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Study on the rock mechanical properties and anisotropy of Paleocene Huxiang reservoirs: a case study of the Shahejie Formation in the southeastern Bohai Bay Basin

  • ZhuYu ZHAO , 1 ,
  • ChuanLiang YAN , 1, 2, * ,
  • JinChun XUE 3 ,
  • YuanFang CHENG 1, 2 ,
  • ZhongYing HAN 1, 2 ,
  • Zhe ZHANG 1 ,
  • Bo SUN 1 ,
  • GuangXu ZHOU 1
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  • 1 School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3 School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330013, China

Received date: 2024-05-10

  Online published: 2025-05-09

Copyright

Copyright ©2025 Progress in Geophysics. All rights reserved.

Abstract

The Shahejie Formation is endowed with high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks which is an important rocky oil and gas reservoir in Bohai Bay Basin. Rock mechanics, which is an important geomechanically property of reservoirs, holds great significance in accurately evaluating the drilling and completion process and fracturing construction design. In this paper, typical shales, sandstones, and mudstones of the Shahejie Formation are taken as the research objects, and thin-section appraisal and triaxial compression tests are carried out to clarify the petrographic and mechanical properties and the damage modes of the reservoirs. The influence of confining pressure and laminar orientation on rock strength anisotropy and damage characteristics is analyzed. The results show that: The rocks of different lithological reservoirs show different mechanical properties. Sandstone has high compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, strong hard brittleness characteristics, and mainly undergoes shear damage. The second is shale, which is controlled by the influence of laminar orientation with significant anisotropy in mechanical strength and fracture pattern, and good fracturability. Mudstone is the least mechanically stable. Layer orientation has a significant effect on the anisotropy of reservoir compressive strength. The mechanical strength of the rock is most stable when the dip angle of the laminae is 0°, followed by 90°. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the rock are the lowest when the dip angle of the laminae is 60°. The modified Gaussian model can effectively characterize the changing trend of compressive strength with laminar inclination angle β. The orientation of the laminae affects the compressive fracture pattern of shale. When the orientation of the laminae is 0°, the damage mode is a composite damage controlled by tension through the laminae and shear along the laminae surface. At 30° and 60°, the specimens showed shear damage. When the orientation of the laminae is 90°, the specimens are characterized by tensile splitting damage across the end face. Both sandstone and mudstone show shear damage mode. The research results can provide theoretical support to the evaluation of reservoir rock mechanics and highly efficient exploration and development of oil and gas.

Cite this article

ZhuYu ZHAO , ChuanLiang YAN , JinChun XUE , YuanFang CHENG , ZhongYing HAN , Zhe ZHANG , Bo SUN , GuangXu ZHOU . Study on the rock mechanical properties and anisotropy of Paleocene Huxiang reservoirs: a case study of the Shahejie Formation in the southeastern Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2025 , 40(2) : 806 -816 . DOI: 10.6038/pg2025II0025

