Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) method, as a highly and non-destructive geophysical exploration technology, has unique advantages in near-surface exploration fields such as engineering geology, urban underground space development, and engineering detection. However, traditional transient electromagnetic instruments have problems such as insufficient resolution, near-surface blind zones, and cumbersome equipment in near-surface exploration. To address these problems, this paper has developed a near-surface high-resolution TEM receiving system, making it possible to accurately measure the secondary field signal over the entire period. To broaden the measurement frequency band of the acquisition system and accurately capture the rapid abnormal response caused by high impedance objects, this paper designs a high-speed receiving system based on the hardware architecture of "AD7760+XC7K325T". The early signals reflect very near-surface and relatively near-surface information, while the late signals reflect near-surface information. To accurately collect both the early strong induction signals and the late weak induction signals, this paper proposes a dual-channel synchronous acquisition scheme. In this scheme, the first channel collects the early strong signals through an attenuation circuit. When the signal amplitude is below a certain threshold, the second channel is enabled by an analog electronic switch and collects late signals through a multi-stage amplification circuit. The receiving system inevitably suffers from DC offset and random noise interference. In this paper, based on the bipolar transmitting square wave, a superposition algorithm is implemented in the FPGA to suppress the noise interference in real time. Test show that the receiving system not only achieves a sampling rate of 2.5 MSPS, but also has short-circuit noise levels of 45 μV and 0.8 μV respectively, which can well meet the full-period acquisition requirements of the secondary field signals. Furthermore, by normalizing the voltage attenuation curves corresponding to large and small currents, it is found that the attenuation curves of the two can be well integrated, which provides the possibility for reflecting geological structures throughout the entire period. In addition, the circuit board size of this receiving system is relatively small, with a maximum size of only 191 mm×133 mm, and supports 12 V lithium battery power supply, making it very suitable for the instrument miniaturization and integration.