In response to the challenges in China’s agricultural cold chain logistics infrastructure, including substantial cold storage capacity shortages, insufficient supporting facilities, uneven regional distribution, and relatively low technological integration, this study systematically examines the resources of agricultural products requiring cold storage, and the current status of facility construction through field investigations, literature review, and statistical analysis. Targeted development strategies are proposed to promote facility construction, extend the storage life of agricultural products, ensure product quality, and expand market access. The results indicate that the annual output of agricultural products requiring low-temperature storage in China reaches 1,463.832 million tons, corresponding to a required cold storage capacity of 124.588 million tons. However, the existing cold storage capacity is only 75 million tons, leaving a shortfall of 49.588 million tons and a deficit rate of approximately 40%. This level is significantly lower than the approximately 90% storage rate observed in developed countries. Moreover, a well-coordinated three-tier supporting network, comprising production-area storage and preservation facilities, production-area cold chain collection and distribution centers, and backbone cold chain logistics bases, has not yet been fully established. In addition, there is a considerable shortage of supporting equipment. The system requires approximately 498000 refrigerated trucks and 623000 forklifts, whereas only about 380000 refrigerated trucks are currently in operation, and existing forklift and related handling facilities can meet only around 50% of the demand. Significant regional disparities are also evident: more than 50% of cold chain logistics facilities are concentrated in Eastern China, while central and western regions, as well as remote mountainous areas, face pronounced shortages. To establish a fully functional three-tier supporting network and achieve comprehensive storage coverage and high-quality operation of the agricultural cold chain logistics system, a total investment of approximately RMB 273.62 billion would be required. Upon completion, the project is expected to generate an additional annual output value of RMB 124.59 billion and create approximately 249000 new positions. This study provides a scientific basis for the high-quality development of agricultural cold chain logistics infrastructure in China. Future efforts should further strengthen the integration of intelligent technologies, promote the application of green and low-carbon technologies, and optimize coordinated regional deployment, thereby supporting rural revitalization and enhancing the quality and efficiency of the agricultural sector.