为了选育纤维素高效降解菌，提高纤维素降解效率。本研究从肉牛瘤胃液、肉牛粪便，蝗虫肠道末筛选纤维素降解能力较强的株系，对其进行生物学鉴定和酶活性比较。结果表明，从肉牛瘤胃液中筛选出纤维素降解株系L7，L8-1和L9，分别鉴定为高地芽孢杆菌(Bacillus altitudinis)、暹罗芽孢杆菌(B.siamensis)和枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtillus)；从蝗虫肠道末中筛选得到株系H2-1和H3-1，分别鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtillus)和解蛋白芽孢杆菌(B.proteolyticus)；从肉牛粪便中筛选得到株系F8-2被鉴定为高地芽孢杆菌(B.altitudinis)。其中降解能力最强的株系为L7，其全酶(FPA)、外切葡聚糖酶(C₁)，内切葡聚糖酶(CMC)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Gase)活性分别为4.28，1.89，5.57，2.30 U·mL^-1。菌落D/d平均值与FPA，CMC，C₁，β-Gase的酶活性呈显著正相关(P＜0.05)。本研究筛选得到株系L7具有较强的纤维素降解能力，为提高饲料转化率提供了更多可能。

为加快堆肥过程中秸秆纤维素的降解速率，本研究从玉米秸秆堆肥中分离纤维素分解菌，并通过测定羧甲基纤维素酶（CMCase）活力、滤纸条崩解能力及兼容性，筛选出优良菌株，进而构建复合菌系，并对降解性能进行评价。结果共获得29株纤维素分解菌，对其中的高效菌株进行配伍，构建了6组复合菌系。除复合菌系F外，其他复合菌系的滤纸酶活力均显著高于单一菌株（P<0.05），尤以复合菌系B（xw1、xw3、xw8）、D（xw16、xw21、xw31）的酶活力最高，分别为22.8、20.4 U·mL^-1，比其中的最强单菌株xw3、xw21高出58.3%、68.6%，且所产酶具有耐高温（40~55 ℃）性。复合菌系B、D培养5 d可将滤纸条崩解为糊状，10 d内对秸秆的降解率达24.5%、21.9%，较单菌株xw8、xw31增加9.4和4.7个百分点。经16S rDNA分子鉴定，复合菌系B由微杆菌属（Microbacterium sp.）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus sp.）组成，复合菌系D由芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillu sp.）组成。本研究结果进一步丰富了纤维素降解菌种资源，为农业废弃物处理特别是堆肥接种剂的开发提供了借鉴。

秸秆通过堆肥发酵生产有机肥是秸秆资源高效利用的有效途径。在堆肥中添加高效微生物降解菌剂能加速秸秆腐熟的过程,使复杂的有机物在短时间内降解为植物可利用的简单化合物。国内外关于产木质纤维素降解酶微生物的研究较多,但关于秸秆降解菌的应用研究较少。该文详细介绍了秸秆降解的功能微生物、高效降解菌剂及其应用效果,阐述了多种功能微生物在降解秸秆间的协同作用,并对多功能秸秆降解菌剂的研究现状和存在问题进行分析,为今后开发高效多效秸秆降解菌剂提供了理论基础。

