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Abbreviation (ISO4): Prog Chem      Editor in chief: Jincai ZHAO

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Progress in Chemistry >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 8: 1157 - 1173

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7536/PC240102

Review

MXene-Based Functional Textile Composites

  • Suqin Zhou 1 ,
  • Lu Jia , 1, * ,
  • Chuanjin Shi 2 ,
  • Aiqin Zhang 1 ,
  • Shuqiang Liu 1 ,
  • Hua Wang , 1, 3, *
Expand
  • 1 School of Light Textile Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China
  • 2 China Research Institute of Leather and Footwear Industry (Jinjiang) Co., Ltd, Jinjiang 362200, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of New Material Interface Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
*e-mail: (Lu Jia);
(Hua Wang)

Received date: 2024-01-04

  Revised date: 2024-03-27

  Online published: 2024-07-01

Supported by

Shanxi Province Basic Research Program(20210302124684)

Shanxi Province Returned Overseas Educated Personnel Research Grant Program(2023-049)

Fold

Abstract

the novel two-dimensional metal carbon/nitride MXene,owing to its unique two-dimensional structure and performance,can be composite with various textile materials,imparting excellent conductivity,mechanical properties,etc.,to textile composite materials.Therefore,It has shown tremendous development potential in fields such as sensing,electromagnetic shielding,and energy storage.This article initially introduces the structure,preparation methods,and properties of MXene.It provides a summary of the preparation methods for MXene-based functional textile composite materials,including coating methods,electrospinning,wet spinning,vacuum filtration,etc.the article outlines the impact of different structures(coating,embedding,hybrid)of MXene-based functional textile composites on their performance.It also reviews their applications in sensors,electromagnetic shielding,energy transmission,and conversion.Finally,the article offers a prospect of the development trends in the research field of MXene-based functional textile composite materials。

Contents

1 Introduction

2 Structure and properties of MXene and its preparation methods

2.1 Structure

2.2 Preparation methods

2.3 Properties

3 Preparation of MXene-based functional textile composites

3.1 Coating

3.2 Electrostatic spinning

3.3 Wet spinning

3.4 Other methods

4 Structure of MXene-based functional textile composites

4.1 Wrap-around construction

4.2 Embedded Architecture

4.3 Hybrid structure

5 Applications of MXene-based functional textile composites

5.1 Transducers

5.2 Energy transfer,storage and conversion

5.3 Electromagnetic shielding

5.4 Other applications

6 Conclusions and outlook

Key words： MXene; textile composites; preparation methods; structure; properties; applications

Cite this article

Suqin Zhou , Lu Jia , Chuanjin Shi , Aiqin Zhang , Shuqiang Liu , Hua Wang . MXene-Based Functional Textile Composites[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2024 , 36(8) : 1157 -1173 . DOI: 10.7536/PC240102

1 Introduction

Since the discovery of graphene,more and more two-dimensional materials have attracted the attention of researchers all over the world.MXene is a new type of two-dimensional metal carbon/nitride,which was discovered by Gogotsi and Barsoum in 2011,and has been widely used in sensing,electromagnetic shielding,infrared shielding,energy storage,filtration and other fields[1][2]。 Due to the special layered structure and a large number of hydrophilic groups on the surface of MXene,MXene can be compounded with textile materials to form MXene-based functional textile composites,and researchers can adjust the structure of MXene textile composites to meet different performance requirements.in this paper,the structure,properties and preparation methods of MXene,the preparation methods of MXene textile composites,the influence of the structure of MXene textile composites on its properties,and the important role of MXene in many fields in recent years are reviewed。

2 Structure, Properties and Preparation Methods of MXene Material

At present,most of the MXene is obtained by selective etching of MAX phase materials,where A can be Al,Si,P,S,Ga and other metal elements,but most of the MXene is obtained by selective etching of Al or Si atoms in MAX.The general formula of MXene is Mn+XnTx（n=1,2,3),where M is a transition metal element,X is carbon or nitrogen,and Txis a surface group,such as—O,—OH,—Cl,or—F[3]。 Due to its good mechanical properties,excellent conductivity and hydrophilicity,the two-dimensional metal carbon/nitride has been widely studied in the fields of sensors,electromagnetic shielding,biomedicine,energy storage,textiles and clothing,and has shown great potential applications[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]。 So far,more than 30 kinds of MXene have been obtained through research,and there is still room for more development according to theory[12]。

2.1 Structure

MXene and MAX（Mn+1AXn）phases have a similar structure,which belongs to the hexagonal system and has a layered symmetrical hexagonal structure.Therefore,the study of MAX phase determines the development of MXene to a great extent[13]。 As shown in fig.1,MAX is composed of M—X layers and A atomic layers arranged alternately,wherein the connecting bond M—A between the M—X layers and the A atomic layers is a weak bond with metallic properties,which is easily destroyed at high temperature;However,the M-X bond is a strong bond with covalent,metallic and ionic properties,which is difficult to break by simple physical methods(mechanical,ultrasonic,etc.),so the MXene material obtained by selective etching of A-layer atoms in MAX phase has high stability。
图1 MXene刻蚀过程

