This study focused on carbon footprint and nitrogen fertilizer utilization in agricultural production, providing theoretical support for low-carbon production of dry rice. The carbon footprint (CFP) of the production process of upland rice was calculated by using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results showed that the carbon footprint of 1 kg Jilin upland rice from planting to product processing was 0.4721 kg CO₂-eq. The carbon footprint of upland rice was mainly derived from nitrogen fertilizer production (39.71%) and land emission (20.41%). In conclusion, compared with rice, upland rice had no methane emission and had emission reduction effect. Optimization of fertilizer selection, rational reduction of nitrogen fertilizer application, application of controlled release fertilizer, addition of nitrification inhibitor, and rational substitution of organic fertilizer for fertilizer were important ways to further achieve carbon emission reduction of upland rice.

Promoting agricultural carbon reduction and sink enhancement is a crucial approach to achieve China’s dual carbon goals and represents an inevitable trend in developing green agriculture. This study analyzes key carbon-emitting activities in agricultural farming processes and establishes an agricultural green development evaluation system based on existing research. The system comprises 4 first-level indicators (product supply, low-carbon effect, resource utilization, and ecosystem) and 25 second-level indicators. It estimates and evaluates the role of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) agriculture in facilitating agricultural carbon reduction and sink enhancement, while providing policy recommendations. TCM agriculture demonstrates significant potential in promoting the growth and development of crops and livestock, increasing yield and quality of agricultural products, degrading pesticide residues, regulating heavy metal pollution, recycling agricultural waste, and controlling pests and diseases. It effectively reduces the reliance on chemical inputs, enhances resource utilization efficiency, and innovatively improves the agricultural ecological environment, thereby comprehensively advancing carbon reduction and sink enhancement in agriculture. Given the current state of Chinese agriculture, there remains considerable potential for carbon reduction. As an innovative green ecological farming model with Chinese characteristics, TCM agriculture plays a vital role in promoting agricultural green development and achieving the goals of ‘Peak Carbon by 2030 and Carbon Neutrality by 2060’.

This paper aimed to seek the suitable harvesting period for different uses of Zanthoxylum armatum var. Novemfolius, providing reference for enterprises and farmers to determine suitable harvesting time for Z. armatum var. Novemfolius. Z. armatum var. Novemfolius variety ‘Jiuyeqing’ was used as the test material. Samples were collected approximately every 6 days to test yield and quality index, after Z. armatum var. Novemfolius entering fruit expansion period (from April 12^th to July 1^st). The results showed that the fruit size was increased by 77% at the end of rapid expansion period compared to the beginning of the period. Thousand fruit weight was still increasing after expansion period. By early June, thousand fruit weight was significantly increased by 228% compared to the beginning of the period. The rate of kernel/seed was significantly deceased as a delay of the harvesting period due to increasing seed weight. A mass of volatile oil and amide compounds accumulated after fruit expanded, and content of which showed a rising trend in early stage of harvesting periods and smooth trend in later. In fresh Z. armatum var. Novemfolius, content variations of volatile oil and amide compounds were 0.6-2.8 mL/100 g, 2.5-16.7 mg/g. The total content of main aroma components in volatile oil, such as Linalool, Limonene and Myrcene, increased gradually with the harvest period and then decreased. The trends of total alcohol ketone were rising continuously in early stage and reached the peak at 58.59% on June 19^th, and then began to decrease slowly. These conclusions indicate that the suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. Novemfolius for sauce is from the end of April to early-May. The suitable time for harvesting fresh Z. armatum var. novemfolius is after early June for better quality, because contents of volatile oil and amide compounds approach or reach the peaks. The suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. novemfolius to dry is after late June. The suitable time for harvesting Z. armatum var. novemfolius for oil is mid-July in order to ensure full aroma, numb flavor.

