Home Journals Progress in Geophysics
Progress in Geophysics

Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Geophy      Editor in chief:

About  /  Aim & scope  /  Editorial board  /  Indexed  /  Contact  / 

Research on multi-source transient electromagnetic imaging method in TBM tunnel environment

  • QiDing WANG , 1 ,
  • WenHan LI , 1, 2, * ,
  • WenTao LIU 1, 2 ,
  • ZhiPeng QI 1 ,
  • NaiQuan SUN 1, 2
Expand
  • 1 College of Geological Engineering and Ceomatics, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
  • 2 Integrated Geophysical Simulation Laboratory, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China

Received date: 2023-12-25

  Online published: 2025-01-14

Copyright

Copyright ©2024 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Modern tunnel construction requires excavation methods with high excavation efficiency, construction safety, and good tunnel quality. The excavation methods of Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) meet the needs of efficient and safe construction. The excavation methods of tunnels are gradually shifting from traditional drilling and blasting methods to TBM and shield tunneling methods.In recent years, many large-scale tunnel projects have adopted the TBM excavation method for construction, but tunnel mud and water inrush accidents pose huge challenges to the safety of TBM tunnels. At present, there are two prediction methods for TBM tunnels: one is seismic methods, such as TRT. This type of method has achieved good results in the detection of unfavorable geological bodies such as fractured zones, faults, and fractured zones, but seismic methods are powerless in detecting water hazard geological bodies. Another type of electromagnetic method, such as induced polarization method, has achieved good results in TBM tunnel advanced detection. However, due to the limitations of this method, the detection distance and resolution are limited, and there is still significant prospect for development. The classic transient electromagnetic method, due to its use of magnetic source excitation, can only be applied in tunnels without TBM machine construction. At present, the advanced prediction work of TBM tunnels faces practical problems such as strong background interference and limited detection space, making it difficult for electromagnetic detection methods to be used in such environments. This article focuses on the structural characteristics of water-bearing karst caves and uses the three-dimensional vector finite element method to design a multi radiation source detection model on the TBM tunnel face. By applying transient electromagnetic radiation to parallel electrical radiation sources while receiving the x component of the electric field, multiple radiation sources can irradiate the same target from multiple angles. The simulation results show that multiple radiation sources are conducive to detection in strong interference and small space environments, It has good resolution ability for geological bodies with poor water content in karst caves.

Cite this article

QiDing WANG , WenHan LI , WenTao LIU , ZhiPeng QI , NaiQuan SUN . Research on multi-source transient electromagnetic imaging method in TBM tunnel environment[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2024 , 39(6) : 2463 -2470 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2024HH0478

0 引言

TBM隧道施工是现代隧道施工的主要方法,其优点在于施工效率高、隧道成洞质量好等特点,越来越多的隧道工程开始使用TBM进行掘进作业(李术才等, 2014).但是TBM由电力驱动,一旦遇到隧道突水、突泥事故,造成TBM自身短路,甚至整机报废(Barzegari et al., 2014; 钱七虎, 2017).因此隧道的超前预报工作,尤其是对掌子面前方的含水不良地质体的探测是TBM隧道作业的安全保障.TBM隧道的超前预报往往会遇到溶洞等不连续的含水不良地质目标(Casagrande et al., 2005; Li and Wu, 2019; Lü et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020),因此,TBM隧道环境下针对含水溶洞的超前预报工作是隧道施工安全与效率的基本保障.
目前,TBM隧道超前预报的方法仍处于起步阶段(Home, 2016),多数地球物理方法难以适用于TBM的探测环境.主要原因包括:TBM隧道环境下,背景干扰强,由于TBM自身为金属结构,对电磁类探测方法具有较大影响;另外,TBM隧道环境下,探测可利用空间狭小,一般的物探方法难以适应TBM与隧道掌子面间的狭小空隙.因此现阶段可在TBM隧道中利用的超前预报方法的种类十分有限.目前,TBM隧道超前预报主要有两大类:其一为地震类探测方法(Ashida et al., 2002; Otto et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2006; Petronio et al., 2007; Poletto et al., 2010),地震类探测方法的优点在于能够准确的划分断层或不良地质体的边界,且装置和数据采集相对简单,易于在TBM环境下实现不良地质目标的探测.但是地震类方法无法探测含水的地质目标,对于含水的溶洞来说,难以进行分辨,不适合含水溶洞的探测工作.同时由于TBM隧道环境狭小的探测空间,使地震类方法的发射与接收位置均不在一个平面内,对掌子面前方的不良地质目标探测范围十分有限.第二类探测方法为电磁类的探测方法(Xue et al., 2007; Li et al., 2014, 2017; Cho et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2020),电磁类探测方法的优点在于能够对含水地质体进行识别,但现有的电磁类探测方法,一般难以适应TBM隧道的强电磁干扰环境,难以完成TBM隧道环境下的探测任务.因此,需要开发一种适应TBM隧道探测环境,分辨能力好且能够分辨不连续含水溶洞的超前预报方法.
瞬变电磁方法是一种具有丰富谐波、分辨能力良好的时间域物探方法,已经应用在钻爆法隧道的超前预报工作中(Xue et al., 2007; Li et al., 2014; 程久龙等, 2014, 2016; Liu et al., 2020).但是对于已有的瞬变电磁探测方法来说,其加载的磁性辐射源极易受到TBM的影响,导致探测失败.针对TBM隧道中溶洞等孤立的不良地质体的探测需求,本文通过相互平行的电性辐射源施加瞬变电磁辐射,同时接收电场x分量,由于多辐射源可以在多个角度对同一目标进行辐照,对于溶洞一类的含水不良地质体具有良好的分辨能力.