0 引言

我国飞跃式发展的经济对能源的需求量急剧猛增,煤、石油、天然气等常规能源的供给量与消耗量间的矛盾日益加剧(赵宁等,2022).以致密油气、页岩油气为代表的非常规资源逐步受到重视和应用,其勘探开发问题已成为能源领域前言热点研究课题(Li et al., 2016bJin et al., 2021Zhao et al., 2022).渤海湾盆地古近系湖相沉积层因其分布广、埋藏浅、有机质丰度高、勘探潜力大等优势成为我国非常规油气资源勘探开发的主阵地(Niu et al., 2008).
页岩、砂岩和泥岩作为典型湖相沉积油气储集体,受其矿物成分、岩相结构的影响表现出各异的力学性质和破裂形态(Pouragha et al., 2020Xue et al., 2022Niu et al., 2023).近年来,基于岩相特征的储层岩石力学特性研究受到越来越多国内学者们的关注.彭思钟等(2022)综合了薄片鉴定及测井数据,对二叠系山西组山23亚段岩石进行了岩相组合和沉积相划分.Xue等(2020)基于X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction)、总有机质含量(Total organic content)、镜质组反射率(Vitrinite reflectance)等指标将山西组岩石划分为粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩并确定了过渡性页岩岩相有机质特征.张文等(2022)对鄂尔多斯盆地山西组岩石开展了一系列的室内试验,研究了储层岩相类型及其对力学特性和破坏模式的影响.李鹏等(2022)就风城组的砂岩、白云质泥岩、熔结凝灰岩进行了单轴压缩、三轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,研究了矿物成分对储层岩石力学行为的影响.层理发育的页岩力学强度、破裂形态呈现显著的各向异性特征(高阳等,2022),诸多学者针对不同层理取向的岩石开展了相关研究.Sun等(2023)利用CT扫描技术对三轴压缩的页岩进行了破坏形态和体积变化的表征,并阐明了页岩不同层理角度在压缩荷载下裂缝拓展的规律.Zhang等(2021)就龙马溪组不同采样角度的岩芯进行了三轴力学试验,得到了不同层理角度页岩力学参数,研究了不同层理发生条件下页岩地层坍塌压力的变化规律.陈扬等(2022)以矿物成分鉴定、薄片和电镜观测为依据对渤海湾盆地沙四上亚段储层岩石进行了纹层组合类型划分,分析了多重影响因素对各纹层组合类型储集空间的影响.刘冬桥等(2021)利用真三轴试验系统对节理煤岩开展复杂应力条件下压缩试验,揭示了层理面和中间主应力对煤岩强度、变形和破坏的影响.Gao等(2023)综合考虑了岩石弹性模量、抗压强度的各向异性对井孔应力的影响,建立了一个新的钻孔稳定模型且预测的地层坍塌压力更精确.
目前关于渤海湾盆地东南部沙河街组储层的岩相、力学特性和破坏模式等方面的认识存在不足,致使该区域储层油气资源整体勘探程度偏低.因此,有必要针对渤海湾盆地东南部沙河街组储层岩石开展岩石薄片鉴定和三轴压缩试验,探明研究区域储层物性、力学特性及其破坏模式,分析围压与层理取向对岩石强度各向异性和破裂特征的影响,并采用修正后的高斯模型表征抗压强度随层理取向β的变化趋势,以期为研究区储层岩石力学评价和油气高效勘探开发提供理论依据.

1 区域地质概况

渤海湾盆地是目前我国海上油气田数量最多的构造区,位于太行山隆起与辽东—胶东隆起带间,经印支、燕山两期构造运动形成了典型的中、新生代断陷盆地(彭军等,2022).研究区域属渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东南隅的一个即近NEE走向的陆相箕状断陷湖盆,东起青坨子凸起,西邻惠民凹陷,南接鲁西—广饶凸起,北靠陈家庄—滨县凸界,面积约为5700 km2,具有“北断南超、北陡南缓”的特点,内部包含洼陷、陡坡带、缓坡带和隆起带等二级构造单元(侯贵廷等,1998).历经古近纪强烈断陷及新近纪整体坳陷的构造演化过程,自下而上发育了古近系孔店组、沙河街组、东营组三套地层.勘测表明,沙河街组三段及四段上亚段为目前层系范围内优质烃源岩最为发育的层段,厚度约在千米余深(林会喜等,2005夏景生等,2017).沙河街组早期为深湖—半深湖沉积环境,期间湖侵达顶峰,中后期湖水变浅,陆源碎屑沉积作用增强,为凹陷区提供了大套优质烃源储层,且该地层岩性圈闭,发育以深湖-半深湖相泥岩、灰色泥岩夹灰褐色油页岩、砂岩为主(贾光华,2019),如图 1所示.
图1 研究区域的构造位置、地层剖面和岩相特征

Fig 1 Structural location, stratigraphic section and petrographic characteristics of the study area

2 试验样品及设备

2.1 试验样品

岩相作为反映岩石沉积环境和岩性特征的综合表现,是油气工程有效勘探和高效开发的焦点(赵珠宇等,2025).选取渤海湾盆地沙河街组典型页岩、砂岩、泥岩3种岩样.根据现行石油天然气行业薄片鉴定标准(SYT5368-2000)对0.03 mm厚标准岩石薄层进行测试,结合X射线衍射分析岩石矿物组成成分,结果显示:页岩由石英(58.8%)、黏土(16.2%)、斜长石(13.4%)、方解石(9.5%)混杂微量粉砂质、不透明矿物组成,属隐晶质结构,泥质呈现红褐色,整体沿页理面定向分布,部分见向细小云母、方向转变.砂岩组分以石英(55.0%)、斜长石(19.8%)、黏土(16.2%)和少量填隙物(钙质、微量硅-泥质和不透明矿物)为主,颗粒之间多呈线状接触,孔隙式胶结.泥岩的主要矿物成分为黏土(69.1%)、石英(25.0%)、斜长石(4.1%)混杂少量泥质、钙质及不透明矿物.整体分布定向性好,具有微弱变质现象.薄片鉴定结果如图 2所示.根据国际岩石力学学会试验规范(ISBN: 978-3-319-07712-3)和岩石物理力学性质试验规程(DZ/T 0276.10-2015)(Aydin,2007),将岩样加工成直径25 mm,高50 mm的圆柱体试件.同时,对试件两端面用砂纸进行打磨,确保不平整度误差控制在±0.05 mm范围内.如图 3所示.定义纹层与水平面的夹角为层理取向,页岩层理取向分别为0°、30°、60°、90°, 砂岩层理取向为0°, 泥岩层理取向为60°.
图2 岩样典型薄片