The paper aims to address the issues of wheat variety selection and corresponding pest and disease control in different regions. Firstly, a data corpus with 3481 wheat variety data and 312 pest data was constructed. According to the characteristics of the corpus, the knowledge system model layer of wheat variety and pest control was defined in a fine grained manner. Secondly, the comparative advantages of Bert and Word2vec word - embedding models on small and medium-sized datasets were verified on public datasets and constructed datasets respectively, and then the attribute knowledge of wheat varieties and pests was extracted by using models suitable for each scale datasets. The experimental results showed that the F₁ value of Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model was 0.1499 higher than that of Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model in breed datasets. Word2vec-BiLSTM-CRF model was superior to Bert-BiLSTM-CRF model in pest datasets.

This paper reviews the history and present situation of research on soil mineral composition and mineralogical types in China, explores research hotspots and difficulties, and provides reference for scientific, accurate and convenient judgment and determination of soil mineralogical types in soil genetic classification or systematic classification. CNKI database was searched by bibliometric retrieval method and 265 articles on soil mineral composition and mineralogical types were collected. This paper analyzed the research direction, subject research focus and research methods, development trend and existing problems of such work over recent 70 years. Soil minerals contain primary minerals and secondary clay minerals, normally affected by parent rock types, environmental climates, weathering, formation time, and the soil composition is complex and varied. In the process of soil formation and evolution, soil minerals have an impact on soil texture, biochemical characteristics, nutrient released, etc. Soil mineral composition is an important reference and basis for both soil texture genetic classification and soil systematic classification. To determine the mineralogical type, it is necessary to define the target soil control layers and particle sizes first. On this premise, the main mineral components are determined and their content levels are analyzed by physical or chemical methods, and the mineralogical type of the target soil is finally determined by comprehensively judging the content level of major mineral components in a certain particle size level within the specific control layers. Soil mineral composition is an important index of soil classification. Besides the relevant techniques of direct determination of mineral composition and content levels, it is of practical significance to explore and summarize the characteristic of mineral composition and distribution in soils so as to obtain soil mineral species easily, rapidly and at low cost.

With the improvement of the ability to resist dominant disasters, unnoticeable natural hazards have gradually evolved into a key factor affecting the continuous and balanced increase of crop yield in China. Understanding the mechanisms, characteristics and countermeasures to the unnoticeable natural hazards could provide important theoretical and technological supports to the implement strategies for hazard alleviation. This paper reviews the types of the main unnoticeable natural hazards on maize production, and points out the diversity and complexity of them. The study explores the impact of unnoticeable natural hazards on maize growth and development, revealing that these hazards significantly inhibit photosynthesis, delay growth stages, and reduce pollination and seed-setting rates. Additionally, they impede plant growth and lead to poor kernel development, ultimately compromising both maize yield and quality. Specifically, drought and high temperatures exacerbate water stress, while waterlogging and prolonged overcast/rainy conditions cause root hypoxia and insufficient light energy, respectively. Furthermore, low-temperature chilling injury slows growth and increases physiological disorders. Collectively, these factors lead to yield reduction and diminish farmer income. According to the specific characteristics of different types of unnoticeable natural hazards, the technical measures for preventing or reducing the agricultural unnoticeable natural hazards were put forward, aiming at providing reference for high and stable yield of maize. Through scientific management and countermeasures, the adverse effects on maize production can be effectively mitigated, and both yield and quality can be enhanced.

To screen the suitable sowing date and planting density combination for ‘Xinmai 58’, a two factor split field experiment was conducted in the National Agricultural High Tech Zone Demonstration Park in Dancheng County, Henan Province from 2023 to 2024, with the sowing dates (October 17, October 25, November 1, November 8) being the main area and the sowing amounts (150 kg/hm², 187.5 kg/hm², 225 kg/hm²) being the sub area, to explore the effects of different sowing dates and planting densities on the growth stage, population at different stages, dry matter accumulation, plant height, yield, and yield of ‘Xinmai 58’. The results indicate that: as the sowing periodis postponed, all growth stages are delayed, but the growth period is shortened, and the impact of planting density on the growth period is relatively small. The impact of different sowing periods on the population at different stages is relatively small, and sowing amountis the main factor affecting the population. The effects of different treatments on dry matter weight and yield are inconsistent. Late sowing affects dry matter accumulation, but increasing sowing amount can compensate for the loss of yield. The main factor affecting the number of spikes is sowing amount, and sowing date has a significant impact on the number of grains per ear, thousand grain weight, and plant height. Different treatments and their interactions result in significant differences in yield. The suitable sowing period for ‘Xinmai 58’ is from October 17th to 25th, with a suitable sowing amount of 187.5 kg/hm². If the sowing period is too late,, increasing the sowing amount appropriately can improve the yield level.

