scenarios in the specific design。
表1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared Stealth Materials

Table 1 Advantages and disadvantages of infrared stealth materials

Classify Material Advantage Disadvantage Ref
Low Emissivity Inorganic Metal
（Au、Ag、Cu、Al）		 Good conductivity and low emissivity It is easy to corrode, has a strong metallic luster, and is difficult to be compatible with visible light 6⇓⇓⇓~10
Semiconductor
（ATO、ZAO、ITO)		 Corrosion-resistant, bandgap and structure can be adjusted, and it can be used in a wide range of applications High emissivity 13⇓~15
Organic
 Conducting polymers Excellent electrical conductivity Less research work
 17,18,20
High infrared transparent
polymers		 Weak infrared absorption group High emissivity 21
Organic-inorganic Excellent mechanical properties；
Low emissivity		 Many influencing factors 22⇓⇓⇓~26
Photonic crystals Adjustable bandgap The high cost of preparation does not allow large-scale use 28,29,32,33
Temperature-controlled materials Thermal insulation Effective, with a wide range of applications The preparation process is complex, the thickness is large, and the temperature control range is limited 38,40⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓~53
Phase change VO2 The amount of change is large, and the phase change temperature is adjustable The color is blue-black, which is difficult to achieve compatibility with visible light and stealth; It is easy to oxidize to the toxic oxide V2O5 at high temperatures 58⇓⇓~61
PW Stable performance, the change in phase change temperature and latent heat of phase change is small Adding too much PW can lead to a decrease in mechanical properties 63
MCPCM Improve the leakage problem of solid-liquid phase change materials Single core material and expensive 64
Variable emissivity material Electro-emissivity materials The emissivity can be adjusted in a wide range There is additional energy consumption for the impressed load 66⇓~68
Thermotropic emissivity materials No external load is required, no energy consumption is required, and it varies according to its own surface temperature The response sensitivity is slower, and the emissivity can be adjusted in a small range 70⇓~72
Collaborative work mode material
 Temperature control, low emissivity It solves the poor thermal insulation performance of low emissivity materials; High emissivity of temperature-controlled materials and problems with heat build-up There are few studies on materials where temperature and emissivity can change 73⇓⇓~76
Temperature control, variable emissivity Temperature and emissivity can be adjusted for a wider range of applications 77

4 Design and Application of Multifunctional Infrared Stealth Material

In recent years,advanced infrared stealth materials must not only have efficient infrared stealth performance,but also have multi-functional characteristics,such as multi-band compatible stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial,waterproof and flame retardant。

4.1 Multi-band stealth

Among many stealth technologies,radar infrared,visible infrared and full-band stealth technologies are the most widely studied stealth technologies at present。

4.1.1 Radar-infrared compatible stealth

radar detection is to detect the reflected echo caused by the blockage of the target when the electromagnetic wave is transmitted.infrared detection is to detect the infrared radiation energy generated by the target itself.different detection methods and applicable bands lead to Different corresponding mechanisms,resulting in the interaction between the two stealth technologies.infrared stealth materials need to meet the conditions of high reflection and low emission in the infrared band(3~5μm,8~14μm),while radar stealth materials need to meet the conditions of high absorption and low reflection in the radar band(2~18 GHz).Therefore,in order to achieve the compatible stealth of the two,it is necessary to design materials with high reflection and low emission in the infrared band and high absorption and low reflection in the radar band.At present,researchers mainly rely on composite and single materials to achieve radar and infrared compatible stealth performance[78]。
composite is to achieve radar and infrared compatible stealth performance by coating particles or constructing Composite structures[79⇓~81]。 the former is mainly to coat the particles with absorbing properties in the substrate(aerogel,foam)with three-dimensional network structure,and the two produce impedance matching through complementary electromagnetic properties.By regulating the morphology,addition amount,specific surface area,particle size and the like of the particles,the surface micro-nano structure of the material is modified,the interface polarization is improved,the loss capability of the material is further improved,and the excellent radar stealth performance is generated[82⇓~84]; At the same time,a large number of pores inside the three-dimensional structure are beneficial to extend the heat propagation path,reduce the solid phase heat conduction,and achieve infrared stealth.For the latter,it is mainly the combination of the infrared stealth layer and the absorbing layer,in which the electromagnetic wave can be dissipated after passing through the infrared stealth layer and entering the absorbing layer.At the same time,by changing the structure of the composite layer and using the infrared stealth layer to improve the absorption intensity of the coating to low-frequency radar waves and the red-shift effect of the high-frequency absorption peak,the radar stealth capability can be enhanced,and then the infrared radar compatible stealth can be realized[80]。
the single type uses one material to achieve high reflection and low emission in the infrared band and high absorption and low reflection in the radar band[14,85]。 Nanomaterials have been widely used because of their tunable morphology and interfacial polarization.Zhuang et al.Proposed the strategy of confined growth ofα-Fe2O3（f-Fe2O3）outside hollow mesoporous carbon(HMCS)to prepare HMCS@f-Fe2O3nanomaterials[86]。 The radar-infrared compatible stealth performance was successfully achieved by using the external smooth sheet f-Fe2O3structure with different sizes to endow the material with interface polarization and high-frequency impedance matching characteristics,and combining with the internal cavity structure to extend the heat and EMW propagation path(Fig.4 )。
图4 HMCS@f-Fe2O3-x复合材料的吸收以及红外隐身机理[86]

