To explore the differences in agronomic traits and photosynthesis-related parameters among different celery varieties and to breed celery varieties with higher yields, this experiment used seven local celery varieties such as ‘SQ-1’ as materials and conducted uniform planting management under facility cultivation. The results showed that in terms of agronomic traits, ‘SQ-4’ had the most small leaves, and its single plant weight and root length were also superior to other tested varieties, reaching 78.23 g and 14.08 cm respectively; ‘SQ-5’ had the largest leaf stalk width and thickness among the tested varieties, which were 7.92 and 7.32 mm respectively, while ‘SQ-4’ had the second largest leaf stalk width and thickness among the seven tested varieties; the average plant height of ‘SQ-5’ was 47.07 cm, significantly higher than the other six varieties, and the average plant height of ‘SQ-4’ was 43.22 cm, ranking third among the seven tested varieties. In terms of photosynthesis-related parameters, ‘SQ-1’ had the highest net photosynthetic rate of 4.80 μmol/(m²·s), and ‘SQ-3’ had a significantly higher transpiration rate than the other varieties, reaching 1.81 mmol/(m²·s). Meanwhile, the net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of ‘SQ-4’ were 4.78 μmol/(m²·s) and 1.75 mmol/(m²·s) respectively, slightly lower than the maximum values among the tested varieties but still highly significant. ‘SQ-7’ had the highest relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) of 42.93 and nitrogen content of 13.40 mg/g among the tested varieties, while ‘SQ-4’ had the second highest SPAD and nitrogen content after ‘SQ-7’. In conclusion, ‘SQ-4’ has a relatively prominent comprehensive advantage in key agronomic traits such as single plant weight, number of small leaves, and plant root weight, as well as photosynthesis-related parameters.