In the context of China’s rapid economic development and rapid urbanization, the problem of soil heavy metal pollution becomes more and more serious, and the potential impact on plant growth and ecosystem health has aroused widespread concern in academia. As the main food crop in China, the safe production of wheat is very important to national food security. In this study, the pollution status of farmland soil and the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in various organs of winter wheat at maturity in the rural-urban area of Anyang City were analyzed by field investigation and indoor analysis. The results showed that the contents of Cd, Cr and Pb in farmland soil were 0.87, 8.29 and 16.21 mg/kg, respectively. The single factor pollution indexes of Cd, Cr and Pb were 1.45, 0.10 and 0.03, respectively. The total accumulation of heavy metals Cd, Cr and Pb in wheat plants was 0.75, 29.61 and 7.08 mg/kg, respectively. There were differences in the absorption and transport capacity of different heavy metals in wheat plants. In wheat plants, the enrichment ability of roots to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, and the enrichment ability of grains was relatively weak. The transport capacity of stems to Cd, Cr and Pb was the strongest, followed by leaves and shells, and the transport capacity of grains was the weakest. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the absorption, accumulation and transport of different heavy metals in wheat plants, which affected the overall response of wheat to heavy metals. The overall pollution status of farmland soil in the rural-urban area remained at a good level, and no obvious heavy metal pollution was found.