Fig. 4 Absorption and infrared stealth mechanism of HMCS@f-Fe2O3-x composites[86]

the performance of radar-infrared compatible stealth materials is summarized in Table 2.By comparison,it can be seen that their infrared emissivity is generally high and their infrared stealth performance is not good.Therefore,reducing the infrared emissivity of materials and improving the infrared stealth performance of radar-infrared compatible stealth materials without affecting the absorbing performance will be the focus of future research。
表2 Performance parameters of radar-infrared compatible stealth material

Table 2 Performance parameters of radar infrared compatible stealth materials

Sample Emissivity Electromagnetic parameters Ref
3~5 μm 8~14 μm RLmin (dB) EAB (GHz) RCS (dB·m2) Thickness (mm)
ITO-x 0.62 0.67 -40.4 4.88 - 2.8 14
Al@RGO - 0.62 -46.11 4.88 - 2 79
Al/CIP-PU 0.281 - -40 6.6 - 1.24 80
CuS/ZnS/rGO 0.694 0.577 -28 6.38 2 26.3 81
Au @MCHSs/CA-2 0.525 - -55.9 16 21.5 1.8 82
CuS@rGO 0.7 0.6 -60.3 8.44 53.3 2.8 84
PEDOT:PSS@melamine 0.788 0.757 -57.57 10.52 17.68 5 85
HMCS@f-Fe2O3-x 0.212 0.508 -34.16 4.8 - 2.4 86

4.1.2 Visible and infrared compatible stealth

as visible infrared stealth plays an important role in commercial,military and scientific fields,camouflage materials related to visible infrared stealth have attracted more and more attention in the past decades.However,visible light and infrared light belong to different bands,so in order to achieve compatible stealth,it is necessary to match the spectral characteristics of visible light band with the background spectral characteristics as far as possible,so as to better integrate into the camouflage effect;in the infrared band,the infrared emissivity and the radiation difference between the target and the background are reduced to avoid being identified by the infrared detector.At present,more research is on visible and far-infrared compatible stealth,for example,Cho et al.Used pixelated silicon-based fractal nanostructures(Si-FNSs)to absorb the color and pattern of the surrounding background for camouflage,and by changing the etching time and aggregation phenomenon,they had a certain impact on the nanostructure or morphology.the visible light reflectivity is controlled between 0.01 and 0.12 and the far infrared emissivity is controlled between 0.33 and 0.90,and the visible-infrared multi-spectral camouflage is successfully realized,which is expected to be developed in the field of artificial background(Figure 5)[87]。
图5 具有可见光红外兼容隐身性能的Si-FNSs[87]

Fig. 5 Si-FNSs with visible infrared compatible stealth performance[87]

The development of full-spectrum(0.38~14μm)visible and infrared camouflage materials is a hot research topic.Kim et al.Achieved multi-band stealth by introducing a metal-semiconductor-metal(MSM)metasurface with a Fabry-Perot cavity(F-P)and multiple plasmon resonance modes[88]。 Different colors are obtained using localized surface plasmon modes in an Al disk on an opaque Ge layer for printing camouflage patterns in the visible range.the additional plasmon resonance in the MSM metasurface exhibits low emissivity of less than 0.05 and 0.01 in the mid-infrared and far-infrared wavelength ranges,respectively.This work plays an important role in promoting the development of unmanned detection system。
Although the visible and infrared compatible stealth materials studied at present have shown certain performance,there are still some deficiencies in the sensitivity of camouflage reaction and background similarity.Therefore,there is still much room to improve the sensitivity and matching degree of visible and infrared stealth。