(a) 页岩;(b) 砂岩;(c) 泥岩.

Fig 2 Optical pictures of rock samples

(a) Shale; (b) Sandstone; (c) Mudstone.

图3 沙河街组典型岩样照片

Fig 3 Photos of typical rock samples of the Shahejie Formation

2.2 试验设备

三轴压缩试验采用深层油气全国重点实验室TAW-1000岩石力学试验系统,该系统由釜、轴压加载装置、围压加载装置及数据采集装置组成,如图 4所示.围压加载量可达200 MPa,轴向加载量可达150 kN.围压设置为5 MPa、10 MPa、15 MPa.轴向加载采用位移控制,加载速率为0.1 mm/min,径向变形采用环式传感器进行测量.经放样、热塑、密封、接线、充油等操作完成试件安装,试验前对试件预压0.5 kN轴向荷载,以消除数据弥散现象.
图4 TAW-1000常规岩石力学试验系统

Fig 4 TAW-1000 conventional rock mechanics testing system

3 试验结果及分析

3.1 岩石应力—应变曲线特征

通过TAW-1000岩石力学试验系统测得沙河街组页岩、泥岩、砂岩试件在不同围压下应力—应变曲线,如图 5ac所示.由图 5可见,不同岩相试件的应力—应变曲线趋势基本一致,大致可以分为4个阶段:压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性阶段和破坏阶段.
图5 岩石应力—应变曲线

(a)—(c)不同围压; (d)不同层理取向.

Fig 5 Stress-strain curves of rock

(a)—(c) Different surrounding pressures; (d) Different laminar orientations.

(1) 压密阶段的应力—应变曲线呈“上凹”型,认为试件的原生裂隙在荷载作用下受压闭合,对于孔隙度较大的砂岩和页岩压密阶段较为明显,如图 5ab所示,这与岩石在动态加载下的压密过程基本一致(Zhao et al., 2023).
(2) 弹性阶段的应力—应变近似呈“直线”型,如图 5ab所示的页岩和砂岩具有较长的线弹性段,且该段的曲线斜率大于压密段,试件的波阻抗值基本恒定,认为岩石产生了弹性变形.
(3) 塑性阶段的特点是应力—应变曲线稍向下凹,切线模量逐渐减小,此时试件内部的原生裂纹开始拓展,新生裂纹不断延伸,但发展相对稳定,体积由压缩转为扩容.如图 5c所示,对于塑性较强的软弱泥岩该阶段较为明显且持续时间长,砂岩塑性变形阶段相对较短.
(4) 应力达到峰值后进入破坏阶段,三种岩相的试件均表现出不同的破坏特征.页岩内部的微裂缝虽然已经拓展形成宏观裂缝,但尚未完全破裂仍具有一定的承载能力,且随着试件变形的继续增大而逐渐减小,表现出一定的延性破坏特征.因此,页岩储层在压裂改造时造缝、拓展会较为困难,可考虑在压裂区域加注水或延长压裂施工时间等方式减小滤失效应,增加造缝能量,从而增大地层脆性破坏的概率.砂岩达到应力峰值后发生瞬间的断崖式线性跌落,试件完全失稳,表现出明显的硬脆性破坏特征.砂岩储层在压裂改造过程中易形成裂缝,有利于提高储层的通透性和油气的导流能力.