1 方法与原理

1.1 TBM隧道环境下的多辐射源探测方法设计

在隧道掌子面上施加电性辐射源可以消除隧道内部TBM的干扰.原因在于TBM的刀盘在停机检修时需要向后退刀50 cm,这使得TBM刀盘与掌子面之间存在一定的空隙.TBM刀盘不与掌子面链接,由于电磁场满足极小位能原理,使得电场无法通过空隙到达TBM,达到屏蔽TBM干扰的作用.如图 1a所示,红色虚线为电性源发射的辐射场,蓝色虚线为从目标体返回的二次场.由于TBM与电性源的空隙,使绝大部分辐射场向掌子面前方发射,辐射源后方的电场则沿隧道壁和隧道围岩传播,不会经过TBM.因此利用电性源发射-电场接收的方法可以有效避免TBM的影响.但是,由于像溶洞这类含水的不良地质目标可能存在多个界面,因此,需要利用多组电性辐射源进行发射,以达到多角度观测的目的.由于在掌子面上布置多组辐射源,且接收电场x分量,通过电磁场的一般定理可知:掌子面上的两处电性辐射源的电流方向需要一致,才能保证电场的二次场是增强的.
图1 TBM隧道环境下,多辐射源的探测过程示意图

(a)辐射源布置方式与含水溶洞结构示意图;(b)含水溶洞模型体俯视图;(c)含水溶洞模型体侧视图.

Fig 1 Schematic diagram of the prospecting process of a multi-source with galvanic sources in a TBM tunnel environment

(a) Schematic diagram of source layout and water-bearing cave model; (b) Top view of the water-bearing cave model; (c) Side view of the water-bearing cave model.

图 1为多辐射源瞬变电磁TBM超前预报的装置示意图,图中将电性辐射源放置在隧道掌子面的上下两端,在距离辐射源1 m处布置阵列接收点,信号接收点间的间距为1 m,掌子面上、下辐射源长度均为6 m,围岩的电阻率为200 Ω · m,TBM电阻率10-6Ω · m.图 1bc分别为孤立含水溶洞的俯视图和侧视图,图中第一处含水溶洞距离掌子面10 m,每间隔2 m设置一处孤立含水溶洞,溶洞的尺寸不一且相对位置不处于一个平面内.当电性辐射源在掌子面激发时,电力线不会经过隧道空腔中的TBM,这是因为TBM与隧道掌子面并不相连,电性辐射源的辐射场受到TBM的影响会很小.

