5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is widely present in animals, plants, and microbial cells and serves as a key precursor for tetrapyrrole compounds. It participates in the synthesis of essential metabolites such as heme, vitamin B₁₂, and chlorophyll, exhibiting diverse physiological functions. This paper summarized the biosynthesis pathway of 5-ALA and its transport mechanism across different cell types, analyzed the functions and regulatory mechanisms of important downstream metabolites derived from 5-ALA, and reviewed the current applications of 5-ALA in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Furthermore, this paper highlighted existing challenges, including immaturity of biosynthesis technology and lack of standardized application protocols, and provided future research prospects to guide its potential applications in agriculture.

This study focused on carbon footprint and nitrogen fertilizer utilization in agricultural production, providing theoretical support for low-carbon production of dry rice. The carbon footprint (CFP) of the production process of upland rice was calculated by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results showed that the carbon footprint of 1 kg Jilin upland rice from planting to product processing was 0.4721 kg CO₂-eq. The carbon footprint of upland rice was mainly derived from nitrogen fertilizer production (39.71%) and land emission (20.41%). In conclusion, compared with rice, upland rice had no methane emission and had emission reduction effect. Optimization of fertilizer selection, rational reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application, application of controlled release fertilizer, addition of nitrification inhibitor, and rational substitution of organic fertilizer for fertilizer were important ways to further achieve carbon emission reduction of upland rice.

With the improvement of the ability to resist dominant disasters, unnoticeable natural hazards have gradually evolved into a key factor affecting the continuous and balanced increase of crop yield in China. Understanding the mechanisms, characteristics and countermeasures to the unnoticeable natural hazards could provide important theoretical and technological supports to the implement strategies for hazard alleviation. This paper reviews the types of the main unnoticeable natural hazards on maize production, and points out the diversity and complexity of them. The study explores the impact of unnoticeable natural hazards on maize growth and development, revealing that these hazards significantly inhibit photosynthesis, delay growth stages, and reduce pollination and seed-setting rates. Additionally, they impede plant growth and lead to poor kernel development, ultimately compromising both maize yield and quality. Specifically, drought and high temperatures exacerbate water stress, while waterlogging and prolonged overcast/rainy conditions cause root hypoxia and insufficient light energy, respectively. Furthermore, low-temperature chilling injury slows growth and increases physiological disorders. Collectively, these factors lead to yield reduction and diminish farmer income. According to the specific characteristics of different types of unnoticeable natural hazards, the technical measures for preventing or reducing the agricultural unnoticeable natural hazards were put forward, aiming at providing reference for high and stable yield of maize. Through scientific management and countermeasures, the adverse effects on maize production can be effectively mitigated, and both yield and quality can be enhanced.

This paper reviews the history and present situation of research on soil mineral composition and mineralogical types in China, explores research hotspots and difficulties, and provides reference for scientific, accurate and convenient judgment and determination of soil mineralogical types in soil genetic classification or systematic classification. CNKI database was searched by bibliometric retrieval method and 265 articles on soil mineral composition and mineralogical types were collected. This paper analyzed the research direction, subject research focus and research methods, development trend and existing problems of such work over recent 70 years. Soil minerals contain primary minerals and secondary clay minerals, normally affected by parent rock types, environmental climates, weathering, formation time, and the soil composition is complex and varied. In the process of soil formation and evolution, soil minerals have an impact on soil texture, biochemical characteristics, nutrient released, etc. Soil mineral composition is an important reference and basis for both soil texture genetic classification and soil systematic classification. To determine the mineralogical type, it is necessary to define the target soil control layers and particle sizes first. On this premise, the main mineral components are determined and their content levels are analyzed by physical or chemical methods, and the mineralogical type of the target soil is finally determined by comprehensively judging the content level of major mineral components in a certain particle size level within the specific control layers. Soil mineral composition is an important index of soil classification. Besides the relevant techniques of direct determination of mineral composition and content levels, it is of practical significance to explore and summarize the characteristic of mineral composition and distribution in soils so as to obtain soil mineral species easily, rapidly and at low cost.

