To investigate the effects of different parents in interspecific hybridization of the genus Fraxinus on hybrid F₁ seeds, a total of 36 interspecific hybridization combinations of the genus Fraxinus were designed, and F₁ seeds from various hybrid combinations were collected. Statistical analysis of characteristic data such as thousand seed weight, wing length, wing width, and wing length/width of seeds was conducted. SPSS 24.0 software was used to perform variance analysis on the data, comparing the differences between inter species hybrids and intra species hybrids, as well as the effects of different genotypes of maternal and paternal parents on hybrid species. The results showed that there were significant differences in the four indicators of F₁ seeds between interspecific hybridization and intraspecific hybridization when F. pennsylvanica was used as the maternal parent and different species of Fraxinus male parent. The variation range between different combinations of interspecific hybridization was large. However, when using F. velutina as the maternal parent and different species of Fraxinus male parent, there was no significant overall difference in seed traits between interspecific hybridization and intraspecific hybridization. Four genotypes of F. velutina were hybridized with the female parent of F. mandshurica, resulting in significant variations in seed traits in the F₁ generation. Five genotypes of F. velutina were hybridized with the male parent of F. pennsylvanica, resulting in significant differences in thousand seed weight traits in the F₁ generation; The F₁ seed trait variation obtained by crossing the male parent of F. mandshurica with and the female parent of F. velutina was superior to that of the hybrid combination with F. pennsylvanica as the female parent. The results showed that the F₁ hybrid seeds in the interspecific hybrid of the genus Fraxinus had abundant genetic variation. Overall, it is believed that the variation of hybrid seeds with F. velutina as the maternal parent is higher than that as the paternal parent. Different genotypes of F. mandshurica as the paternal parent have no significant effect on the seed traits of F₁ generation. The study provides a reference for the selection of parents for interspecific hybridization in the genus Fraxinus, further improving the efficiency of Fraxinus.

This study aims to provide scientific basis and practical guidance for the optimization and improvement of blueberry substrate cultivation in Yunnan Province. 12 blueberry substrate cultivation bases with the same planting variety and tree age in Yunnan Province were selected. Substrate samples were collected during the full fruit period, and indicators such as bulk density, EC value, pH, air porosity, water holding capacity, steam-water ratio, ≤1 mm weight, >1 mm weight, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were measured and evaluated using the membership function comprehensive analysis method. The results showed that there were extremely significant differences in various indicators of the substrates in different bases. The order of membership degree from large to small was Yanshan> Lanping> Mengzi> Shilin> Yulong> Chengjiang> Jingdong> Mile> Jianshui 2> Jianshui 1> Qilin> Qiubei. The Yanshan base had the highest comprehensive score, and its substrate ratio was coconut husk: peat: perlite= 2:1:1; the Lanping base was second, with a substrate ratio of coconut husk: peat: perlite= 4:3:3; the Mengzi base ranked third, with a substrate ratio of coconut husk: coconut block: perlite= 2:1:2. The research analysis found that the addition of peat improved the substrate performance, but there is relatively less high-quality peat on the market. It is recommended to prioritize coconut husk as the main component of the substrate in production and appropriately add perlite to improve the physical properties of the substrate. The substrate formula can be adjusted according to the actual situation to achieve the best cultivation effect.

Burdock root is rich in numerous functional active substances and exhibits functions such as lowering blood glucose, exerting antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, regulating lipid metabolism, and modulating the intestinal flora. It is renowned as the ‘King of Vegetables’ and ‘Oriental Ginseng’. This study places emphasis on the types and physiological functions of active substances such as polysaccharides, polyphenols, dietary fibers, amino acids, fatty acids, volatile oils, lignans, phytosterols, and pentacyclic triterpenes in burdock root. It also summarizes the current status of the development and utilization of primary and advanced processing products of burdock root. On this basis, the development of the burdock root industry is prospected, with the aim of providing a reference for the application of burdock root in fields such as food, medicine, and the chemical industry, as well as for its high-quality industrialization.