To systematically sort out the historical context and cultural connotation of plantains introduction and planting in Beijing, the method of literature research and image mutual verification was adopted, combined with the perspective of garden history, botany and culturology. On the basis of summarizing the name evolution, plant characteristics and national planting history of plantains, the introduction process, application scenarios and planting techniques of plantains in Beijing were emphatically studied. The research shows that the introduction of plantains in Beijing began in the royal palace garden (Xiyuan plantains garden) in the early Ming Dynasty, gradually expanded to private courtyards (such as Gongwangfu and Shaoyuan) in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and continued to be used in the agricultural experimental field and private houses. Restricted by the warm temperate monsoon climate, plantains in Beijing adopt the seasonal protection technology of 'open field planting in summer courtyard and overwintering in greenhouse / warm room / cellar'. Plantains, red banana and canna have name confusion in historical records, which needs to be combined with morphological characteristics and planting environment. Although limited by the lack of data, it is difficult to fully present its historical evolution, the textual criticism of the history of the introduction. However, the planting methods of plantain has reference significance for the related research on the introduction and planting history of other plants originating in the south, and can provide reference for the historical research on the introduction and planting of other types of plants. At the same time, it also provides a comprehensive research paradigm of 'literature + image + skill' for the textual research of the introduction history of southern plants in the northern region, which has reference value for promoting traditional plant culture and guiding modern garden plant configuration.

In order to study the warming effect of different plastic film mulching methods on early spring corn in Wuhan, ensure safe sowing and increase yield per unit, a comparative observation experiment was conducted on three covering methods with ‘Etianyu No5’ as test material in Hannan District of Wuhan, including open field sowing, single-layer plastic film covering, and single-layer plastic film + small arch shed. The results showed that plastic film covering significantly increased the ground temperature by 10 cm, increased the effective accumulated temperature by 9.9%-22.1% compared to open field sowing, shortened the entire growth period by 5-13 days, and increased the seedling emergence rate by 20%-30%. Among them, the warming effect of plastic film + small arch shed treatment is the most significant, and the effect of promoting early market is the best; the open field sowing method is not suitable for promotion due to the high risk of low temperature and cold damage during the sowing period. Under the methods of plastic film covering and plastic film + arch shed, the average earliest suitable sowing period could be 8 days and 19 days earlier than open field sowing, respectively. In terms of selecting a safe sowing period, if continuous low temperature is forecasted, the germination rate could be improved by delaying sowing or adding small arch sheds, thereby reducing the risk of low temperature and cold damage.