In order to study the warming effect of different plastic film mulching methods on early spring corn in Wuhan, ensure safe sowing and increase yield per unit, a comparative observation experiment was conducted on three covering methods with ‘Etianyu No5’ as test material in Hannan District of Wuhan, including open field sowing, single-layer plastic film covering, and single-layer plastic film + small arch shed. The results showed that plastic film covering significantly increased the ground temperature by 10 cm, increased the effective accumulated temperature by 9.9%-22.1% compared to open field sowing, shortened the entire growth period by 5-13 days, and increased the seedling emergence rate by 20%-30%. Among them, the warming effect of plastic film + small arch shed treatment is the most significant, and the effect of promoting early market is the best; the open field sowing method is not suitable for promotion due to the high risk of low temperature and cold damage during the sowing period. Under the methods of plastic film covering and plastic film + arch shed, the average earliest suitable sowing period could be 8 days and 19 days earlier than open field sowing, respectively. In terms of selecting a safe sowing period, if continuous low temperature is forecasted, the germination rate could be improved by delaying sowing or adding small arch sheds, thereby reducing the risk of low temperature and cold damage.

Cultivated land serves as the material foundation for human survival and development. The construction of high-standard farmland is a crucial measure to enhance grain production capacity and ensure national food security. The evaluation of cultivated land quality grades is an important means to improve land management and protection intensity. This study employs the concept of fuzzy mathematics, utilizing methods such as the membership function method and expert experience method to standardize the evaluation factors. It investigates and evaluates the quality of cultivated land before and after the high-standard farmland construction project in four townships of Yuanping City in 2021. The results showed that the content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium in the project area increased by 7.45%, 9.59% and 6.48%, respectively. The average grade of cultivated land quality after construction was 5.73, which was 0.54 higher than that before construction. To a certain extent, the high-standard farmland construction project has enhanced the quality level of cultivated land and the grain production capacity in Yuanping City.

The paper aims to address the issues of wheat variety selection and corresponding pest and disease control in different regions. Firstly, a data corpus with 3481 wheat variety data and 312 pest data was constructed. According to the characteristics of the corpus, the knowledge system model layer of wheat variety and pest control was defined in a fine grained manner. Secondly, the comparative advantages of Bert and Word2vec word - embedding models on small and medium-sized datasets were verified on public datasets and constructed datasets respectively, and then the attribute knowledge of wheat varieties and pests was extracted by using models suitable for each scale datasets. The experimental results showed that the F₁ value of Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model was 0.1499 higher than that of Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model in breed datasets. Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model was superior to Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model in pest datasets.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

The study aims to explorethe time series dynamic relationship between meteorological conditions and the yield of chili peppers in the Qiannan region,and lay a solid theoretical foundation for production planning, climate adaptability analysis, and future yield prediction of the chili pepper industry in this area. Four methods, namely the single exponential smoothing method, the quadratic exponential smoothing method, the 3-year moving mean method, and the HP filtering method, were adopted to separate the unit yield data of peppers in Qiannan region from 2013 to 2022 into the trend yield and meteorological yield of peppers. Through correlation analysis, the main meteorological factors affecting yield of pepper were screened out. Subsequently, a stepwise regression model was used to construct a prediction model for the meteorological yield of peppers. According to research findings, (1) four different methods for separating yield all effectivelyreflected the consistency characteristics of the meteorological yield sequence and the changes in meteorological disasters in Qiannan. Among them, the trend yield separated by the single exponential smoothing method could efficiently capture the more intense fluctuation parts in the yield; (2) in the meteorological yield prediction model of peppers, except for Duyun and Guiding, the R² of the meteorological yield prediction model of peppers in the other counties ranged from 0.728 (Longli) to 0.998 (Fuquan), and all passed the 99% confidence test. Except for Pingtang, Sandu, Fuquan and Duyun, the prediction models based on meteorological factors constructed for the remaining counties performed well in simulating the yield of peppers, and the model accuracy and prediction accuracy were relatively high, which can be applied to the estimation of pepper yields.

