With the continuous growth of global energy demand and the increasing depletion of fossil fuels, energy shortages and environmental pollution have become increasingly severe. Finding sustainable clean energy supply methods has thus become an important direction for global scientific research^[1]. In this context, thermoelectric conversion technology has received widespread attention due to its ability to directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy. The underlying mechanism of thermoelectric conversion is the thermoelectric effect^[1-2], which refers to the phenomenon where materials generate a potential difference under the influence of a temperature gradient. This effect can be divided into the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect. The key to the thermoelectric effect lies in the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of materials or devices, typically represented by the dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT)^[3-4]. The higher the ZTvalue, the better the material's thermoelectric performance. The ZTvalue is defined as ZT = S²σT/κ, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature, and κ is the thermal conductivity. The Seebeck coefficient of a material can be derived based on the generation process of the thermoelectric effect. When a temperature difference is applied to a material, the presence of a temperature gradient causes electrons or holes generated in the material's charge carriers to diffuse due to energy differences. Under the influence of diffusion, an electric potential based on the temperature difference is established. In ideal conditions, the expression for the Seebeck coefficient S can be derived from the Boltzmann transport equation:

among them, k_Bis the Boltzmann constant, qis the electron charge, Tis the temperature, nis the carrier concentration, Eis the carrier energy, μis the mobility, and E_Fis the Fermi level. As can be seen from the formula for the Seebeck coefficient, its magnitude is primarily influenced by the carrier concentration and mobility, and also exhibits a nonlinear relationship with temperature. For thermoelectric materials, the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient determines the energy conversion efficiency of the material. Only materials with a high Seebeck coefficient can generate a higher thermoelectric potential at a given temperature, thereby improving thermoelectric conversion efficiency. The electrical conductivity of a material can be expressed by the formula $\sigma=q\left(\mu_{n} \cdot n_{n}+\mu_{p} \cdot n_{p}\right)$, where μ_nis the electron mobility, n_nis the electron concentration, μ_pis the hole mobility, and n_pis the hole concentration. To improve the efficiency of converting thermal energy into electrical energy, it is necessary to reduce the Joule heat generated by the internal resistance of the thermoelectric material, which in turn requires the material to have a high electrical conductivity. The thermal conductivity of a material can be represented as \kappa = {\kappa }_e + {\kappa }_l, where κ_eis the electronic thermal conductivity and κ_lis the lattice thermal conductivity. Generally, at higher temperatures, the thermal conductivity of a material is mainly contributed by the electronic thermal conductivity, while at lower temperatures, it is primarily due to the lattice thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity primarily reflects a material's ability to conduct heat. For thermoelectric materials, a lower thermal conductivity is usually required to create a larger temperature difference within the material, thus achieving a higher Seebeck voltage through a greater temperature gradient. As can be seen from the definition of the thermoelectric figure of merit, an ideal thermoelectric material should have a high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, while maintaining a low thermal conductivity, to ensure that more thermal energy is converted into electrical energy^[5]. From the above definitions of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, it is evident that increasing the carrier concentration and mobility can enhance the electrical conductivity of a material, but will lead to a decrease in the Seebeck coefficient^[6]. Additionally, the Wiedemann-Franz law^[7]indicates that free electrons in metals not only carry electric current but also transfer heat through their motion. As shown by its formula \frac{\kappa }{\sigma } = L T(κis the thermal conductivity, σis the electrical conductivity, Lis the Lorenz number, and Tis the absolute temperature), electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity are directly proportional; an increase in carrier concentration leads to an increase in electrical conductivity, and consequently, thermal conductivity also rises. The variation of thermoelectric parameters with carrier concentration distribution is illustrated in Figure 1. Given the strong coupling among the three parameters—Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity—optimizing one parameter often affects another, making it a significant challenge to find materials that simultaneously meet all these conditions. Therefore, balancing these parameters is a common compromise strategy; however, achieving decoupling of several core parameters remains essential and critical for breakthrough improvements in thermoelectric material performance^[8].