Fig. 1 Etching process to obtain MXene

the synthesized MXene has a layered structure similar to that of graphene,so MXene also has the characteristic of high specific surface area.The difference is that the layered structure of graphene is a single-layer atomic layer structure formed by mechanical exfoliation of graphite,while the layered structure of MXene is a two-dimensional stacked layered structure formed by exfoliation of stacked sheets by etching[14][15][16]。 Compared with graphene,this stacked layered structure endows MXene with the advantages of flexible and adjustable composition and controllable minimum nanolayer thickness。

2.2 Preparation method

Although both MXene and Graphene are two-dimensional materials,their preparation methods are different.graphene can be obtained by exfoliation of natural graphite,while the preparation of MXene is more complicated[17]。 At present,MXene is mainly prepared by etching,which generally uses hydrofluoric acid or other strong acids to etch the A atomic layer in the MAX phase,and then uses relatively mild hydrochloric acid and lithium fluoride instead of hydrofluoric acid[18]。 However,hydrofluoric acid is dangerous,and the combination of fluorine and the surface of two-dimensional materials is not stable,so In recent years,the research on the etching process of MAX phase tends to defluorinate,paying more attention to safety and environmental protection.in order to make better use of the two-dimensional structure of MXene,it is necessary to peel off MXene after etching to obtain single-layer MXene,so the preparation method of single-layer MXene also needs attention。

2.2.1 Hydrofluoric acid etching

in early experiments,researchers Used strong acidic inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid to etch the MAX phase,but the results were not satisfactory.Naguib et al.used hydrofluoric acid to etch the A layer In MAX to prepare multilayer MXene,and hydrofluoric acid etching has become the mainstream method for preparing MXene[2]。 When hydrofluoric acid is selected as the etchant,it will destroy the strong chemical bond between elements A and M in the MAX phase material.In the MAX phase,the M-A bond is a metallic bond,which has stronger chemical activity than the M-X bond,so it can destroy the M-A bond without destroying the M-X bond and selectively etch the A layer.For example,when hydrofluoric acid is used to etch the Ti3AlC2MAX phase,it is easier to remove the Al layer in the Ti3AlC2because the strength of the Ti-C bond is greater than that of the Ti-Al bond.However,the high concentration of hydrofluoric acid as an etchant has a high risk,which limits its large-scale application.Therefore,it is crucial to develop safe and gentle etching systems 。

2.2.2 In situ hydrofluoric acid etching

in order to develop a safer and milder preparation method of MXene,some researchers Used hydrochloric acid and fluoride salt as etchants to generate hydrofluoric acid in situ to etch the A layer in the MAX phase.Ghidiu et al.used a mixed solution of lithium fluoride and hydrochloric acid to etch,and added deionized water to wash away the waste acid to obtain MXene[19]。 Besides lithium fluoride,there are other fluoride salts used to prepare MXene,such as NH4HF2and FeF3.Halim et al.Proposed to use NH4HF2to produce hydrofluoric acid etching.The reaction conditions of the NH4HF2etchant are mild,and the NH4+ions will be inserted into the middle of the sheets of MXene during the etching process,which will help the subsequent stripping of MXene[20]。 The layer spacing of the MXene material obtained by NH4HF2etching is more uniform than that obtained by hydrofluoric acid direct etching,and the gap of the obtained MXene is larger.Although the reaction conditions of the NH4HF2etching process are mild,the reaction time is very long,which leads to the re-agglomeration of the exfoliated products 。
Compared with direct hydrofluoric acid etching,in-situ hydrofluoric acid etching is less dangerous And the etching reaction is milder.the MXene obtained by etching with fluoride salt as an etchant has the advantages of large size,few defects and low fluorine content.and the interlayer distance is increased due to the intercalation of cations in the etching process,so that the subsequent structure regulation is facilitated。