To systematically sort out the historical context and cultural connotation of plantains introduction and planting in Beijing, the method of literature research and image mutual verification was adopted, combined with the perspective of garden history, botany and culturology. On the basis of summarizing the name evolution, plant characteristics and national planting history of plantains, the introduction process, application scenarios and planting techniques of plantains in Beijing were emphatically studied. The research shows that the introduction of plantains in Beijing began in the royal palace garden (Xiyuan plantains garden) in the early Ming Dynasty, gradually expanded to private courtyards (such as Gongwangfu and Shaoyuan) in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and continued to be used in the agricultural experimental field and private houses. Restricted by the warm temperate monsoon climate, plantains in Beijing adopt the seasonal protection technology of 'open field planting in summer courtyard and overwintering in greenhouse / warm room / cellar'. Plantains, red banana and canna have name confusion in historical records, which needs to be combined with morphological characteristics and planting environment. Although limited by the lack of data, it is difficult to fully present its historical evolution, the textual criticism of the history of the introduction. However, the planting methods of plantain has reference significance for the related research on the introduction and planting history of other plants originating in the south, and can provide reference for the historical research on the introduction and planting of other types of plants. At the same time, it also provides a comprehensive research paradigm of 'literature + image + skill' for the textual research of the introduction history of southern plants in the northern region, which has reference value for promoting traditional plant culture and guiding modern garden plant configuration.

To understand the current status and patterns of soil nutrient distribution in cultivated land in Yanyuan County, and to promote environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable agricultural practices, this study utilized soil survey data from the cultivated land quality evaluation project conducted in Yanyuan County from 2020 to 2022. Statistical methods were employed to analyze the pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the topsoil, providing a theoretical foundation for scientific fertilization of cultivated land in Yanyuan County. The results showed that the average levels of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in Yanyuan County were pH 6.52, 25.91 g/kg, 1.41 g/kg, 24.36 mg/kg and 168.86 mg/kg, respectively, resulting in an average comprehensive grade of 5.93, which suggested a moderate overall quality of the cultivated land. Spatially, soil organic matter and total nitrogen levels increased from east to west, while available phosphorus exhibited no discernible trend, with lower values concentrated in specific areas. Available potassium levels were higher in the central region compared to the north-south region. Over the period from 2020 to 2022, pH remained stable at a weak acid level, organic matter and available potassium levels increased, whereas total nitrogen levels gradually decreased.

Through a bibliometric analysis of literature on the development of smart agriculture in China, this study aims to understand the publication status, research hotspots, emerging trends, and development directions within this field. Based on data collected from CNKI, the study retrieved and analyzed 94 articles published over the past five years (2019-2023) in core journals indexed in NU, CSSCI, and CSCD under the theme of "smart agriculture development." The results revealed the following: (1) publications on smart agriculture began to surge in 2019, reaching a peak in 2021; (2) universities and research institutions served as the primary centers for research on smart agriculture development; (3) most Chinese scholars focused their research on aspects such as development logic, development models, strategic frameworks, bidirectional mechanisms, and optimization paths within smart agriculture development; (4) the majority of research achievements in this field had been supported by project funding. Research on smart agriculture development is currently in a growth phase, with universities and research institutes contributing the largest volume of publications. In future, the development of smart agriculture should be explored from more novel perspectives in alignment with national strategic requirements.

In this study, with 'Hongyou 7' as the control, the field agronomic traits, disease-resistance performance, yield traits and rice quality of the new varieties 'Dedao 1' and 'Dedao 3' were compared to provide a scientific basis for the popularization and application of soft rice varieties in Yunnan. The results showed that the growth period of 'Dedao 1' (151 days) was the longest, followed by that of 'Hongyou 7' (145 days), and the growth period of 'Dedao 3' (136 days) was the shortest. There was no significant difference in plant height among the three varieties, and the occurrence of field diseases was generally mild. Among them, the disease indices of panicle neck blast, bacterial blight and sheath blight of 'Dedao 1' and 'Dedao 3' were significantly lower than those of 'Hongyou 7'. The panicle length, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, seed-setting rate and 1000-grain weight of 'Dedao 1' and 'Dedao 3' were higher than those of 'Hongyou 7', and their average yields were 15.54% and 6.89% higher than that of 'Hongyou 7' respectively. The cooking quality of 'Dedao 1' and 'Dedao 3' was better than that of 'Hongyou 7'. Compared with 'Hongyou 7', the new varieties 'Dedao 1' and 'Dedao 3' have outstanding comprehensive performance and good adaptability, and can be further demonstrated, popularized and planted in the soft-rice production areas of Yunnan.