MXene is a class of two-dimensional materials composed of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, characterized by a unique layered structure. Its surface termination groups (such as —OH, ═O, —F) can be adjusted through chemical modification. Due to its high electrical conductivity, tunable chemical surface properties, and mechanical flexibility, MXene has become a focal point for researchers^[9].As a thermoelectric material, MXene possesses several key physicochemical characteristics: (1) A high Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity are essential, requiring the material to exhibit excellent electron transport performance; (2) Low thermal conductivity is necessary to maintain a temperature gradient and enhance thermoelectric conversion efficiency. The unique layered structure of MXene provides an inherent mechanism for suppressing thermal conductivity; (3) Excellent chemical stability and mechanical flexibility ensure long-term stability and durability under high-temperature and complex mechanical stress conditions; (4) The tunability of MXene's surface modification and functionalization allows precise control over its electronic structure and transport properties through simple doping and composite techniques, thereby achieving higher thermoelectric conversion efficiency. These characteristics make MXene an ideal candidate for thermoelectric applications. However, MXene also faces challenges in thermoelectric applications. MXene exhibits metallic-level electrical conductivity, with some MXenes reaching conductivities as high as 15,000 S·cm^-1above^[10]. Generally, high electrical conductivity contributes to improved thermoelectric performance. However, according to the Wiedemann-Franz law^[7], electrical conductivity and electronic thermal conductivity are positively correlated. The metallic behavior of MXene makes it prone to increased thermal conductivity at high temperatures, which, in turn, leads to a reduction in thermoelectric performance within the non-equilibrium range between electrical and thermal conductivity, manifesting as a decrease in the ZT value or power factor.

To enhance the thermoelectric performance of MXene, researchers have recently proposed a strategy of combining MXene with low-dimensional materials. The introduction of low-dimensional materials generally serves the following purposes: (1) enhancing the Seebeck coefficient—low-dimensional materials such as one-dimensional nanowires and two-dimensional graphene, when combined with MXene, can significantly improve the overall Seebeck coefficient of the composite material. A higher Seebeck coefficient means that under a temperature gradient, the material can generate a larger potential difference, thereby increasing electrical power output; (2) improving electrical conductivity—low-dimensional materials typically possess high specific surface areas or large aspect ratios. When combined with MXene, they provide additional charge carrier transport channels, enabling an increase in the electrical conductivity of the composite material without significantly elevating thermal conductivity, which helps boost current output and enhances the power factor of the thermoelectric material; (3) reducing thermal conductivity—low-dimensional materials at the micro- and nanoscale exhibit stronger phonon scattering effects, effectively reducing heat generation through material conduction. Introducing low-dimensional materials into MXene creates numerous phonon scattering centers at the composite interface, significantly lowering its lattice thermal conductivity by enhancing phonon scattering, thus increasing the temperature gradient of the composite material and improving thermoelectric conversion efficiency; (4) optimizing electron and phonon transport—the introduction of low-dimensional materials can form heterogeneous interfaces with MXene nanosheets. These interfaces can regulate electron and phonon transport behaviors through band engineering, quantum confinement effects, and carrier filtering effects. By rationally designing the composite structure of MXene with low-dimensional materials, it is possible to optimize electron and phonon transport pathways, effectively separate high-energy and low-energy carriers, precisely control transport characteristics, and enhance interfacial properties to improve thermoelectric performance; (5) improving mechanical properties and stability—low-dimensional materials such as graphene and molybdenum disulfide, in addition to their excellent electrical and thermal properties, also exhibit superior mechanical flexibility and chemical stability. Incorporating these materials into MXene-based composites can enhance the mechanical performance and durability of the composite, ensuring stable performance under various application conditions.

Combining low-dimensional materials with MXene can leverage their respective advantages and significantly enhance the thermoelectric performance of the composites through synergistic effects. This strategy not only helps improve the material's Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity while reducing thermal conductivity, but also enhances its mechanical properties and stability, providing an effective pathway for developing high-performance thermoelectric materials. In the future, by conducting in-depth research and optimizing the composite systems of MXene with low-dimensional materials, it is expected to achieve more efficient thermoelectric conversion, offering viable solutions to address energy shortages and environmental challenges. This review will delve into how these composites overcome the limitations of traditional thermoelectric materials and ultimately enhance the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of MXene-based composites or devices, specifically from the perspectives of one-dimensional and two-dimensional typical low-dimensional materials. Based on a summary of the current research status, we will conclude by exploring future research directions, including new composite material systems, efficient preparation methods, and prospects for the practical application of these advanced materials in real-world thermoelectric devices.