4.1.3 Visible-infrared-radar compatible stealth

The development of full-band reconnaissance equipment has a great demand for full-band stealth materials.Traditional full-band stealth materials often use multi-layer composite and performance superposition method to achieve compatible stealth,but the performance of the materials prepared by this method is limited.Therefore,researchers have focused on developing a single material to achieve full-band stealth.Qiao et al.Innovatively prepared core-shell Fe3O4@SnO2nanochains by magnetic field-induced distillation precipitation polymerization combined with liquid-phase seed-mediated growth method[89]。 The high infrared reflection of the SnO2and the Bragg diffraction effect generated by the periodically arranged structure of the Fe3O4are utilized,and the shell thickness of the material is changed at the same time,so that the sample has selective absorption to visible light,thereby obtaining visible-infrared stealth performance;Through proper coupling of shell thickness and chain length,the Fe3O4@SnO2is endowed with excellent microwave absorption performance(（RLminis-39.4 dB),and finally the visible-infrared-radar compatible stealth is realized.However,this method has the disadvantages of complex preparation process and high cost,which is not conducive to large-scale application.In this regard,Chen et al.Used in-situ precipitation to prepare Cr2O3@ATO materials with core-shell structure[90]。 The Cr2O3was used as visible light camouflage layer,which was similar to green plants in visible light and near-infrared spectrum.The color of visible light camouflage layer was changed and the infrared and radar stealth performance of Cr2O3@ATO was adjusted by adjusting the calcination temperature and ATO content(emissivity reduced by 10%,EAB=2 GHz,thickness=2 mm).This work provides a simple method for manufacturing military visible-infrared-radar compatible stealth materials 。
At present,compared with single-band or even dual-band stealth materials,the development of full-band stealth materials is not mature enough,and there are few related studies.Therefore,it is a general trend to develop full-band compatible stealth materials with excellent performance,low cost and simple process。

4.2 Electromagnetic shielding performance

The problem of anti-electromagnetic interference in the operation of military electronic equipment has a significant impact on the reliability of electronic equipment.Therefore,the introduction of electromagnetic shielding performance into infrared stealth technology plays an important role in improving the survivability of military equipment in complex battlefield.Wang et al.Assembled MF with Fe3O4and silver nanowires(AgNWs)through coprecipitation and dip-coating processes,and achieved good impedance matching and electromagnetic wave attenuation properties by taking advantage of the excellent thermal insulation properties(thermal conductivity of 0.034 W/(m·K))of MF foam structure,the high electrical conductivity of AgNWs and the magnetic properties of Fe3O4,and obtained AgNWs/Fe3O4/MF foam with excellent electromagnetic shielding（SSEt=12704 dB·cm2·g−1）and infrared stealth properties[91]。 However,the thickness of foam materials is large,which limits its scope of use,so the preparation of ultra-thin materials is the current trend(Fig.6).Che et al.Designed and prepared ultrathin MXene/BP/Ni-MXene composite films(thickness of 20μm)by filter assembly[92]。 The good conductivity of MXene keeps the emissivity at about 0.1,which endows the film with excellent infrared stealth performance;At the same time,the enhanced magnetic reaction produced by Ni chains improves the electromagnetic shielding performance of the film in the radar band（SET>50 dB,reflectivity>99.99%).At the same time,the material also has the characteristics of visible light camouflage,which can realize multi-spectral defense camouflage and greatly promote the development of multi-spectral camouflage 。
图6 （a）AgNWs/Fe3O4/MF泡沫的制备示意图；（b）放置在手上的AgNWs/Fe3O4/MF泡沫的热红外图像；（c）EMI屏蔽机制示意图[91]

Fig. 6 (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation of AgNWs/ Fe3O4/MF foam; (b) Thermal infrared images of the AgNWs/Fe3O4/MF foam placed on the hand; (c) Schematic diagram of the possible EMI-shielding mechanism[91]

At present,most of the developed infrared stealth materials with electromagnetic shielding performance have high cost and poor durability,so solving these problems will be the main direction in the future。