1.2 TBM隧道环境下电磁响应计算与分析

本文采用自主编写的三维矢量有限元程序进行正演仿真模拟,边界条件采用第一类边界条件.矢量有限元的有源区域的控制方程:
$\boldsymbol{A}_e \boldsymbol{E}_e^n=\boldsymbol{b}_e(e=x, y, z)$
其中,Aebe矩阵中的元素可分别表示为:
$\begin{aligned}\boldsymbol{A}_e= & \int_V\left\{\left(\nabla \times N_i\right) \cdot\left(\nabla \times N_j\right)+\right. \\& {\left[\frac{\varepsilon \mu_0}{\left(t_n-t_{n-1}\right)\left(t_{n-1}-t_{n-2}\right)}+\frac{\sigma \mu_0}{t_n-t_{n-1}}\right] N_i } \\& \left.N_j\right\} \mathrm{d} V, \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned}\boldsymbol{b}_e= & {\left[\frac{\varepsilon \mu_0}{\left(t_n-t_{n-1}\right)\left(t_{n-1}-t_{n-2}\right)}+\frac{\sigma \mu_0}{t_n-t_{n-1}}\right] \int_V N_i \cdot } \\& E_{n-1} \mathrm{~d} V+\frac{\mu_0}{t_n-t_{n-1}} \sum\limits_{i=1}^g N_i \cdot \frac{\left(I_n-I_{n-1}\right)}{\Delta z \Delta y} \Delta s, \end{aligned}$
其中,g是辐射源沿x方向的单元个数,Δs为单元的侧面积.
TBM隧道环境下电磁场易受到来自TBM的电磁干扰,尤其是磁场会受到TBM严重影响.因此现有的瞬变电磁磁性源并不适合用于TBM隧道环境的超前预报工作.但是通过正演仿真发现,TBM的电磁影响不会干扰电性辐射源.当接收的电场分量的方向与辐射源方向一致时,TBM对二次场影响最小.利用矢量有限元模拟TBM隧道环境中,TBM对瞬变电磁二次场的影响特征.图 2显示矢量有限元模拟情况下,电场与磁场的各分量对比情况,设辐射源以x方向放置.
图2 TBM环境下与无TBM环境下,电场和磁场各分量二次场衰减曲线对比

(a)电场x分量衰减曲线对比;(b)磁场x分量衰减曲线对比;(c)磁场y分量衰减曲线对比;(d)磁场z分量衰减曲线对比;(e)电场y分量衰减曲线对比.

Fig 2 Comparison of the secondary field attenuation curves of each component of the electrical and magnetic fields in a TBM environment and in an environment without TBM

(a) x component of the electrical field; (b) x component of the magnetic field; (c) y component of the magnetic field; (d) z component of the magnetic field; (e) y component of the electrical field.

由于电场接收点位置处于隧道掌子面上且TBM仅能后撤30~50 cm,因此难以在掌子面上测量电场z分量.图 2中列出了除电场z分量以外的各电磁分量,从图 2b—d中,磁场各分量均受到TBM的严重影响,导致二次场无法进行观测.在图 2e中,电场y分量在衰减曲线晚期受到TBM干扰,导致衰减曲线在10-4 s到10-3 s之间上扬,说明电场y分量在二次场晚期,不适宜TBM隧道的超前预报.从各分量的表现来看,只有电场x分量没有受到TBM的影响,可以胜任TBM隧道的超前预报工作.

1.3 TBM环境下的全域视电阻率成像计算

电性辐射源的全域视电阻率定义方法由文献(李文等, 2018)给出.首先将电场的x分量进行泰勒级数展开:
$\begin{aligned}E_x(\rho, P, t)= & E_x\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)+E_x^{\prime}\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)\left(\rho-\rho_\tau^{(0)}\right) \\& +\frac{E_x^{\prime \prime}\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)}{2!}\left(\rho-\rho_\tau^{(0)}\right)^2+\cdots \\& +\frac{E_x^{(n)}\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)}{2!}\left(\rho-\rho_\tau^{(0)}\right)^n+R_n(\rho), \end{aligned}$
其中,ρ为电阻率,P为掌子面上接收点的空间坐标,t为时间,Ex为电场x分量.对公式(4)取线性主部得:
$E_x(\rho, P, t) \approx E_x\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)+E_x^{\prime}\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)\left(\rho-\rho_\tau^{(0)}\right)$
由于线性主部的单调特性,利用反函数定理可得:
$\rho=\frac{E_x(\rho, P, t)-E_x\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)}{E_x^{\prime}\left(\rho_\tau^{(0)}, P, t\right)}+\rho_\tau^{(0)}$
将公式(6)写成迭代格式为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\rho_\tau^{(i+1)} \approx \Delta \rho_\tau^{(i)}+\rho_\tau^{(i)}(i=0, 1, 2, \cdots) \\\Delta \rho_\tau^{(i)}=\frac{E_x(\rho, P, t)-E_x\left(\rho_\tau^{(i-1)}, P, t\right)}{E_x^{\prime}\left(\rho_\tau^{(i-1)}, P, t\right)}\end{array}\right.$
最终使迭代终止条件满足|Δρτ(i) |<ε,得到电阻率与时间的对应关系.同时通过等效导电平面法(Xue et al., 2007),最终得到电阻率与深度间的关系,完成视深度的定义.