To address the dual challenges of soil degradation caused by long-term chemical fertilizer application in citrus orchards and livestock and poultry waste pollution, this study systematically reviews the biological configuration technologies of grass cultivation in citrus orchards, the assimilation potential of aquaculture waste, and the ecological and productive effects, aiming to construct an " citrus-grass-livestock" ecological recycling model and achieve resource utilization of agricultural waste. The results indicate that: (1) suitable grass species for citrus intercropping should be adapted according to tree age and season; young orchards are suitable for light-loving and high-yield forage grasses (e.g., peanut, ryegrass), while mature orchards prioritize shade-tolerant and dwarf forage grasses (e.g., white clover, bahiagrass); spatiotemporal configuration requires optimization of sowing dates and mowing frequency (ryegrass is suitable for autumn sowing, with 3-4 mowings annually). (2) Significant differences exist in nutrient requirements between citrus and forage grasses; citrus orchards of varying yields can assimilate cattle manure at 9.62-24.04 t/hm² and pig manure at 6.58-16.45 t/hm², while ryegrass demonstrates assimilation capacities of 9.21 t/hm² for pig manure and 13.4 t/hm² for cattle manure. (3) This model significantly improves soil properties (reducing bulk density by 17.26% and increasing organic matter by 39.6%), promotes growth of both citrus and forage grasses, with maximum citrus yield increase of 19.5%, and elevates fruit soluble solids content from 101.1 g/kg to 108.7 g/kg (a 7.6% improvement). In conclusion, the citrus grass cultivation model, through scientific biological configuration, efficiently assimilates livestock waste while simultaneously achieving soil improvement and yield-quality enhancement, representing a circular agriculture model that balances ecological and economic benefits. This study provides theoretical support for the promotion of the "citrus-grass-livestock" model; future research should focus on regional adaptability, long-term application risks, and the establishment of technical standards.

To identify the optimal mulching practice for spring pakchoi (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivation in Hangzhou, a field experiment was conducted. Treatments included six types of fully biodegradable films varying in hole spacing (12 cm × 12 cm, 15 cm × 12 cm, 15 cm × 15 cm) and thickness (6 μm, 8 μm). Two control treatments were established as no film mulching with herbicides (CK₁) and no film mulching with manual weeding (CK₂). The effects of these treatments on pakchoi growth, yield, and economic benefits were compared and evaluated. The results indicated that all types of perforated fully biodegradable mulch films demonstrated significant weed control effects and enhanced crop yields to varying degrees. Among these, the treatment using perforated fully biodegradable film mulching with a thickness of 8 μm and hole spacing of 15 cm × 15 cm achieved the most superior weed control efficacy, the weed control effect reached 99.75%, and the converted yield per hectare was 60356 kg, which was significantly increased by 29.31% and 29.64% compared with CK₁ and CK₂, respectively. The comprehensive benefit reached 116737 yuan/hm², which was 25.45 % and 27.85 % higher than CK₁ and CK₂, respectively. At harvest, plants under this treatment exhibited good growth characteristics and high individual plant weight, leading to the highest total yield and economic benefits, which were significantly greater than all other treatments. This study provides technical support for the green and efficient production of pakchoi. In the future, the adaptability research of different seasons and different varieties can be further carried out to promote the large-scale application of this technology.

Cultivated land serves as the material foundation for human survival and development. The construction of high-standard farmland is a crucial measure to enhance grain production capacity and ensure national food security. The evaluation of cultivated land quality grades is an important means to improve land management and protection intensity. This study employs the concept of fuzzy mathematics, utilizing methods such as the membership function method and expert experience method to standardize the evaluation factors. It investigates and evaluates the quality of cultivated land before and after the high-standard farmland construction project in four townships of Yuanping City in 2021. The results showed that the content of organic matter, available phosphorus and available potassium in the project area increased by 7.45%, 9.59% and 6.48%, respectively. The average grade of cultivated land quality after construction was 5.73, which was 0.54 higher than that before construction. To a certain extent, the high-standard farmland construction project has enhanced the quality level of cultivated land and the grain production capacity in Yuanping City.

In order to explore a new cultivation substrate and a simplified cultivation method for Coprinus comatus, using the conventional formula as the control, 30% waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. was added instead of bran as the experiment formula, and the C. comatus was cultivated by simplified cultivation method. The mycelium growth, fruiting body yield, raw material cost and nutritional ingredient of C. comatus were analyzed. The results showed that the mycelium characters, fruiting body yield and characters of C. comatus cultivated with the experiment formula were not significantly different from control, and the cost of cultivation raw materials was reduced by 29%. The contents of protein, total amino acids, flavonoids, fat and ash were lower than those of the control. The waste exogenous nutrition bag of Morchella spp. can be used as substrate materials to provide nitrogen source and partial carbon source for the growth of C. comatus. The simplified cultivation method of C. comatus can be effectively simplify the cultivation process and reduce the cost of raw materials.

