Elemental wireline logging and element mud logging, as key technologies in the field of oil and gas exploration, respectively achieve the measurement and analysis of formation elements through neutron-gamma reaction and X-ray fluorescence mechanisms, and play an important role in lithology identification, reservoir evaluation and engineering decision-making. This paper systematically reviews the physical principles, instrument development history and engineering application progress of the two technologies, compares their technical differences in measurement methods, resolution characteristics, interference factors and detection performance, and reveals their complementarity in spatio-temporal resolution, application scenarios and data value. Research shows that elemental wireline logging has a higher accuracy advantage in thin reservoir characterization and quantitative analysis of mineral components, while element mud logging is more engineering applicable in dynamic formation tracking due to its real-time characteristics. Elemental wireline logging and mud logging techniques are widely applied in lithology identification, sedimentary environment analysis, reservoir parameter calculation and geological guidance. By integrating high-precision point data from wireline logging with continuous big data streams from mud logging, a multi-dimensional reservoir evaluation system can be constructed, reducing the uncertainty of a single technology. In the future, high-precision detection technologies driven by intelligent algorithms, multi-source data fusion models, and passive innovations oriented towards green exploration will become the core directions for the development of elemental measurement and logging technologies. This article can provide certain ideas or guidance for optimizing the collaborative application of elemental wireline logging and mud logging technologies and enhancing the exploration efficiency of unconventional resources.