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Effects of Dry Scattering PAM on the Erosion Sediments of Loess Soil Engineering Accumulation
LUODong, ZOUChaoyu, BAIGangshuan
Journal of Agriculture ›› 2024, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (8) : 30-37.
PDF(1402 KB)
PDF(1402 KB)
Effects of Dry Scattering PAM on the Erosion Sediments of Loess Soil Engineering Accumulation
To explore the suitable amount of dry scattering PAM (polyacrylamide) to reduce the erosion sediments and maintain the stability of engineering accumulation, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/m2 of PAM were dry scattered on the surface of conical loess soil engineering accumulation in the loess hilly-gully region and with no PAM as the control (CK). The effects of PAM on surface runoff, erosion sediments, rill development and soil moisture of loess soil engineering accumulation were monitored under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the runoff, runoff frequency and runoff coefficient of different treatments decreased first and then increased with the increase of PAM dry scattering amount. The values were the lowest when the PAM dry scattering amount was at 1.0 g/m2, and were the highest when PAM dry scattering amount was at 2.5 g/m2. The erosion sediments, rill erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient decreased with the increase of PAM dry scattering amount. When PAM dry scattered at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/m2, the erosion sediments, rill erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient were significantly lower than that of CK and PAM dry scattering amount of 0.5 and 1.0 g/m2. When PAM dry scattered at 1.0 g/m2, the soil moisture of engineering accumulation was the highest, and when PAM dry scattered at 2.5 g/m2, the soil moisture was the lowest. When PAM dry scattering amount reaches 1.5 g/m2, PAM promoted the formation of runoff, reduced the erosion sediments and rill erosion coefficient, and reduced the soil moisture of loess soil engineering accumulation. To sum up, in order to reduce the erosion sediments and maintain the stability of loess soil engineering accumulation, the dry scattering amount of PAM should be about 2.0 g/m2.
PAM / engineering accumulation / run off / erosion sediment / soil moisture
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High levels of turbidity and fine suspended sediments are often found in stormwater discharges from construction sites even when best management practices (BMPs) for sediment control are in place. This study evaluated turbidity reduction by three check dam types: 1) rock check dam representing a standard BMP, 2) excelsior wattle representing a fiber check dam (FCD), and 3) rock check dam wrapped with excelsior erosion control blanket (rock + excelsior ECB) representing an alternative FCD. Three check dams (all same type) were installed in a lined, 24-m ditch on a 5-7% slope and three consecutive simulated stormwater flows were run in the ditch. Additional tests were performed by adding granular polyacrylamide (PAM) on the check dams in the same manner using two sediment sources differing in clay content. Without PAM treatment, significantly higher effluent turbidity (>900 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) exited the ditch with rock check dams than with excelsior wattles or rock + excelsior ECBs (<440 NTU). The extent of sediment deposition between the check dam types was in the order of excelsior wattle > rock + excelsior ECB > rock check dam, indicating better water pooling behind the wattle. The PAM treatment reduced turbidity substantially (>75% relative to no PAM treatment) for all check dam types and it was very effective in excelsior wattles (<57 NTU) and rock + excelsior ECBs (<90 NTU) even during the third storm event. This study demonstrates that the passive treatment of runoff with PAM on FCDs (or rock + excelsior ECB) in construction site ditches can be very effective for sediment retention and turbidity reduction. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Addition of anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) to agricultural irrigation water can dramatically reduce erosion of soils. However, the toxicity of PAM to aquatic life, while often claimed to be low, has not been thoroughly evaluated. Five PAM formulations, including two oil-based products, one water-based product, one granular product and one tablet product, were evaluated for acute and/or chronic toxicity to five species commonly used for freshwater toxicity testing [Hyalella azteca (Saussure), Chironomus dilutus (Shobanov et al.), Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard), Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque), and Selenastrum capricornutum (Printz)]. When applied as an oil-based product, acute toxicity was seen to four of the five species at concentrations less than the 10 mg/L that is often used for erosion control. Toxicity was diminished, but still remained, after passage of the irrigation water across an agricultural field, indicating a potential impact to nearby surface waters. Results from the non-oil-based products indicated minimal toxicity associated with PAM even at concentrations 10 times those used in agriculture when applied in the granular form, as a tablet, or in a water-based liquid. These data suggest that other agents in the oil-based products, such as surfactants or emulsifiers, rather than the PAM itself, contribute to the toxicity. Care is required in selecting an appropriate PAM formulation when the potential exists for entry of tailwater to nearby surface waters.
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