为探讨黄淮海地区不同秸秆处理、耕作方式和施氮量相结合的高产高效生产技术，于2018—2020年设置2年大田定位试验。试验采用裂-裂区设计，主区为秸秆处理，分别为秸秆不还田(S₀)和秸秆全量还田(S₁)；裂区为耕作方式，分别为旋耕(R)、深耕(P)和深松(B)；裂裂区为施氮量，分别为135 kg/hm²(N₁₃₅)、180 kg/hm²(N₁₈₀)、225 kg/hm²(N₂₂₅)、270 kg/hm²(N₂₇₀)。结果表明，与S₀相比，S₁开花期、成熟期和花后干物质积累量提高0.6%~17.5%、1.1%~17%和1.1%~18.5%，随施氮量的降低，小麦全生育时期干物质积累量降低2.8%~22.2%。相较于常规S₁+R+N₂₂₅模式，S₁+B+N₁₈₀模式开花期、成熟期干物质积累量分别增加10.3%、7.2%，干物质转运量、干物质转运率和干物质转运量对籽粒贡献率分别增加45.9%、35.6%和27.2%，因此籽粒产量提高10.1%。从产量构成因素分析，后者小麦单位面积穗数较前者显著提高10.8%，通径分析进一步证明S₁+B+N₁₈₀模式增产的主要原因是增加了单位面积穗数。因此，与本试验相近环境条件下，在秸秆还田基础上配合深松和氮肥适量减施是实现冬小麦高产高效生产的可行技术。

Based on the daily observation data of 824 meteorological stations during 1951- 2010 released by the National Meteorological Information Center, this paper evaluated the changes in the heat and moisture conditions of crop growth. An average value of ten years was used to analyze the spatio-temporal variation in the agricultural hydrothermal conditions within a 1 km² grid. Next, the inter-annual changing trend was simulated by regression analysis of the agricultural hydrothermal conditions. The results showed that the contour lines for temperature and accumulated temperatures (the daily mean temperature ≥0°C) increased significantly in most parts of China, and that the temperature contour lines had all moved northwards over the past 60 years. At the same time, the annual precipitation showed a decreasing trend, though more than half of the meteorological stations did not pass the significance test. However, the mean temperatures in the hottest month and the coldest month exhibited a decreasing trend from 1951 to 2010. In addition, the 0°C contour line gradually moved from the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River Basin to the Yellow River Basin. All these changes would have a significant impact on the distribution of crops and farming systems. Although the mechanisms influencing the interactive temperature and precipitation changes on crops were complex and hard to distinguish, the fact remained that these changes would directly cause corresponding changes in crop characteristics.

黄淮海麦区水资源短缺, 探明畦灌和微喷补灌对麦田土壤物理性状及冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率调节的差异, 可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2016—2018年冬小麦生长季, 设置畦灌和微喷补灌两处理, 研究其对麦田0~40 cm土层土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水率, 及冬小麦各生育阶段棵间蒸发量、蒸腾量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明微喷补灌处理与畦灌处理相比, 0~20 cm土层土壤容重降低, 总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和田间持水率增加; 冬小麦返青后春季分蘖明显减少, 返青至拔节期的棵间蒸发量和蒸腾量及全生育期总耗水量均显著减少; 籽粒产量无明显变化, 但水分利用效率显著提高, 说明微喷补灌可以改善麦田土壤物理性状, 优化冬小麦群体结构, 通过减少棵间蒸发和植株无效蒸腾降低麦田耗水量, 从而在维持高产水平的同时提高水分利用效率。

对滴灌条件下，不同供水方式对温室桃树耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响进行了系统研究，结果表明，随着灌水次数和灌水量的增加，滴灌温室桃树各物候期阶段耗水量呈增加趋势；在整个年生长周期中，各处理土壤水分消耗的变化均呈双峰曲线，需水高峰期分别出现在花芽分化期和果实发育期；在各灌水处理中，T4处理产量和水分利用效率最高，分别达41521.5 kg/hm²和54.46 kg/(mm·hm²)；日光温室桃树耗水量与产量、水分利用效率间均呈二次曲线关系，经相关性分析，相关系数分别为0.8949，0.9153，达0.01极显著相关水平。