2 模拟结果比较与成像效果分析

为说明多辐射源对孤立的含水溶洞具有良好的分辨能力,分别比较单辐射源和多辐射源对掌子面前方孤立含水溶洞的二次场响应特征,并分析全域视电阻率的成像结果.

2.1 单辐射源的二次场响应特征和全域视电阻率成像

掌子面前方孤立含水溶洞的空间位置如图 1所示,辐射源仅施加掌子面上方的辐射源,辐射源长6 m,孤立含水溶洞的电阻率均为10 Ω · m.图 3给出单辐射源对掌子面前方三处含水溶洞的相对异常曲线.
图3 单辐射源对掌子面前方三处含水溶洞的相对异常曲线与多测道图

(a)有溶洞与无溶洞的衰减曲线对比;(b)相对异常曲线;(c)多测道图.

Fig 3 Relative abnormal curve and multi-channel figure of a single-source to three water-bearing caves in front of a tunnel face

(a)Comparison of attenuation curves with and without caves; (b)Relative abnormal curve; (c)Multi-channel figure.

图 3a显示的是单一辐射源情况下无含水溶洞和有含水溶洞在掌子面接收点处的二次场响应曲线.从图中可以看出,由于溶洞的体积较小,衰减曲线并不能明显的反映出三处溶洞的响应时刻.此时需要引入“相对异常”以发现异常响应的二次场时刻,由于含水溶洞相较于隧道围岩属于低电阻异常体,有溶洞时的二次场值低于无溶洞时的二次场值,需要通过无含水溶洞的二次场响应曲线和有含水溶洞的二次场响应曲线相减,同时将二次场响应之差除以无含水溶洞的二次场响应,得到含水溶洞的相对异常曲线.图 3b为三处含水溶洞的相对异常,第一处溶洞响应时刻为4×10-7 s,第二处溶洞的响应时刻为1.7×10-6 s,第三处溶洞的响应时刻为1.1×10-5 s.图 3c给出多测道图,从多测道图可以看出,第一处溶洞的响应最为明显,第二和第三处的溶洞响应连在一起,难以进行分辨.图 4给出电场x分量的断面图.
图4 单辐射源情况下,电场x分量的断面图

Fig 4 Cross-sectional view of the Ex in the case of a single-source

图 4可以看出,掌子面位置为Z=0 m处,第一和第二溶洞的电场响应较强,第三处溶洞的响应较弱,甚至模糊,说明单一辐射源的辐射能力相对较弱,尤其是对多处阻挡的含水溶洞具有较低的分辨能力.图 5给出三维视电阻率的成像结果.
图5 单辐射源情况下三维视电阻率的成像结果

Fig 5 Imaging results of the three-dimensional apparent resistivity in the case of a single-source

图 5的三维视电阻率的成像结果来看,单辐射源对距离掌子面最近的含水溶洞具备较清晰的分辨能力,但对于后两处溶洞的分辨能力一般,这与图 3c中的多测道图结果一致.总之,单一辐射源在辐射场的穿透能力和对充水溶洞的分辨能力两方面表现一般.

2.2 多辐射源的二次场响应特征和全域视电阻率成像

多辐射源在掌子面上的布置方法如图 1所示,同时所有模型体的参数均与单辐射源设置一致,图 6为多辐射源对掌子面前方三处含水溶洞的相对异常曲线.
图6 多辐射源对掌子面前方三处含水溶洞的相对异常曲线与多测道图

(a)有溶洞与无溶洞的衰减曲线对比;(b)相对异常曲线;(c)多测道图.

Fig 6 Relative abnormal curve and multi-channel figure of multiple sources to three water-bearing caves in front of a tunnel face

(a)Comparison of attenuation curves with and without caves; (b)Relative abnormal curve; (c)Multi-channel figure.