To explore new approaches for the application of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms in agriculture, this study conducted a literature review and analysison the screening of cellulose degrading bacteria and the optimization of enzyme production in recent years, summarizing and analyzing four key aspects: strain types, enzyme production condition optimization, construction of composite microbial communities, and applications of these microbial communities in agriculture. The study outlines different screening strategies and advantages of various strains, analyzes the raw material types and strain specificity for optimizing cellulose-degrading enzyme production conditions, and discusses the necessity and significance of constructing composite microbial communities. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of cellulose-degrading microorganisms (or communities) in three areas: biofertilizers, crop residue utilization, and bioenergy. The study identifies current limitations, such as the limited variety of cellulases produced by single strains and the need for optimized enzyme production conditions in composite microbial communities. To address these issues, the study proposes focusing on enhancing the screening of efficient cellulose-degrading microorganisms, utilizing molecular biology techniques to construct gene banks for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, and studying their degradation mechanisms. These efforts aim to improve the efficiency of screening for cellulose-degrading microorganisms, reduce the waste of agricultural resources, and promote rapid agricultural development and resource recycling.

The paper aims to investigate the effects of bumblebee pollination on the quality and economic benefits of fresh tomatoes. This study took the fresh tomato variety ‘Jingcai 8’ as the research object. Through relevant investigations, data analysis, and economic benefit calculations, the effects of bumblebee pollination and hormone dipping on fresh tomatoes overwintering cultivated in greenhouse were studied. The research results showed that bee pollination increased the fruit setting rate, single fruit weight, and total yield of fresh tomatoes. The rate of malformed fruits decreased by 78.05%, the number of single fruits increased by 91.52%, the total sugar content increased by 17.44%, the soluble solids increased by 7.89%, the sugar acid ratio increased by 14.07%, tomato sales revenue increased by 8.06%, cost savings were 11550 yuan/hm², efficiency increased by 38910 yuan/hm², and total benefits increased by 12.49%. In addition to economic benefits, bee pollination reduced the use of hormones and pesticides, which had good ecological benefits. This study provides a reference for the promotion and application of bee pollination technology in the production of fresh tomatoes.

In order to explore the morphological characteristics and germination characteristics of Rhododendron species, the morphological structures of seeds from eight species were observed using a stereo microscope (LIOO SZ745). We also explored the impacts of gibberellin (GA₃) concentration, GA₃ treatment time, and soaking time in water on the germination traits of Rhododendron species. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis of germination traits among different species and provenances of Rhododendron species, as well as the impact of seed size on germination. The results showed that: (1) the seeds of the Rhododendronspecies were spindle-shaped, oval and small, the longitudinal and the aspect ratio of R. micranthum seeds was significantly higher than the other three Rhododendron seeds, the transverse diameter of the R. molle seeds was significantly higher than the other three Rhododendron seeds (P<0.01). (2) R. micranthum had the highest germination rate at GA₃ 0 mg/L, 4 h in the processing time, and the soaking time of 24 h; R. simsii seed was the highest in germination rate at GA₃ 100 mg/L, the processing time was 12 h, and the soaking time was 48 h; when the GA₃ 400 mg/L, the processing time was 4 h, the soaking time was 24 h, the germination rate of the R. mucronulatum was the highest; when the GA₃ 0 mg/L, the processing time was 4 h, the soaking time was 48 h, the germination rate of R. molle was the highest. (3) There were differences in germination rate, germination potential, germination lag, germination peak, germination duration and germination index of Rhododendron seeds among different provenances. R. simsii had the highest germination rate and germination potential, R. mucronulatum had the longest germination lag, germination peak and germination duration, and R. molle had the largest germination index. (4) The longitudinal diameter, transverse diameter and aspect ratio of Rhododendron seeds were negatively correlated with germination rate, germination potential, germination time lag, germination peak period, germination duration and germination index. This study can provide a theoretical basis for species identification and introduction and propagation of Rhododendron plants.

Heavy metal contamination of soil affects soil and crop quality and poses a threat to human health. Traditional phytoremediation techniques face challenges such as prolonged remediation cycles, poor adaptability, and the complexity of pollution, thus making it crucial to explore the mechanisms of removal, decomposition, and detoxification through enhanced phytoremediation technologies in heavy metal-contaminated soils. By collecting literature on intensive phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils, we concisely described techniques such as genetic engineering, the application of plant growth regulators, microbial synergistic remediation, and the addition of chelating agents, focusing on how these techniques enhance plant tolerance to heavy metal ions and affect their transport within the plant. This paper proposed that future agricultural production should focus more on understanding the molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory networks of plants, as well as the demand and uptake capacity of different plants for specific nutrients. Additionally, it suggested exploring more in situ bioresistance resources and combinatorial modes, enriching the symbiotic systems of bacteria and plants within contamination ranges, optimizing the dosage of chelating agents, and prioritizing biodegradable chelating agents or developing environmentally friendly substitutes. These efforts aimed to provide a theoretical and practical basis for utilizing enhanced phytoremediation technologies to address soil heavy metal contamination.