MXene, as a new class of two-dimensional materials, has demonstrated great potential in numerous application fields since its discovery in 2011^[11], owing to its excellent conductivity and tunable surface functionalization properties^[5,12]. The name MXene originates from its precursor material, the MAX phase, with a typical formula of M _{n +1}AX _n, where M represents early transition metals from groups III to VI (i.e., Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W), A stands for an element from group 13 or 14, and X denotes C, N, and O (nitrides, oxides, and carbides)^[13-17]. By selectively etching the A layer from the MAX phase, a layered MXene structure can be obtained, represented by the general formula M _{n +1}X _nT _x, where T _xdenotes terminal groups (i.e., —O, —OH, —F, —Cl, \stackrel{\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }}{̿}S, etc.)^[18], with n ranging from 1 to 4.

MXene exhibits excellent conductivity, which is attributed to its unique crystal structure, bonding characteristics, and electron transport mechanism. (1) Crystal Structure and Bonding Characteristics: MXene's conductivity is closely related to its two-dimensional layered structure. The chemical formula of MXene is M _{n +1}X _nT _x, where M represents a transition metal, X represents carbon or nitrogen, and T represents surface termination groups (such as —OH, —O, —F, etc.). Each layer of MXene consists of transition metal atoms and carbon (or nitrogen) atoms bonded together by strong covalent bonds, forming a two-dimensional planar network. The strong covalent bonds between transition metal atoms and carbon (or nitrogen) atoms provide high electron density, facilitating free electron transport within the two-dimensional plane. Meanwhile, the layered structure of MXene features a high specific surface area and large interlayer spacing, enabling MXene to effectively adsorb and release ions, and achieve efficient charge transfer. (2) Electron Transport Mechanism: MXene's conductivity is closely linked to its electronic structure. Due to the abundance of unfilled d-orbitals in transition metals, these d-orbitals form strong covalent bonds with the p-orbitals of carbon (or nitrogen), allowing electrons to move freely between these orbitals. Additionally, MXene's layered structure enables charge carriers to efficiently transport within the two-dimensional plane, reducing scattering and resistance, thus giving MXene a high conductivity similar to that of metals. (3) Influence of Surface Termination Groups: During the preparation of MXene, chemical exfoliation introduces various termination groups on its surface. These termination groups not only stabilize the material's structure but also affect its electron transport properties. Although these groups may cause localization of certain electronic states, overall, they can enhance the material's conductivity by regulating the local electronic environment. For example, oxygen-containing groups can introduce more electron donors, thereby enhancing the material's electrical conductivity. Moreover, by selecting appropriate surface modifications, MXene's electronic structure and conductive performance can be further optimized. (4) Influence of Impurities and Defects: Impurities and defects present in MXene also impact its conductivity. Generally, defects in crystals cause electron scattering, reducing conductivity. However, in MXene, certain types of defects and impurities can actually enhance conductivity. For instance, a small amount of doping or surface defects can introduce additional free electrons or holes, increasing the material's carrier concentration and thus improving its conductivity.

MXene exhibits excellent electrical conductivity and relatively high thermal conductivity. Unlike electrons, phonons, as the primary carriers of heat conduction, have their propagation within the lattice strictly constrained by the crystal structure and chemical bonds. The high thermal conductivity of MXene, an important thermoelectric property, primarily stems from its unique layered structure and physicochemical characteristics^[19].(1) Layered Structure and Phonon Scattering: MXene possesses a two-dimensional layered structure similar to graphene. The planar arrangement within layers not only enhances electron transport capability in the plane direction but also restricts phonon propagation within the material. Additionally, the interlayer void structure and interlayer interactions further limit the free movement of heat-conducting carriers, obstructing the thermal conduction pathways^[20].(2) Influence of Surface Termination Groups: Transition metal atoms and functionalized carbon-nitrogen groups form complex chemical bonds and interactions. These bonds and interactions affect the vibrational frequencies and energy transfer paths of phonons in MXene. Moreover, the presence of surface termination groups increases interfacial roughness, thereby impacting its thermal conductivity^[21].(3) Atomic Mass Differences and Chemical Bond Rigidity: The transition metal atoms and carbon (or nitrogen) atoms in MXene exhibit significant mass differences, leading to varying vibrational frequencies for atoms with large mass disparities. Furthermore, the rigidity of chemical bonds in MXene influences phonon conduction paths; less rigid chemical bonds can result in discontinuities in phonon conduction pathways.