图 6a显示的是多辐射源情况下无含水溶洞和有含水溶洞在掌子面接收点处的二次场响应曲线.与图 3a的情况相同,二次场同样无法明确分辨三处充水溶洞,需要引入“相对异常”.图 3b为三处含水溶洞的相对异常,从图中的数据可知,三处充水溶洞对应的二次场时刻没有发生变化,但相对异常的响应占比却有所提高.说明多辐射源在加强辐射场的同时,并未丢失分辨能力.图 6c给出多测道图,从多测道图可以看出,三处溶洞均可以进行明确的划分.相比单辐射源的多测道图,多辐射源的多测道图的异常响应更加明显,更容易分辨相对位置变化较大的孤立目标.图 7给出电场x分量的断面图.
图7 多辐射源情况下,电场x分量的断面图

Fig 7 Cross-sectional view of the Ex in the case of multiple sources

图 7中三处孤立充水溶洞位置明显,相比于图 4中单辐射源的电场分辨能力,多辐射源比单辐射源具备更强的辐射能力和更好的分辨能力,有利于隧道掌子面前方复杂目标的精细成像.图 8给出多辐射源的三维视电阻率成像结果.
图8 多辐射源情况下,三维视电阻率的成像结果

Fig 8 Imaging results of the three-dimensional apparent resistivity in the case of multiple sources

图 8的三维视电阻率的成像结果来看,多辐射源对距离掌子面最近的含水溶洞具备较清晰的分辨能力,但对于后两处溶洞的分辨能力一般,这与图 3c中的多测道图结果一致.多辐射源在加强辐射场强度,提高信号分辩能力的同时,还能提供多角度观测,从不同观测面对同一目标进行辐照,相比单一辐射源而言,多辐射源获得的异常响应信息更丰富,成像效果更好.
为了证明多辐射源具备更好的分辨能力,取图 2Y = -1 m时的视电阻率切片图作为对比目标.从图 9可以看出,单一辐射源在Y = -1 m时视电阻率差异很小,难以分辨充水溶洞和围岩的具体边界,但多辐射源在Y = -1 m时可以明显分辨出第一个溶洞的位置.说明多辐射源对结构复杂的目标体具有良好的分辨能力,能够从被观测体的多个侧面获取成像信息.
图9 当Y = -1 m时,视电阻率切片图

(a)单辐射源;(b)多辐射源.

Fig 9 Slice map of apparent resistivity(Y = -1 m)

(a)Single radiation source; (b)Multi radiation source.

3 结论

本文借助三维矢量有限元方法,通过在TBM隧道掌子面上布置多辐射源,找到一种适应TBM隧道环境下的含水溶洞的超前预报方法.此方法在隧道掌子面的上、下两端施加电性辐射源,电场x分量接收,同时对掌子面上接收的电场数据进行全域视电阻率成像,最终得到隧道掌子面前方孤立充水溶洞的成像结果,得到如下结论:
(1) 以瞬变电磁多辐射源在隧道掌子面激发,发现仅有电场x分量不会受到TBM的影响.由于辐射源在掌子面上激发,TBM退刀后距离掌子面仅有30~50 cm,磁场将会受到严重影响,电场的z分量难以进行测量;而电场y分量由于其场值远小于x分量,不适合TBM隧道的超前预报工作.
(2) 多辐射源发射的意义在于,在保证分辨率不丢失的情况下,增强对目标的分辨能力,同时多辐射源可以在多个角度对含水溶洞进行观测,进一步获得对含水溶洞观测信息,有助于提高视电阻率成像的分辨能力.
(3) 全域视电阻率的结果显示,单一辐射源的成像分辨率,明显不如多辐射源的成像分辨率.由于多辐射源的相对异常明显优于单辐射源的相对异常,使视电阻率的划分更加明确.
总之,利用多辐射源发射,对于分辨孤立的含水溶洞具有良好的促进作用.但是对于日益复杂的隧道探测环境与探测需求,需要对辐射源的发射方式进行进一步的改善,引入多脉冲扫描的探测方式将会成为日后的工作重点.同时考虑使用适应TBM隧道的钻孔式瞬变电磁方法也是日后的发展方向.

感谢审稿专家提出的修改意见和编辑部的大力支持!