To provide scientific reference for soil quality evaluation and agricultural green development in China, this study used bibliometric methods to conduct quantitatively analysis, screened the hotspots and frontiers of soil quality evaluation based on minimum data set (MDS), and summarized the current methods and indicators used to select the MDS in soil quality research. By searching relevant literatures on CNKI and Web of Science from 1991 to 2022, we collected and screened 310 MDS. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to conduct co-occurrence analysis of the annual number of publications, countries/regions, institutions, journals, and to perform burst words and clusters analysis on keywords. Over the past 31 years, the publications in this field have gradually increased and remain in a phase of rapid development. China is the country with the largest number of publications. The journals with the largest number of publications are Acta Ecologica Sinica, Chinese Journal of Soil Science, and Ecological Indicators, respectively. The main research hotspots were the impact of agricultural management on soil quality, soil degradation and remediation, soil quality response to climate change, MDS screening methods and model construction, respectively. In the early stage, MDS in soil quality evaluation mainly used physical and chemical indicators, but with the development of soil health, the use of biological indicators has gradually increased. So the number of publications will be still in a rapid growth stage in the next period of time, and developing countries will play an important role in the globe. The core indicators are SOM/SOC, pH, TN, AP and BD, respectively. In future, research on MDS should focus on the building of soil health quality evaluation framework system, which combines static evaluation and dynamic monitoring in different scales and comprehensively reflects soil functions based on big data. The MDS and evaluation system corresponding to soil quality change under the background of climate change should be discussed, and evaluation model and optimal MDS (OMDS) should be constructed to accurately reflect soil quality change rules.

Sulfuric acid digestion is an effective method to decompose cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin into monosaccharides or disaccharides. The experiment was designed as a 3-factor completely randomized experimental design with response surface method was used to investigate the effects of sulfuric acid mass fraction, acid digestion temperature and acid digestion time on the content of fulvic acid using rapeseed cake as the raw material for acid digestion, and to screen the optimal parameters for the preparation of fulvic acid from rapeseed cake. The results showed that the mass fraction of sulfuric acid, acid digestion temperature and acid digestion time had significant effects on the content of xanthohumic acid. The optimal parameters for the preparation of fulvic acid from rapeseed cake by sulfuric acid digestion were the temperature of 100℃, sulfuric acid mass fraction of 25% and acid digestion time of 0.5 h. The content of fulvic acid prepared from rapeseed cake by sulfuric acid digestion was the highest in this condition, which was 14.17%, nitrogen content was 0.56%, phosphorus content was 0.25% and potassium content was 0.0028%.

Algae-derived biostimulants is widely distributed and environmentally friendly, which contains various mineral elements and organic active substances. It can not only be directly applied in crop cultivation, but also combined with fertilizer to produce seaweed fertilizer, which has broad market prospects. In order to improve the extraction efficiency of algal-derived biostimulants, accelerate the development of seaweed fertilizer production process, and promote the high-quality development of the seaweed fertilizer market, a review was conducted on the research progress related to the extraction and addition processes of algal-derived biostimulants. Firstly, the sources and active ingredients of algae-derived biostimulants were summarized. Secondly, the applications of algae-derived biostimulants in promoting plant growth, resisting stress and improving soil ecological environment were reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of physical, chemical and biological extraction methods of algal derived biostimulants were introduced, and an efficient compound extraction process was proposed. Then, the application methods of algal-derived biostimulants in urea-based high tower compound fertilizer, nitro-based high tower compound fertilizer, water-soluble fertilizer and organic fertilizer were discussed. Finally, the development of the seaweed fertilizer industry was discussed and suggestions were put forward. At present, the seaweed fertilizer product market price is high, with poor production quality, and low market share. It is suggested to control the production cost of seaweed fertilizer through promoting technological innovation, optimize the seaweed fertilizer market environment through strengthening market supervision, and increase product promotion efforts through innovating technological services.

