Review of advance detection in TBM tunneling: research progress and outlook

ZhaoFeng GAO, ZhiHai JIANG, MaoFei LI, Jiao ZHU, ShuangGui HU

Prog Geophy ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5) : 2212-2231.

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Prog Geophy ›› 2026, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (5) : 2212-2231. DOI: 10.6038/pg2026JJ0430

Review of advance detection in TBM tunneling: research progress and outlook

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Abstract

During tunnel construction, geophysical advanced detection technologies are essential for identifying hidden geological hazards and implementing timely preventive measures. In recent years, significant progress has been made in adapting these technologies to rapid and continuous tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation. The advances are mainly demonstrated in two aspects: (1) Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and seismic exploration have essentially achieved real-time dynamic monitoring during excavation. The former accomplishes circumferential scanning through cutterhead integration, while the latter utilizes rock-breaking vibrations as a seismic source. (2) For electrical exploration, the optimization of observation systems and integration with TBM have effectively mitigated the limitations posed by confined construction spaces and strong electromagnetic interference, significantly reducing the downtime required for detection. However, the current research still faces many challenges. For instance, the contradiction between the advanced detection range and resolution of a single geophysical method remains prominent. The effective extraction of signals in a strong noise environment remains a key factor restricting the detection accuracy. Moreover, the construction of an intelligent interpretation and real-time decision-making system for multi-source data also requires key breakthroughs. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews advanced detection methods for adverse geological structures and water-inrush hazards, analyzing and summarizing the technical characteristics and limitations of various observation systems. It provides an outlook on the integration and intelligent detection of the comprehensive advanced detection system. The aim is to provide a reference for the development of the integrated exploration and excavation technology system.

Key words

TBM tunnel / Advance detection / Integrated tunneling and exploring / Electrical exploration / Seismic exploration

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ZhaoFeng GAO , ZhiHai JIANG , MaoFei LI , et al . Review of advance detection in TBM tunneling: research progress and outlook[J]. Progress in Geophysics. 2026, 41(5): 2212-2231 https://doi.org/10.6038/pg2026JJ0430

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