3.2 岩石力学强度各向异性分析

围压是影响储层岩石力学性质一个极为重要的因素,储层岩石所受到的围压主要为上覆岩层压力和水平地应力(Liu et al., 2016赵珠宇,2022).储层深度越深,岩石所受到的地应力越大.表 1给出了3种岩相岩石在不同围压下的压缩试验结果.对于相同层理取向的试件,岩石的抗压强度和弹性模量随围压的增大而增大,分析认为:随着围压的增大,岩石的原生裂隙在荷载作用下受压逐渐闭合,各向异性减小,密实度增加.此外,围压限制矿物的侧向位移,增强了试件内部裂纹的面间摩擦力,抑制裂纹的扩展且扩展速度滞后于外部加荷速率,输入的能量积聚在岩石内部.在应力—应变曲线上表现出塑性变形延长,延性特征变得明显,利于形成屈服平台;泊松比无明显规律.这与李鹏等(2022)刘峻杰等(2022)的研究结果相一致.因此,在深部油气勘探开采时有必要考虑目的储集层的埋深,尤其是页岩储层可压性降低时,油井监测上会出现压裂液反排量增多的现象.
储层岩体在长期复杂地质构造运动作用下形成一定取向的非连续原生层理面.层理取向是影响储层岩石稳定的另一重要因素,层理发育的页岩各向异性尤为突出.表 1给出了不同层理取向页岩三轴压缩试验结果.由图 6图 7可知,页岩的抗压强度和弹性模量随着层理取向的增加呈现先降低后升高的“V”型变化规律.其中层理取向为0°时,页岩的力学强度最稳定;90°次之;层理取向为60°时,页岩抗压强度和弹性模量最低.分析认为:页岩的抗压强度大于其抗拉强度,层理取向β=0°, 加载方向与层理面垂直,此时岩石强度主要受控于其基质体的抗压能力;而层理取向β=90°时,加载方向与层理面平行,页岩试件可等同为由基质体构成的各向同性面,此时基质体在径向上还需克服因层理面间各矿物颗粒的黏结作用(He and Afolagboye, 2018王辉,2022).因此,层理取向为90°的岩样抗压强度略低于0°.层理取向在0°~90°范围内,因层理弱面导致加载过程中试件内部应力分布不均,存在显著的应力集中现象.将页岩层理诱发的各向异性等效成一组与之平行的弱面结构(Hu et al., 2020),如图 8所示.荷载在弱面结构切线方向上的分力理论上随着层理取向的增大而增大.试件的抗压强度将逐步受控于弱面结构的黏聚力、摩擦力并加速弱面和裂缝的拓展、破坏.图 5d所示的层理取向30°、60°试件应力—应变曲线的弹性阶段、塑性变形阶段明显较短.当层理取向大于60°时,有学者认为虽然荷载在弱面结构切向上的分力仍随层理取向的增大而增大,但基质体本身的强度远超弱面结构强度,此时试件的强度主要由基质体控制(邓华锋等,2018张伯虎等,2020).
表1 岩石三轴压缩试验结果

Table 1 Results of triaxial compression tests on rocks

试件编号 层理取向/(°) 岩性 围压/MPa 抗压强度/MPa 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比
S-1 0 页岩 5 90.22 23.55 0.222
S-2 0 10 146.45 27.31 0.305
S-3 0 15 182.24 32.33 0.385
S-4 30 5 73.18 22.77 0.302
S-5 30 10 109.27 26.34 0.171
S-6 30 15 114.83 30.94 0.271
S-7 60 5 53.75 21.20 0.235
S-8 60 10 88.19 22.08 0.383
S-9 60 15 94.01 22.83 0.241
S-10 90 5 84.53 23.15 0.174
S-11 90 10 121.41 27.45 0.219
S-12 90 15 142.52 30.04 0.221
L-1 0 砂岩 5 191.83 28.13 0.178
L-2 0 10 266.13 29.23 0.214
L-3 0 15 328.69 35.19 0.229
M-1 60 泥岩 5 33.99 4.34 0.217
M-2 60 10 43.13 5.85 0.208
M-3 60 15 46.68 9.25 0.226
图6 层理取向与抗压强度的变化关系