This paper described the research progress of biocontrol microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) and their main mechanisms for the biocontrol of microbial plant pathogens. Meanwhile, this paper also briefly described the symptoms, pathogenesis, and influencing factors of tobacco black shank disease. Based on the current progress of biocontrol microorganisms to prevent and control tobacco black shank disease, this paper suggested future research directions such as broadening the screening scope of biocontrol microorganisms, delving into the molecular mechanisms of biocontrol microorganisms, utilizing genetic engineering technology to enhance biocontrol microorganisms. Moreover, the possibility of combining biocontrol microorganisms with new materials such as nanomaterials was discussed in order to achieve better prevention and control effects.

To study the influence of rice field integrative cultivation on soil, this article summarized the research progress on integrated rice farming models both domestically and internationally in recent years, and compared them with rice monoculture. The effects of different modes of rice field integrative cultivation on the ecological environment of paddy soil were analyzed from five aspects: soil fertility, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity, soil heavy metal and soil greenhouse gas emission. The results showed that compared to rice monoculture, integrated rice farming significantly improved soil quality, increased soil nutrients, optimized soil structure, promoted soil biodiversity, reduced heavy metal accumulation, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. These findings provided important references for agricultural production and demonstrate the potential of integrated rice farming models in promoting sustainable agricultural development and ecological environment protection.

In order to screen for Huai'an Medicinal Celery (HY) strains that are more suitable for cultivation in the Huai'an region and have excellent comprehensive quality, ‘HY-1’, ‘HY-2’, ‘HY-3’ and ‘HY-4’ were used as experimental materials to compare agronomic traits, photosynthetic characteristics and nutritional quality using significant difference analysis and correlation analysis. The results showed that ‘HY-3’ was dominant in the four lines except for leaflet width, plant height and spread degree. The most obvious advantages were the number of leaflet (172.67 per plant) and plant weight (256.60 g/per plant). Among the four lines, ‘HY-3’ had the highest net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency, while ‘HY-4’ had the highest transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration. Leaflet chlorophyll content (42.13 SPAD), apigenin (1.55 mg/g in leaflet, 0.88 mg/g in petiole) and luteolin (1.77 mg/g in leaflet, 0.28 mg/g in petiole) of ‘HY-3’ were the highest among the 4 lines, and lignin content was relatively high (12.82 mg/g in leaflet, 10.17 mg/g in petiole). The correlation analysis showed that the leaflet length and leaflet width were positively correlated, and the contents of apigenin and luteolin were positively correlated in the 4 ‘HY’ lines. In summary, the ‘HY-3’ has better agronomic traits, photosynthetic capacity, water utilization rate and nutritional quality, and has higher adaptability to stress and high yield potential.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is widely present in animals, plants, and microbial cells and serves as a key precursor for tetrapyrrole compounds. It participates in the synthesis of essential metabolites such as heme, vitamin B₁₂, and chlorophyll, exhibiting diverse physiological functions. This paper summarized the biosynthesis pathway of 5-ALA and its transport mechanism across different cell types, analyzed the functions and regulatory mechanisms of important downstream metabolites derived from 5-ALA, and reviewed the current applications of 5-ALA in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields. Furthermore, this paper highlighted existing challenges, including immaturity of biosynthesis technology and lack of standardized application protocols, and provided future research prospects to guide its potential applications in agriculture.

This paper aims to summarize and scientifically evaluate the effectiveness of existing fluoride reduction measures, providing validation and reference for further research on fluoride reduction strategies. This paper employed a combination of literature analysis, field investigations, and experimental validation to systematically assess the feasibility and effectiveness of various fluoride reduction measures at different stages, including tea tree cultivation, tea leaf harvesting, raw tea production, brick tea production, and tea consumption. Through systematic analysis and experimental validation, it was found that selecting low-fluoride tea tree varieties during cultivation and controlling the harvest time during tea leaf collection effectively reduced the fluoride content at the source. The water washing process during brick tea production was able to lower the fluoride content in the tea leaves to some extent. Additionally, adopting scientifically recommended tea-drinking practices reduced the fluoride intake from brick tea. Calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite were identified as safe and effective fluoride adsorption materials. However, fluoride reduction effects were not significant when improving tea garden environments, using water blanching techniques, or adding fluoride-reducing materials during the pile fermentation process. Research on fluoride reduction measures in brick tea needs to further enhance the scientific evaluation process, improve the feasibility of practical applications, and fully consider the impact of these measures on the quality and safety of brick tea.