As mentioned above, MXene possesses an inherent potential for highly efficient thermoelectric conversion, but it still needs to overcome the limitations imposed by coupling effects. Therefore, a universal regulation strategy involves reducing thermal conductivity while enhancing the power factor or maintaining high electrical conductivity^[22]. This has been confirmed by both theoretical predictions and experimental studies. In 2012, Khazaei et al.^[23]used first-principles calculations to predict a series of MXene materials, including Ti₂CO₂, Hf₂CO₂, Zr₂CO₂, Sc₂CF, Sc₂C(OH)₂, and Sc₂CO₂. This series of MXene materials is considered to have semiconductor properties, with band gaps ranging from 0.24 to 1.8 eV. In 2014, subsequent computational studies showed that Mo₂CF₂(surface terminated with fluorine groups) exhibits an outstanding thermoelectric power factor among 35 different functionalized M₂XT _xMXene systems^[11]. Over time, experimental evidence has continued to accumulate. In 2017, Kim et al.^[24]measured the thermoelectric properties of three Mo-based MXene compounds (Mo₂CT _x, Mo₂TiC₂T _x, and Mo₂Ti₂C₃T _x), demonstrating that Mo₂TiC₂T _xhas an electrical conductivity of 1380 S·cm^-1at 803 K and a Seebeck coefficient of -47.3 μV·K^-1at 803 K, resulting in a thermoelectric power factor of 3.09×10^-4 W·m^-1·K^-2at 803 K. In this study, the electrical conductivity of all MXenes showed a rapid increase above 500 K, which the researchers attributed to the removal of water and organic molecules, partial loss of functional groups, and consequent reduction in interlayer spacing.

At this point, researchers began attempting to introduce low-dimensional materials into MXene. Considering that two-dimensional MXene has a large specific surface area and is prone to oxidation in air, researchers adopted several low-temperature methods for doping or compounding experiments. As early as 2018, Guo et al.^[25]reported a cold sintering process (CSP) that integrated MXene with ZnO quantum dots into a ceramic matrix, thereby avoiding high-temperature mutual diffusion and chemical reactions. The resulting two-dimensional MXene dispersed along the ZnO grain boundaries can enhance both the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the composite. At 750 ℃, the 99ZnO-1Ti₃C₂T _xnanocomposite exhibited an electrical conductivity of 312 S·cm^-1, a Seebeck coefficient of -120 µV·K^-1, and a power factor of 4.5×10^-4 W·m^-1·K^-2. In 2022, Yan et al.^[26]developed an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique for growing ZnO layers on MXene layers. By adjusting the number of ALD cycles, the thickness of ZnO can be precisely controlled. Due to the gaps between MXene layers, both the outer and inner surfaces are covered by ZnO. The Schottky barrier formed between ZnO and Ti₃C₂T _xexhibits an energy filtering effect, significantly enhancing the Seebeck coefficient and more than doubling the power factor. Meanwhile, it was found that strong phonon interface scattering between ZnO and Ti₃C₂T _xreduces the thermal conductivity of the composite film, further improving the overall thermoelectric performance of the ZnO@Ti₃C₂T _xcomposite film.

Effective approaches such as elemental doping, construction of superlattice structures, and formation of Schottky barriers can enhance the thermoelectric performance of MXene. Additionally, introducing different scattering mechanisms enables the tuning of MXene's thermoelectric properties and allows for the decoupling of the three key physical quantities in thermoelectric applications: electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity^[27].