To understand the current status and patterns of soil nutrient distribution in cultivated land in Yanyuan County, and to promote environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable agricultural practices, this study utilized soil survey data from the cultivated land quality evaluation project conducted in Yanyuan County from 2020 to 2022. Statistical methods were employed to analyze the pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the topsoil, providing a theoretical foundation for scientific fertilization of cultivated land in Yanyuan County. The results showed that the average levels of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in Yanyuan County were pH 6.52, 25.91 g/kg, 1.41 g/kg, 24.36 mg/kg and 168.86 mg/kg, respectively, resulting in an average comprehensive grade of 5.93, which suggested a moderate overall quality of the cultivated land. Spatially, soil organic matter and total nitrogen levels increased from east to west, while available phosphorus exhibited no discernible trend, with lower values concentrated in specific areas. Available potassium levels were higher in the central region compared to the north-south region. Over the period from 2020 to 2022, pH remained stable at a weak acid level, organic matter and available potassium levels increased, whereas total nitrogen levels gradually decreased.

Through a bibliometric analysis of literature on the development of smart agriculture in China, this study aims to understand the publication status, research hotspots, emerging trends, and development directions within this field. Based on data collected from CNKI, the study retrieved and analyzed 94 articles published over the past five years (2019-2023) in core journals indexed in NU, CSSCI, and CSCD under the theme of "smart agriculture development." The results revealed the following: (1) publications on smart agriculture began to surge in 2019, reaching a peak in 2021; (2) universities and research institutions served as the primary centers for research on smart agriculture development; (3) most Chinese scholars focused their research on aspects such as development logic, development models, strategic frameworks, bidirectional mechanisms, and optimization paths within smart agriculture development; (4) the majority of research achievements in this field had been supported by project funding. Research on smart agriculture development is currently in a growth phase, with universities and research institutes contributing the largest volume of publications. In future, the development of smart agriculture should be explored from more novel perspectives in alignment with national strategic requirements.

The study aimed to explore the differences of yield and endogenous hormone content of different sweet potato varieties under salinized soil conditions, in order to screen suitable varieties for planting in salinized soil and parent materials for breeding new salt tolerant varieties. 20 locally selected sweet potato varieties (lines) in Fujian Province were used as materials for adaptive planting experiments in salinized soil. After 60 days of planting, the endogenous hormone contents of sweet potato leaves and tubers were measured, and the tuber yield was measured after 140 days. The results showed that: (1) the varieties (lines) with sweet potato tuber yield of more than 30000 kg/hm² in salinized soil included ‘Longshu 10’, ‘Fushu 604’, ‘R132’, ‘R106’, ‘Jinshan 57’, ‘Jinshu 20’, ‘Longshu 116’ and ‘funingzi 5’, which belonged to the high-yield type in salinized soil. The tuber yield decreased by less than 10% compared with the control, and the salt tolerance index was higher than 1.1, belonging to strong salt tolerant varieties (lines). (2) Correlation analysis showed that the tuber yield of different sweet potato varieties (lines) planted in salinized soil was significantly positively correlated with IAA, GA3 and ZR contents in leaves, and significantly negatively correlated with ABA content in leaves. It was extremely significantly positively correlated with IAA, GA3 and ZR content in tubers, and extremely significantly negatively correlated with ABA content in tubers. In conclusion, sweet potato varieties(lines) such as ‘Longshu 10’, ‘Fushu 604’, ‘R132’, ‘R106’, ‘Jinshan 57’, ‘Jinshu 20’, ‘Longshu 116’, and ‘Funingzi 5’ are suitable for planting in salinized soil and be used as parent materials for breeding new salt tolerant sweet potato varieties.