Fig 6 Relationship between laminar orientation and compressive strength

图7 层理取向与弹性模量的变化关系

Fig 7 Relationship between laminar orientation and elastic modulus

图8 层理岩样受力示意图

Fig 8 Schematic diagram of forces on a laminar specimen

Hoek(1994)为有效评估不连续地质体的质量,于1994年首次提出了地质强度指标的概念(Geological Strength Index, GSI),并随后对GSI指标进行了一系列的完善,在地质及岩土工程适用范围内被认为是量化岩体力学特性、判定岩体质量的有效指标之一.晏先震等(2021)解经宇等(2021)Li等(2016a)等研究指出:页岩在力学行为上具有明显的各向异性特征,且层理取向对页岩纵波的传播较为敏感(Sarkar and Singh, 2006Alsuwaidi et al,2021),利用修正后的高斯函数可有效表征GSI随层理取向的变化趋势(李国枭等,2023),如式(1)所示:
$y=\mathrm{GSI}_0+\lambda \mathrm{e}^{-\frac{\left(\beta-\beta^{\prime}\right) 2}{2 \omega^2}}, $
式中:GSI0为完整岩石地质强度指标,定义完整岩石为纹层与轴心线垂直的岩样,即层理取向β=0°;λ为GSI随层理取向变化的振幅;β′为最小GSI对应的层理取向;ω为GSI随层理取向变化曲线的曲率.
根据式(1)对抗压强度与层理取向之间的关系进行拟合,如图 9所示.由图 9可见,相关系数大于0.9,拟合程度较好,修正后的高斯模型可以有效表征页岩抗压强度随层理取向β的变化趋势,对该研究区域储层页岩强度各向异性特征具有较好的适用性.需要说明的是,参数ω控制函数模型的张开度,参数λ影响强度的振幅,对于储层大尺度层状页岩的参数确定方法还有待进一步确定.
图9 不同层理取向高斯函数拟合图

Fig 9 Gaussian function fitting plots for different laminar orientations

3.3 岩石破坏模式分析

岩石破裂形态潜含着与力学特性和各向异性相关的信息,其破坏模式受到诸如层理取向、围压荷载、矿物成分等因素的影响(Fereidooni et al., 2016Zhao et al., 2024).表 2展示了不同岩相试件压缩后的典型破坏形态及裂缝图.不同层理取向的页岩试件压缩后表现出各异的破裂形态.层理取向为0°时,裂纹分布和破裂形态较为复杂.试件表面可见一条明显的斜向剪切裂缝,且在切向上可观察到了多个平行于层理面的水平缝,判定该破坏模式为贯穿层理面张拉和沿层理面剪切主控的复合破坏.层理取向为30°和60°时,加载后试件形成了相似的破裂形态,表面有一条越穿两端面的主陡斜剪切缝,但层理取向30°试件裂缝略为光滑,60°试件的主裂缝边缘延伸多条裂缝分支.由图 8所示的层理岩样受力示意图,轴向荷载在60°层理面法向上的分力大于30°试件,60°试件基质体在法向上受到过大的局部拉应力,故裂纹易沿主裂缝边缘扩展产生张拉缝.层理取向90°的试件,加载方向平行于层理面,页岩基质体在径向上受到因层理面各向异性诱发的拉应力,当其超过各矿物颗粒间的黏结力将沿层理面发生越穿端面的张性劈裂破坏,试件表面出现多条平行于层理面的裂缝.对于砂岩和泥岩,试件压缩破裂形态较简单,均为剪切破坏模式.砂岩由碎屑混杂少量填隙物沉积而成,属于中-细粒砂状结构,试件表面只形成了单一的斜向剪切裂缝,裂缝毛刺分叉少.泥岩层理特征显著,在荷载作用下易沿层理面取向发生剪切滑动,试件表面可见一条明显的剪切缝.
表2 不同岩相试件压缩后的典型破坏图及裂缝图

Table 2 Typical diagrams of damage and cracks after compression of specimens with different lithologies

层理取向0°页岩 层理取向30°页岩 层理取向60°页岩 层理取向90°页岩 层理取向0°砂岩 层理取向60°泥岩
破坏图
裂缝图

4 结论

本文对渤海湾盆地沙河街组页岩、砂岩、泥岩开展了薄片鉴定和三轴压缩试验,研究了储层岩相、力学特征和破坏模式,分析了围压与层理取向对岩石强度各向异性和破裂特征的影响.主要结论如下:
(1) 不同岩相岩石表现出各异的力学特性.砂岩具有较高的抗压强度和弹性模量,硬脆性特征明显,主要发生剪切破坏;页岩的力学强度和破裂形态受控于层理取向,各向异性明显,可压裂性好;泥岩力学稳定最差.
(2) 层理取向显著影响储层页岩的抗压强度各向异性.层理取向为0°时,岩石力学强度最稳定;90°次之;60°时,岩石抗压强度和弹性模量最低.修正后的高斯模型可有效表征抗压强度随层理取向的变化趋势.
(3) 层理取向影响页岩压缩破裂形态,层理取向为0°时,破坏模式为贯穿层理张拉和沿层理面剪切主控的复合破坏;30°和60°时,试件为剪切破坏模式;90°时,试件呈现越穿端面的张性劈裂破坏.砂岩和泥岩均为剪切破坏模式.致谢感谢审稿专家提出的修改意见.
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