Barzegari G , Uromeihy A , Zhao J . EPB tunneling challenges in bouldery ground: A new experience on the Tabriz metro line 1, Iran. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2014, 73(2 429 440

DOI

Casagrande G , Cucchi F , Zini L . Hazard connected to railway tunnel construction in karstic area: applied geomorphological and hydrogeological surveys. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 2005, 5(2): 243-250

DOI

Cheng J L , Chen D , Xue G Q , et al. Synthetic aperture imaging in advanced detection of roadway using the mine transient electromagnetic method. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 2016, 59(2): 731-738

DOI

Cheng J L , Li M X , Xiao Y L , et al. Study on particle swarm optimization inversion of mine transient electromagnetic method in whole-space. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 2014, 57(10): 3478-3484

DOI

Cho J H , Jung J H , Kim S Y . Analysis of cross-borehole pulse radar signatures on a terminated tunnel with various penetration lengths. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2018, 56(2): 799-807

DOI

Home L . Hard rock TBM tunneling in challenging ground: Developments and lessons learned from the field. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2016, 57 27-32

DOI

Li S C , Liu B , Sun H F , et al. State of art and trends of advanced geological prediction in tunnel construction. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering (in Chinese). 2014, 33(6): 1090-1113

Li S C , Liu B , Xu X J , et al. An overview of ahead geological prospecting in tunneling. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 2017, 63 69-94

DOI

Li S C , Sun H F , Lu X S , et al. Three-dimensional modeling of transient electromagnetic responses of water-bearing structures in front of a tunnel face. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. 2014, 19(1): 13-32

DOI

Li S C , Wu J . A multi-factor comprehensive risk assessment method of karst tunnels and its engineering application. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2019, 78(3): 1761-1776

DOI

Li W H , Li H , Lu K L , et al. A new method for space-based detecting small-scale space debris with high-resolution using transient electromagnetism. Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese). 2018, 61(12): 5066-5076

DOI

Liu B , Fan K R , Nie L C , et al. Mapping water-abundant zones using transient electromagnetic and seismic methods when tunneling through fractured granite in the Qinling Mountains, China. Geophysics. 2020, 85(4): B147-B159

DOI

Y X , Jiang Y J , Hu W , et al. A review of the effects of tunnel excavation on the hydrology, ecology, and environment in karst areas: Current status, challenges, and perspectives. Journal of Hydrology. 2020, 586 124891

DOI

Otto R , Button E A , Bretterebner H , et al. The application of TRT-True reflection tomography-At the unterwald tunnel. Felsbau. 2002, 20(2): 51-56

Petronio L , Poletto F , Schleifer A . Interface prediction ahead of the excavation front by the tunnel-seismic-while-drilling (TSWD) method. Geophysics. 2007, 72(4): G39-G44

DOI

Poletto F , Corubolo P , Comelli P . Drill-bit seismic interferometry with and without pilot signals. Geophysical Prospecting. 2010, 58(2): 257-265

DOI

Qian Q H . Main developments and directions of geological prediction and informatized technology of tunnel construction. Tunnel Construction (in Chinese). 2017, 37(3): 251-263

Wang X L , Lai J X , He S Y , et al. Karst geology and mitigation measures for hazards during metro system construction in Wuhan, China. Natural Hazards. 2020, 103(3): 2905-2927

DOI

Xue G Q , Yan Y J , Li X , et al. Transient electromagnetic S-inversion in tunnel prediction. Geophysical Research Letters. 2007, 34(18): L18403

DOI

Zhao Y G , Jiang H , Zhao X P . Tunnel seismic tomography method for geological prediction and its application. Applied Geophysics. 2006, 3(2): 69-74

DOI

久龙 , , 国强 , et al. 矿井瞬变电磁法超前探测合成孔径成像研究. 地球物理学报. 2016, 59(2): 731-738

DOI

久龙 , 明星 , 艳丽 , et al. 全空间条件下矿井瞬变电磁法粒子群优化反演研究. 地球物理学报. 2014, 57(10): 3478-3484

DOI

术才 , , 怀凤 , et al. 隧道施工超前地质预报研究现状及发展趋势. 岩石力学与工程学报. 2014, 33(6): 1090-1113

文翰 , , 凯亮 , et al. 一种基于天基的瞬变电磁高分辨探测小尺度太空碎片的方法. 地球物理学报. 2018, 61(12): 5066-5076

DOI

七虎 . 隧道工程建设地质预报及信息化技术的主要进展及发展方向. 隧道建设. 2017, 37(3): 251-263

Outlines

/