In order to improve the digestibility and nutrient availability in rumen, wheat straw was subjected to solid state fermentation (SSF) with white-rot fungi (i.e. Pleurotus ostreatus and Trametes versicolor) and the fermented biomass (called myco-straw) was evaluated for biochemical, enzymatic and nutritional parameters. The fungal treatment after 30 days led to significant decrease (P < 0.05) in cell wall constituents viz, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, lignin and cellulose to the extent of 35.00, 38.88, 45.00, 37.48 and 37.86%, respectively in P. ostreatus fermented straw, while 30.04, 33.85, 39.90, 31.29 and 34.00%, respectively in T. versicolor fermented straw. However, maximum efficiency of fermentation in terms of low carbohydrate consumption per unit of lignin degradation, favoring cattle feed production was observed for P. ostreatus on the 10th day (17.12%) as compared with T. versicolor on the 30th day (16.91%). The myco-straw was found to contain significantly high (P < 0.05) crude protein (CP; 4.77% T. versicolor, 5.08% P. ostreatus) as compared to control straw (3.37%). Metabolizable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM), percent organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; mmol) production also increased considerably from control straw (4.40, 29.91 and 0.292) to a maximum up to P. ostreatus fermented straw (4.92, 33.39 and 0.376 on 20th day) and T. versicolor fermented straw (4.66, 31.74 and 0.334 on 10th day), respectively. Moreover, the myco-straw had lower organic carbon and was rich in nitrogen with lower C/N ratio as compared to control wheat straw. Results suggest that the fungal fermentation of wheat straw effectively improved CP content, OM digestibility, SCFAs production, ME value and simultaneously lowered the C/N ratio, thus showing potential for bioconversion of lignin rich wheat straw into high energy cattle feed.

以8株野生白腐真菌为研究对象，用愈创木酚筛选培养基对这些菌株进行产木质素酶能力的初筛，并探究初筛后所得菌株在玉米秸秆固态发酵时的漆酶活性及其对玉米秸秆木质纤维素的降解能力。研究结果表明，8株菌株在愈创木酚筛选培养基上均表现出较好的木质素降解酶活性，仅菌株Han 577的菌丝圈直径d1与变色圈直径d2之比大于1。菌株An 369、Han 202和Han 474在玉米秸秆上的最大漆酶活性要远远高于其他菌株，分别为(901.11±42.83)、(698.89±42.17)和(843.61±78.82) U/L。白蜡范氏孔菌An 369、云芝栓孔菌An 174、肺形侧耳An 279和硬毛革孔菌Han 474对玉米秸秆的酸不溶木素降解率均大于20%。云芝栓孔菌An 174、肺形侧耳An 279、梨生多年卧孔菌Han 202对玉米秸秆的纤维素降解率均大于20%。迷宫栓孔菌An 360和肺形侧耳An 279对玉米秸秆半纤维素降解率则大于40%。整体来看，肺形侧耳An 279表现出较好的秸秆降解效率。

木质纤维素的糖化前预处理是生产燃料乙醇过程中最基础最关键的一步,影响整个纤维素酒精生产过程.该文对木质纤维素的糖化前预处理新技术进行了分析和讨论,并对其前景进行了展望.

Rice straw is produced as a by-product from rice cultivation, which is composed largely of lignocellulosic materials amenable to general biodegradation. Lignocellulolytic actinobacteria can be used as a potential agent for rapid composting of bulky rice straw. Twenty-five actinobacteria isolates were isolated from various in situ and in vitro rice straw compost sources. Isolates A2, A4, A7, A9 and A24 were selected through enzymatic degradation of starch, cellulose and lignin followed by the screening for their adaptability on rice straw powder amended media. The best adapted isolate (A7) was identified as Micromonospora carbonacea. It was able to degrade cellulose, hemicelluloses and carbon significantly (P ≤ 0.05) over the control. C/N ratio was reduced to 18.1 from an initial value of 29.3 in 6 weeks of composting thus having the potential to be used in large scale composting of rice straw.

Competition is the most common type of interaction occurring between wood-decaying higher fungi. Since competition for nutrients in organic resources is effectively brought about by competition for space, the common division into interference and exploitation competition is not very appropriate. Fungal competition can be divided into primary resource capture (obtaining uncolonized resources) and secondary resource capture (combat to obtain resources already colonized by other fungi). Combative mechanisms include antagonism at a distance, hyphal interference, mycoparasitism and gross mycelial contact. Interactions can result in deadlock or replacement, and a hierarchy of combative ability can be discerned amongst fungi that inhabit particular resources, but within this hierarchy there exists intransitivity, modification of outcome by other species and abiotic variables. Interactions can dramatically alter mycelial function, and have potential as biological control agents of fungal pathogens of trees and in service timber.