To clarify the pests that may be carried by Actinidia chinensis seedlings and their invasion risks, and to provide a reference for the introduction of A. chinensis seedlings from Japan, the pest information regarding A. chinensiswas searched through the national biosafety basic data information resource platform. The regional distribution of key quarantine pests in the world was clarified through the databases of EPPO, CABI and GBIF, and the risk of invasion was analyzed by the previous relevant studies. The results showed that the pests on A. chinensis plants included 18 species of insects, 4 species of nematodes, 1 species of mite, 1 species of weed, 1 species of mollusk, 24 species of fungi, and 5 species of bacteria. Among these, 5 species belonged to the Chinese imported phytosanitary pests, namely, Lobesia botrana, Involvulus cupreus, Radopholus similis, Euglandina rosea, and Verticillium albo-atrum, with hazardous R-values of 2.14, 2.46, 2.70, 2.51 and 2.52, respectively, belonging to the highly or particularly hazardous pests. To ensure a successful introduction of plant seedlings, it is crucial to collaborate with both internal and external inspection teams to quarantine any potential pests. Adhering to strict quarantine standards and the transmission of pests must be prevented. Once the seedlings are introduced, it's essential to enhance trial planting supervision and improve the pest monitoring system.

By analyzing the distribution and utilization characteristics of nutrient elements in apple trees, the variation of nutrient content in roots, branches, leaves and fruits of apple trees at different growth stages and the existing fertilization technology of apple trees, the demand range of different nutrient elements in different parts of apple trees at different growth stages and the technical basis of formula fertilization of apple trees were clarified in this study. It was suggested that the nutrient content and proportion of different parts of fruit trees should be combined with the development of fertilizer formula to develop special formula fertilizer more suitable for apple trees, and more efficient fertilization technology should be used to apply fertilizer reasonably and accurately, reduce fertilizer loss, and improve fruit quality and yield and fertilizer utilization efficiency.

The purpose of this study is to make rational use of agricultural climate resources, carry out the climate suitable zoning of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi, and arrange the planting area of seabuckthorn scientifically. Base on the historical meteorological data of 25 national meteorological stations in Aheqi County and its surrounding areas from 1991 to 2024, the climatic regionalization index of seabuckthorn planting in Aheqi County was determined by using ≥10°C accumulated temperature, frost-free period statistical method, grid mathematical model of spatial distribution of climatic elements and their changes, and agricultural climatic regionalization method. By using ArcGIS technology, the seabuckthorn planting area was divided into four areas : the most suitable area, the suitable area, the sub-suitable area and the unsuitable area. The research shows that the most suitable areas for planting sea buckthorn are in the middle and eastern part of the county, and the central and southern plains of the southern valley. The suitable areas are in the middle and eastern part of the county and the southern plain of the valley at an altitude of 1900-2100 m and 2200-2400 m. The sub-suitable planting areas are in the county valley plain and the valley hilly low mountain belt. The unsuitable areas are distributed in the middle and high mountain areas in the western, northern and southern mountainous areas of the county.

In order to explore the quality characteristics of flue-cured tobacco hybrid ‘YY021’, a multi-point field comparative test was conducted with ‘Heluo No.1’ as the control variety. The appearance quality and sensory quality of raw tobacco were evaluated, and the contents of chemical components and aroma components were determined to comprehensively evaluate the quality and aroma components of tobacco leaves. The results showed that the quality of ‘YY021’ middle tobacco was slightly better than that of upper tobacco. The scores of chemical composition, sensory quality evaluation and comprehensive evaluation of ‘YY021’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Heluo No.1’, and the performance of each pilot was consistent. The contents of five kinds of neutral aroma components in the upper leaves of ‘YY021’ were higher than those in the middle leaves. The content of sugar and browning products of middle leaves of ‘Heluo No.1’ were significantly higher than those of ‘YY021’. The contents of total neutral aroma components, chlorophyll degradation products (neophytadiene) and cembranoids (solanone) in middle leaves of ‘YY021’ were significantly higher than those of ‘Heluo No.1’, which were 278.93, 243.80 and 38.21 μg/g, respectively. The quality of ‘YY021’ was better than that of ‘Heluo No.1’. Neophytadiene, ketone, benzyl alcohol, β-damone and giant bean trienone were important aroma components that affect their quality.