To explore the curing process in heat pump bulk for one time harvesting upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco-rice multiple-cropping area, ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as the experimental material to study the effects of different curing processes on the ratio of greenish and miscellaneous tobacco, high quality tobacco ratio, average price, energy consumption, appearance quality, physical character, chemical composition, and smoking quality of the cured tobacco leaves. The results show that compared with the four-step curing process, the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process can enhance the chromaticity of tobacco leaves, increase the chlorogenic acid content of tobacco leaves, increase the proportion of main tobacco leaves by 5.61%, reduce the proportion of miscellaneous tobacco leaves by 38.05%, reduce the proportion of greenish tobacco leaves by 54.40%, increase the high quality tobacco ratio by14.74%, increase the average price, appearance quality index, and total score of smoking quality by 8.59%, 8.29%, and 2.38%, respectively, and reduce the total energy consumption cost by 3.95%. Therefore, for the one time harvesting upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco-rice multiple-cropping area, the use of steady temperature and humidity drop curing process in heat pump intensive curing barn can improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves, reduce curing costs, and have certain promotion value.

To explore the efficiency of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers in rice, this experiment set up four treatments of fertilization: conventional fertilization, Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer, Sirte slow-release fertilizer, and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer. The rice yield and soil chemical properties were measured in each plot, and the effects of different slow (controlled) release fertilizers on reduction and efficiency of rice fertilizer, soil fertility and determination of soil chemical properties were evaluated using combination of the analysis of soil enzyme activity and microorganism indicators. The results showed that when fertilizer nutrients quantity decreased by 13%, the theoretical yield of rice was consistent with the actual yield, with Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment>Sirte slow-release fertilizer treatment>conventional fertilization treatment>Maoshi controlled-release fertilizer treatment; under the application of slow (controlled) release fertilizer in rice, the cost-saving and fertilizer reduction effect of Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were the better; the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium content of rice grains and straw treated with Sirte slow-release fertilizer and Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer were relatively higher. Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer treatment had the best effect on improving various chemical and biological characteristics of soil. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the application of Maoshi dual control slow-release fertilizer had the best effect.

The purpose of this study is to make rational use of agricultural climate resources, carry out the climate suitable zoning of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi, and arrange the planting area of seabuckthorn scientifically. Base on the historical meteorological data of 25 national meteorological stations in Aheqi County and its surrounding areas from 1991 to 2024, the climatic regionalization index of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi County was determined by using ≥10°C accumulated temperature, frost-free period statistical method, grid mathematical model of spatial distribution of climatic elements and their changes, and agricultural climatic regionalization method. By using ArcGIS technology, the seabuckthorn planting area was divided into four areas : the most suitable area, the suitable area, the sub-suitable area and the unsuitable area. The research shows that the most suitable areas for planting sea buckthorn are in the middle and eastern part of the county, and the central and southern plains of the southern valley. The suitable areas are in the middle and eastern part of the county and the southern plain of the valley at an altitude of 1900-2100 m and 2200-2400 m. The sub-suitable planting areas are in the county valley plain and the valley hilly low mountain belt. The unsuitable areas are distributed in the middle and high mountain areas in the western, northern and southern mountainous areas of the county.

To address the dual challenges of soil degradation caused by long-term chemical fertilizer application in citrus orchards and livestock and poultry waste pollution, this study systematically reviews the biological configuration technologies of grass cultivation in citrus orchards, the assimilation potential of aquaculture waste, and the ecological and productive effects, aiming to construct an " citrus-grass-livestock" ecological recycling model and achieve resource utilization of agricultural waste. The results indicate that: (1) suitable grass species for citrus intercropping should be adapted according to tree age and season; young orchards are suitable for light-loving and high-yield forage grasses (e.g., peanut, ryegrass), while mature orchards prioritize shade-tolerant and dwarf forage grasses (e.g., white clover, bahiagrass); spatiotemporal configuration requires optimization of sowing dates and mowing frequency (ryegrass is suitable for autumn sowing, with 3-4 mowings annually). (2) Significant differences exist in nutrient requirements between citrus and forage grasses; citrus orchards of varying yields can assimilate cattle manure at 9.62-24.04 t/hm² and pig manure at 6.58-16.45 t/hm², while ryegrass demonstrates assimilation capacities of 9.21 t/hm² for pig manure and 13.4 t/hm² for cattle manure. (3) This model significantly improves soil properties (reducing bulk density by 17.26% and increasing organic matter by 39.6%), promotes growth of both citrus and forage grasses, with maximum citrus yield increase of 19.5%, and elevates fruit soluble solids content from 101.1 g/kg to 108.7 g/kg (a 7.6% improvement). In conclusion, the citrus grass cultivation model, through scientific biological configuration, efficiently assimilates livestock waste while simultaneously achieving soil improvement and yield-quality enhancement, representing a circular agriculture model that balances ecological and economic benefits. This study provides theoretical support for the promotion of the "citrus-grass-livestock" model; future research should focus on regional adaptability, long-term application risks, and the establishment of technical standards.