4.3 Antibacterial and waterproof properties

Military infrared stealth protective materials are often used in jungles,swamps and other field environments,so it is particularly important to resist the invasion of environmental moisture or prevent the wound infection after the wearer is injured.At present,researchers have Developed antibacterial and waterproof infrared stealth protective materials.Ag has the characteristics of good antibacterial,low emissivity and can enhance the particle effect,which is welcomed by the majority of researchers.Ye et al.developed an ATO/Ag/BFs composite bamboo fiber fabric protective clothing with infrared stealth antibacterial and waterproof properties(emissivity of 0.68,inhibition rate of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus of 100%,WCA=147.7°)by ATO loading Ag to produce Schottky and combining with chemical treatment[93]。 Because bamboo fiber is renewable,this work provides a new idea for the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly bio-based multifunctional infrared stealth fabrics.However,the emissivity of the material prepared in this way is high.In order to further improve the infrared stealth performance of antibacterial and waterproof materials,Zhang et al.Doped Ag nanoparticles into ZrB2by magnetron sputtering to prepare Ag-ZrB2nanocomposite films[12]。 As the content of Ag nanoparticles increases,the free electron concentration increases and the infrared emissivityε3~5μmandε8~14μmdecrease to 0.11 and 0.04,respectively.In addition,with the increase of nanoparticle content,the particle effect is enhanced,and the hydrophobic effect is improved when the WCA increases from 80°to 128° 。
Although the antibacterial,waterproof and infrared stealth materials developed at present can meet the basic performance,they are still facing the test of complex flora in the harsh field environment.Therefore,it is of practical significance to broaden the types of antibacterial materials for improving the performance of antibacterial and waterproof infrared stealth materials。

4.4 High temperature resistance

With the increasing speed of modern aircraft,the temperature of the engine is rising,and the infrared radiation energy is also increasing,which increases the exposure risk of the aircraft,and the high temperature conditions will damage the infrared stealth coating and affect its life.Therefore,the development of high temperature resistant infrared stealth materials is very important to improve the performance of infrared stealth。
inorganic oxide materials have excellent thermal stability,but generally have high emissivity.It has been shown that negative charges and oxygen vacancies can be generated by doping with ions of other valence States,which can change the band structure and density of States(DOS)of Inorganic oxides,and maintain high temperature stability while reducing the emissivity.Xu et al.Prepared Ce-ZnO nanocomposites by doping cerium(Ce)into ZnO nanoparticles by sol-gel method,and the infrared emissivity of Ce-ZnO was significantly reduced at 25~800℃,with the minimum emissivity of 0.329 at 500℃[94]。 However,Ce-ZnO can not resist high temperature above 1000℃,which limits its application range.Researchers have also focused on ABO3perovskite oxide materials with excellent high temperature oxidation resistance.SrZrO3（SZO）has excellent high temperature insulating properties,can exist stably at 1 400℃,and is a high scattering and low absorption material in the range of 0.8~6μm[95]。 Ma et al.Prepared SZAO perovskite by B-site doping Al3+using sol-gel method[96]。 When T>550℃,the minimum emissivity is 0.256.SZAO perovskite is very likely to be a potential low thermal infrared material at high temperature。
Doped inorganic oxides can achieve infrared stealth performance in high temperature environment,and it will be a hot spot to endow high temperature resistant infrared stealth materials with multiple functions。

4.5 Anticorrosion property

corrosion is a common problem in daily life.How to protect metal materials from corrosion has always been an important issue in the industrial field.for example,when ships,aircraft,tanks,warships and so on are corroded by the environment,the infrared stealth coating will also be damaged,which is easy to cause target exposure.Therefore,endowing the infrared stealth material with anti-corrosion performance is beneficial to improving the service life and stability of the infrared stealth material.researchers usually use organic resin coatings(epoxy resin,phenolic resin,polyurethane resin,etc.)with anti-corrosion properties to compound with low emissivity materials to endow metal materials with anti-corrosion properties.However,pure organic coatings can not block moisture and other corrosive substances in the environment For a long time,so some Researchers have improved the anti-corrosion performance of infrared stealth materials by adding nanomaterials(GN,graphene,etc.)[97][98]。