In low-dimensional materials, the quantum confinement effect reduces the coupling between thermoelectric factors, thereby enhancing the material's thermoelectric performance^[28]. Combining MXene with low-dimensional materials is currently a hot topic in materials science research. Figure 2illustrates the research timeline of MXene combined with low-dimensional materials in the thermoelectric field. The combination not only fully leverages the advantages of each material and optimizes their overall performance but also expands the application scope and unlocks the potential functionalities of the materials. Therefore, researchers have proposed a strategy of combining MXene with low-dimensional materials to enhance its thermoelectric performance. This strategy aims to integrate the unique properties of low-dimensional materials with MXene's inherent superior characteristics, thereby improving MXene's thermoelectric performance and broadening its applications in the thermoelectric field. When combined with one-dimensional materials, emphasis is placed on utilizing their high carrier mobility^[29]and quantum size effects^[30]. When combined with two-dimensional materials, the focus is on optimizing carrier transport pathways^[31]and regulating the band structure^[32]. These two different combination approaches each have their own emphasis in enhancing thermoelectric performance, providing unique pathways for improving thermoelectric efficiency.

The combination of MXene with one-dimensional materials can achieve synergistic enhancement of multiple properties. By integrating MXene with one-dimensional materials, a novel composite structure can be realized, leveraging the low thermal conductivity of one-dimensional materials and the high electrical conductivity of MXene to reduce thermal conductivity while maintaining or enhancing electrical conductivity^[33]. Meanwhile, the interfacial effects formed in the composite material may also introduce energy filtering effects or create special spatial structures, optimizing electron and phonon transport properties to regulate and improve thermoelectric performance. This section will analyze and summarize the enhancement of MXene's thermoelectric performance by introducing different types of one-dimensional materials (Table 1).

Two-dimensional materials, due to their atomically thin layered structure, exhibit higher electrical conductivity and electron mobility. In contrast, traditional materials often have higher thermal conductivity because of their three-dimensional structure, which is detrimental to optimizing thermoelectric performance. Additionally, the mechanical flexibility and processability of two-dimensional materials provide excellent tunability. By constructing new interfaces between MXene and two-dimensional materials (such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and oxide nanosheets), it is possible to regulate the electronic properties of composite materials and influence carrier distribution and movement through band offset effects, potentially enabling precise control over the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity^[50-51]. Moreover, lattice mismatch and differences in phonon band structures between different materials, as well as material interfaces and defects serving as phonon scattering centers, can effectively reduce thermal conductivity. Furthermore, innovative heterostructure designs, such as vertically stacked van der Waals heterostructures and horizontally combined two-dimensional materials, hold promise for regulating nanoscale carrier transport phenomena and optimizing the thermoelectric performance of composite materials through material structure and interface design (Table 2). This section will analyze and summarize the different impacts of introducing two-dimensional materials on the thermoelectric performance of MXene.

In the pursuit of new and sustainable energy forms, thermoelectric conversion technology can help recover energy from waste heat and convert thermal energy into electricity for power generation. There is good reason to believe that thermoelectric conversion technology will become one of the key energy technologies of the future. Therefore, it is necessary to design novel thermoelectric materials or structures with higher efficiency than existing materials. As a new type of two-dimensional thermoelectric material, MXene possesses unique advantages in mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. However, due to its distinctive two-dimensional layered structure and physicochemical characteristics, MXene exhibits relatively high thermal conductivity. Phonons, which are the primary carriers of heat conduction, have their propagation within the crystal lattice strictly constrained by the lattice structure and chemical bonds. The interlayer coupling in MXene is weak, far less robust than the chemical bonds within a single layer. This unique layered structure limits the pathways available for phonon propagation. Additionally, surface-terminating groups form complex chemical bonds and interactions that affect phonon vibration frequencies and energy transport paths. Differences in atomic mass and the rigidity of chemical bonds also contribute to discontinuities in phonon conduction pathways.

To address the inherent limitations of MXene and further enhance its thermoelectric performance, a strategy of compositing with low-dimensional materials is proposed. Existing research has found that one-dimensional materials, due to their insufficient interfacial effects and scattering sources, perform worse than two-dimensional materials in reducing thermal conductivity. Moreover, when MXene is combined with one-dimensional materials, the interfacial scattering effect is relatively weak, lacking the thermal conduction-blocking effect provided by two-dimensional materials; thus, most studies focus on optimizing the Seebeck coefficient. In one-dimensional materials, electrons are confined to a smaller dimension, and their movement can only occur along a single direction within the material, often influenced by quantum effects in electron and heat conduction. In thermoelectric materials, one-dimensional materials can regulate carrier transport properties through quantum confinement effects, thereby enhancing the Seebeck coefficient. Two-dimensional materials, on the other hand, possess a broader band structure compared to one-dimensional materials, with higher degrees of freedom in electron energy and momentum distribution, resulting in weaker quantum effects. When two-dimensional materials are incorporated, carrier scattering effects easily occur at the interface, complicating carrier thermal excitation and transport, and consequently affecting the enhancement of thermoelectric performance.