To investigate the effects of bacterial fertilizer and amino water-soluble fertilizer combined application on rhizosphere soil and growth of tobacco plants under the condition of chemical fertilizer control, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer on tobacco plant growth, rhizosphere soil physical and chemical properties, enzyme activity, bacterial community structure and diversity under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, with conventional fertilization as control (A0B1). The results showed that compared with A0B1, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, bacterial fertilizer combined with amino water-soluble fertilizer showed various effects. (1) The contents of organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available P and the activity of catalase and urease in rhizosphere soil increased, and the activity of nitrate reductase decreased. (2) The diversity and relative abundance of bacteria and fungi in rhizosphere soil were increased, the relative abundance of specific bacteria, fungi and dominant bacteria (Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes) increased, and the relative abundance of dominant bacteria (Actinobacteria and Entorrhizomycota) decreased. (3) Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the key environmental factor positively correlated with the abundance of bacterial and fungal communities, and available P was negatively which correlated with the relative abundance of bacterial communities. (4) This combined application method promoted the growth and development of tobacco and leaf opening. In general, under the condition of 10% nitrogen reduction, the application of bacterial fertilizer combined with amino soluble fertilizer can improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient level, improve the rhizosphere micro-ecological environment, and promote the growth and development of tobacco plants, the overall effect of bacterial fertilizer+75.0 g/hm² amino water-soluble fertilizer treatment(A1B3) is better.

Promoting agricultural carbon reduction and sink enhancement is a crucial approach to achieve China’s dual carbon goals and represents an inevitable trend in developing green agriculture. This study analyzes key carbon-emitting activities in agricultural farming processes and establishes an agricultural green development evaluation system based on existing research. The system comprises 4 first-level indicators (product supply, low-carbon effect, resource utilization, and ecosystem) and 25 second-level indicators. It estimates and evaluates the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) agriculture in facilitating agricultural carbon reduction and sink enhancement, while providing policy recommendations. TCM agriculture demonstrates significant potential in promoting the growth and development of crops and livestock, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products, degrading pesticide residues, regulating heavy metal pollution, recycling agricultural waste, and controlling pests and diseases. It effectively reduces the reliance on chemical inputs, enhances resource utilization efficiency, and innovatively improves the agricultural ecological environment, thereby comprehensively advancing carbon reduction and sink enhancement in agriculture. Given the current state of Chinese agriculture, there remains considerable potential for carbon reduction. As an innovative green ecological farming model with Chinese characteristics, TCM agriculture plays a vital role in promoting agricultural green development and achieving the goals of ‘Peak Carbon by 2030 and Carbon Neutrality by 2060’.

In order to explore the quality characteristics of flue-cured tobacco hybrid ‘YY021’, a multi-point field comparative test was conducted with ‘Heluo No.1’ as the control variety. The appearance quality and sensory quality of raw tobacco were evaluated, and the contents of chemical components and aroma components were determined to comprehensively evaluate the quality and aroma components of tobacco leaves. The results showed that the quality of ‘YY021’ middle tobacco was slightly better than that of upper tobacco. The scores of chemical composition, sensory quality evaluation and comprehensive evaluation of ‘YY021’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Heluo No.1’, and the performance of each pilot was consistent. The contents of five kinds of neutral aroma components in the upper leaves of ‘YY021’ were higher than those in the middle leaves. The content of sugar and browning products of middle leaves of ‘Heluo No.1’ were significantly higher than those of ‘YY021’. The contents of total neutral aroma components, chlorophyll degradation products (neophytadiene) and cembranoids (solanone) in middle leaves of ‘YY021’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Heluo No.1’, which were 278.93, 243.80 and 38.21 μg/g, respectively. The quality of ‘YY021’ was better than that of ‘Heluo No.1’. Neophytadiene, ketone, benzyl alcohol, β-damone and giant bean trienone were important aroma components that affect their quality.