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the research status and future directions in the field of leisure agriculture, this paper took the relevant literature published in the CSSCI journals and Peking University core journals collected by CNKI from 2012 to 2023 as the data sources, and used CiteSpace software to analyze the dynamic trends of collaborating authors, collaborating institutions, research trends, and publication volume in this field. The results indicate that the majority of authors have rich connections among themselves, but some teams still have limited network connections. The research institutions are still mainly universities, and their connections withindustries are not close enough. The research topics focus on "rural tourism", "models", "industrial upgrading", etc., mainly focusing on 12 themes including leisure agriculture strategies, rural tourism, influencing factors, development difficulties, industrial integration, low-carbon transformation, and key areas. The related research shows the development trend from macro to micro, and from single discipline extension to interdisciplinary intersection. Future research can delve deeper into the diversity of research teams, the expansion of research content, and the innovation of research contexts. The conclusions can provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.

To explore the curing process in heat pump bulk for one time harvesting upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco-rice multiple-cropping area, ‘Yunyan 87’ was used as the experimental material to study the effects of different curing processes on the ratio of greenish and miscellaneous tobacco, high quality tobacco ratio, average price, energy consumption, appearance quality, physical character, chemical composition, and smoking quality of the cured tobacco leaves. The results show that compared with the four-step curing process, the steady temperature and humidity drop curing process can enhance the chromaticity of tobacco leaves, increase the chlorogenic acid content of tobacco leaves, increase the proportion of main tobacco leaves by 5.61%, reduce the proportion of miscellaneous tobacco leaves by 38.05%, reduce the proportion of greenish tobacco leaves by 54.40%, increase the high quality tobacco ratio by14.74%, increase the average price, appearance quality index, and total score of smoking quality by 8.59%, 8.29%, and 2.38%, respectively, and reduce the total energy consumption cost by 3.95%. Therefore, for the one time harvesting upper tobacco leaves in the tobacco-rice multiple-cropping area, the use of steady temperature and humidity drop curing process in heat pump intensive curing barn can improve the quality of flue-cured tobacco leaves, reduce curing costs, and have certain promotion value.

In this study, data on yield and quality of Zhaotong apples were obtained from China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI) full text database and Web of Science database (WOS), a linear model was established by fitting a regression model using least squares estimation in order to study the effects of climatic factors on yield and quality of Zhaotong apples. The coefficient of determination of annual rainfall was low for yield and soluble solids content, and was high for titratable acid and water contents. Mean annual temperature had lower coefficients of determination for single fruit weight, titratable acid content and fruit shape index, and had higher coefficients of determination for yield and soluble sugar content. In the Zhaotong apple growing area, the increase of annual rainfall and mean temperature decreased apple quality, while the increase of mean annual maximum temperature increased apple yield, and the increase of mean annual minimum temperature increased single fruit weight. Taking into account the current climatic factors and future trends, it is recommended to plant varieties tolerant to high temperatures and to irrigate 2-3 times from autumn to spring. In breeding and production management, it is recommended to focus on the selection of varieties with extended cold periods and late flowering and working out production programs.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

To alleviate the effect of extreme high temperature in melon plastic greenhouse on pollinating bee colony in summer, honeybee colony was treated with beehive protective cover, the egg, larva, capped brood, quantity, pollen consumption and the proportion of bee carrying pollen were analyzed. The results showed that the highest temperature in the hive was 43.3℃ in the control group and 40.1℃ in the treatment group, which lasted for 8.5 h above 35℃ in the two groups, and for 5 h above 40℃ in the control group. The percentage of the capped brood reduction in the control group was higher than that in the treatment group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The number of eggs in the control group decreased, while the number of eggs in the treatment group increased. There was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). The increase rate of larva in the treatment group was 3.94 times that in the control group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). The reduction ratio of bee quantity in the control group [(49.83±0.17) %] was significantly higher than that in the treatment group [(27.22±1.47) %] (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in pollen consumption rate between control group and treatment group (P>0.05). Within one day, the number of bees carrying pollen in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group. The ratio of carrying pollen bees to homing bees in the treatment group [(23.29±3.03) %] was significantly higher than that in the control group [(7.21±1.04) %] (P<0.01). Therefore, the beehive protective cover can reduce and maintain the internal temperature of the bee colony, alleviate the adverse effect of environmental temperature change on the colony offspring, reduce the loss and the adjustment activities of the nest temperature of the bee colony, which is beneficial to the bee’s attendance for collecting pollen.