4.6 Flame Retardancy

the vast majority of polymer materials are flammable and combustible materials,which have high heat release rate,high calorific value and release harmful gases when burning,which pose a great threat to human life,health and property safety,and also cause certain damage to infrared stealth coatings,exposing the target.Therefore,endowing infrared stealth materials With flame retardancy plays a vital role in protecting human life and property and improving the performance of materials.Researchers usually combine flame retardant materials(silicon,carbon,nitrogen,etc.)with infrared stealth materials(thermal insulation,low emission materials)through in-situ growth,coating,co-precipitation and vacuum coating[99][89]。 For example,Li et al.Introduced a non-flammable siloxane coating into gelatin/cellulose aerogel(HGC)to endow it with high flame retardancy,while using the high porosity(98%)and excellent thermal insulation performance(thermal conductivity of 0.032 W/(m·K))of aerogel itself to endow it with infrared stealth performance(Fig.7)[100]。 Although this work can effectively reduce the risk of fire,the cost of the materials used is high,and the use of aerogel is limited,which is not suitable for mass production.Therefore,the development of low-cost infrared stealth flame-retardant materials needs to be considered by researchers.Fan et Al.Prepared a flame-retardant low-emissivity coating on the surface of aramid fabric(FA)by vacuum plating Al,and further stitched it with low-cost carbonized waste cotton felt and carbon fiber felt to obtain a multifunctional alumina-carbonized waste cotton-carbon felt composite fabric[101]。 the infrared emissivity of the fabric at 3~5μm and 8~14μm decreased by 21%and 28%,respectively,and the smoldering time,force application time and damage length were all zero.This low-cost and simple preparation strategy of multi-layer stitched multifunctional fabric can greatly promote the production of military protective materials。
图7 （a）HGC气凝胶制备的示意图；（b）灭火过程中，HGC气凝胶的氧浓度为28.2%；（c）HGC气凝胶放置在80 ℃的加热平台上60 min红外热成像图[100]

Fig. 7 (a) Schematic diagram of the HGC aerogel formulation; (b) Extinguishing process of the HGC aerogel in the oxygen concentration of 28.2%; (c) HGC aerogel was placed on a heating platform at 80 ℃ for 60 min infrared thermography[100]

the current research is mainly to use flame retardant materials to prevent the target from burning.If the flame retardant materials are combined with the smoke alarm,the risk of target exposure caused by fire can be greatly avoided,and the practicability of flame retardant infrared stealth materials can be further enhanced。

5 Conclusion and prospect

with the innovation and development of infrared detection equipment,the development of infrared stealth materials is very important For military security.multifunctional infrared stealth materials can not only achieve effective defense against infrared detection equipment,but also meet the needs of a variety of application environments,which has attracted much attention of researchers.At present,infrared stealth materials mostly focus on low emissivity materials,temperature control materials and adaptive variable emissivity materials.in order to further improve the performance of infrared stealth,cooperative working mode materials are proposed.At the same time,combined with practical application scenarios,researchers have developed multi-functional infrared stealth materials with multi-band stealth,electromagnetic shielding,antibacterial and waterproof,high temperature resistance,corrosion resistance and flame retardant characteristics,which can be used in radar detection,mountain rainforest,high temperature,ocean and other environments.Although considerable progress has been made in the research of multifunctional infrared stealth materials,there are still some problems.for example,the combination of low emissivity materials,variable emissivity materials and temperature control materials can greatly achieve infrared stealth performance,but the former material is single and the response sensitivity needs to be improved;the latter requires a certain thickness,which increases the weight and affects its use in application scenarios.the multifunctional integration of infrared stealth materials is often complex and costly,which is not conducive to its large-scale production.Based on this,infrared stealth materials can be studied from the following five aspects in the future:
(1)Broaden the selection direction of infrared stealth materials.For example,the infrared stealth with zero resistance characteristics can be realized by using the characteristics of good conductivity and 100%conductivity of single-layer Stanene[102]。
(2)To develop new dynamic adaptive infrared stealth materials with sensitive response,durability and good stability by using animal and plant bionics for reference。
(3)It is of great significance for aviation equipment to develop thin and lightweight stealth materials to reduce the overall quality of weapons and equipment and effectively improve the range and load of aircraft。
and(4)develope multifunctional integrated infrared stealth material in a simple and low-cost mode.For example,biomass carbon and degradable materials should be selected from raw materials。
(5)Develop super-performance materials with high temperature resistance,anti-bacterial,waterproof,flame retardant,anti-corrosion and multi-band stealth,and make them go out of the laboratory for industrialization。

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