The strategy of combining MXene with low-dimensional materials provides a new approach to addressing the inherent metallic properties of MXene, demonstrating the potential of low-dimensional materials in solving practical application challenges and promoting the cross-disciplinary integration and innovative development of materials science and thermoelectric conversion technologies. At the same time, it is also important to note that realizing the practical application of these composite thermoelectric materials still requires overcoming a series of challenges, including large-scale preparation of composites, interfacial stability, material compatibility, and cost-effectiveness issues.

Based on current research, this article proposes the following three directions for future development.

(1) Self-powered modules for flexible wearable electronic devices. The rapid development and high integration of miniaturized and self-powered electronic systems, along with the fast-growing popularity of flexible and wearable electronics, urgently necessitate the development of power supply device modules that meet safety, stability, flexibility, and miniaturization requirements, exemplified by thermoelectric conversion technology. Future thermoelectric materials need to possess good mechanical flexibility and stable thermoelectric performance^[71-73], enabling them to adapt to various curved, twisted, and folded attachment surfaces, thus ensuring that thermoelectric devices maintain stable energy conversion efficiency even after repeated bending and stretching. The mechanical flexibility conferred by MXene's two-dimensional layered structure offers possibilities for realizing foldable electronic products. Considering that wearable electronic devices typically have low energy demands, while human-generated heat is characterized by a low temperature range, dispersed distribution, and frequent movement, thermoelectric conversion devices based on MXene must accordingly achieve higher power density and energy density. Additionally, in material selection, non-toxic and biocompatible materials should be used to ensure safety during prolonged wear.

(2) Thermoelectric Material Design in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technologies, machine learning has already impacted various fields of materials science and engineering. Applying machine learning to the screening, design, and prediction of novel materials will lead to incredible discoveries and progress. MXene naturally allows for multi-elemental modifications and complex, diverse terminal groups. By combining MXene's unique characteristics with existing data, we can establish models to design structures and predict performance, conveniently adjusting and optimizing parameters to rapidly discover new MXene materials with outstanding thermoelectric properties. On the other hand, machine learning algorithms can also be used to conduct in-depth analysis and exploration of the structure-performance relationships in MXene and its composites, enabling the discovery and prediction of novel structures and enhancing thermoelectric performance^[74-76].Relying on the powerful computational capabilities, algorithms, and databases of computers, we can predict material properties such as structure, free energy entropy, bandgap, lattice thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. By integrating materials genomics, big data, and AI-driven predictions, we can design material compositions, structures, sizes, and morphologies. Through precise material design solutions, we can specifically address the inherent drawbacks of traditional thermoelectric materials and intelligently design the structure and parameters of thermoelectric devices.

(3) Low cost, convenience, large-scale production, and integration. To achieve widespread application of thermoelectric conversion technology, the preparation process of thermoelectric materials and devices needs to be simple, low-cost, and suitable for large-scale production. Future research on MXene thermoelectric materials and related devices requires further optimization of synthesis and fabrication methods^[77-79]to enable large-scale production. These technologies should also be compatible with existing electronic device manufacturing processes^[61]to facilitate the integration of thermoelectric conversion technology with other electronic technologies. The composite technology of MXene with other materials also requires optimization of its preparation process to meet the demands of different application scenarios. In the future, advanced micro- and nano-fabrication techniques can be utilized to achieve rapid fabrication and customized design of MXene-based thermoelectric devices. Through systematic performance optimization and application exploration, the efficiency and stability of thermoelectric devices can be further improved, expanding their applications in energy conversion, thermal management, and other fields, thus providing new opportunities and challenges for the research and development of thermoelectric conversion technology.