2.2.3 Fluoride-free etching

When using fluorine-containing etchant to prepare MXene,the presence of fluorine element may cause harm to the environment and human body.Therefore,fluorine-free synthesis methods were subsequently developed,including concentrated alkali etching and electrochemical etching。
the concentrated alkali etching method is based on the Bayer process in the refining bauxite industry,using concentrated alkali to selectively etch the A layer from the MAX phase.For example,Li et al.,inspired by the process of extracting aluminum from bauxite with NaOH,successfully etched the MAX phase with high concentration of NaOH at 270℃to obtain multilayer MXene[21]。 NaOH etching can also avoid the corrosion of MXene structure caused by excessive reaction.This method makes the surface of MXene have no fluorine groups,so it has better surface activity.based on the principle of Lewis base reaction,multilayer MXene can also be obtained by oxidizing and removing the a layer in the MAX phase by using the cations in the molten salt.Li et al.Synthesized Zn Based MAX phase and MXene without fluorine and chlorine elements on the surface by replacement reaction through MAX phase and Lewis acidic molten salt at 550°C[22]。
the principle of the electrochemical reaction is to etch the A layer by applying a constant voltage to the MAX phase in a fluorine-free electrolyte to prepare MXene without fluorine groups[23]。 Because of the strength of bond energy,the M-X bond will be corroded when the M-a bond is completely corroded,so the electrochemical method has strict requirements on reaction time,reaction voltage and electrolyte concentration[24]。 Taking Ti3AlC2MAX as an example,this method will also be accompanied by the side reaction of Al and Ti co-corrosion,and the generated Ti2C（OH)2xClyOzwill hinder the further reaction[25]。 the electrochemical method needs to add an electrolyte to promote the reaction,and the surface of the generated MXene will have groups in the electrolyte,so we can use this to control the functional groups on the surface of MXene by selecting the appropriate electrolyte。
As mentioned above,many different etching methods have been studied to prepare MXene:hydrofluoric acid etching is simple to operate,but high concentrations of hydrofluoric acid are harmful to human body and the environment.the etching process of in-situ generation hydrofluoric acid etching method is relatively mild,which can produce flakes with larger size and fewer defects.the MXene prepared by the above two methods contains fluorine groups,while the fluorine-free etching method can improve the surface properties of MXene by avoiding the introduction of fluorine groups.Although there are many preparation methods of MXene,large-scale production of MXene can not be achieved.Therefore,new preparation technologies need to be developed in the future to realize the transformation of MXene from laboratory to large-scale production and commercialization。

2.2.4 Monolayer MXene preparation

Compared with multilayer MXene,monolayer MXene has the advantages of higher specific surface area,good hydrophilicity and rich surface chemical characteristics.to obtain monolayer MXene,multilayer MXene needs to be intercalated and exfoliated.the key of exfoliation is to eliminate the strong interaction force between the layers of multilayer MXene,and the insertion of organic molecules or inorganic ions between the layers is an effective way to weaken the interaction force and expand the interlayer spacing.Mashtalir et al.Used dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)as an intercalation agent to insert into the interlamellar gap of MXene.After stirring and mixing,the colloid was centrifuged,and the obtained solid was sonicated in water to exfoliate MXene into a stable colloidal solution[26]。 Experiments show that MXene has rheological properties,hydrophilicity and plasticity similar to graphite and clay,and can be intercalated by a variety of organic molecules,but not all organic molecules can be used to intercalate and exfoliate multilayer MXene.Although DMSO has a good intercalation effect on Ti2C3TxMXene,the intercalation effect on other types of MXene such as V2CTxand Mo2CTxis not significant.Naguib et al.Used tetrabutylammonium hydroxide(TBAOH)to treat MXene,and found that TBAOH could cause significant spontaneous expansion of MXene powder at room temperature,weaken the bond energy between layers,and then lead to the peeling of MXene after stirring or slight ultrasound[27]。 In addition to organic intercalates,inorganic intercalants can also exfoliate MXene.For example,LiCl is used as an intercalation agent to increase the interlayer spacing and weaken the van der Waals force through Li+,so that MXene can be exfoliated into a monolayer of MXene nanosheets after ultrasonic treatment[28,29]。

2.3 Performance

the composition,structure and processing conditions of MXene determine The performance of MXene[30]。 MXene is obtained by MAX phase selective etching,so different etching processes will result in MXene with different properties.At the same time,the structure of MXene itself will also affect its performance,for example,the size of MXene will affect the conductivity of MXene;Chemical composition,etching conditions and post-treatment can affect the stability of MXene。

2.3.1 Mechanical property

the binding energy of M-X valence bond in MXene structure is strong,which endows it with excellent mechanical properties and high bending stiffness.Compared with the same thickness of graphene,the bending strength of MXene is stronger,so MXene can be used as a reinforcement material in composites,and the mechanical properties of MXene can also be improved by surface functionalization[31]。 Density functional theory predicts that the hardness and strength of M2X in MXene are higher than those of M3X2and M4X3,which is due to the difference between the monolayer and bulk of MXene,and the difference is caused by the electron density in the Mn+1Xnlayer.The thinnest Ti2C monolayer has a higher Young's modulus than Ti3C2and Ti4C3,reaching 597 GPa[32]。

2.3.2 Stability

the more stable the material is,the longer its service life is.in most cases,MXene nanosheets need to be dispersed In water,and the obtained colloidal solution is often Used to prepare thin films or direct coating,so the stability of MXene dispersion needs to be studied.Shein et al.used first principles to obtain that the lattice energy of MXene is generally negative,indicating that MXene can exist stably at room temperature and pressure[33]。 However,due to the hexagonal structure of MXene,a large number of metal atoms are exposed on its surface,resulting in a high chemical potential of MXene.Therefore,MXene is relatively stable in deoxygenated and dry environments,but it is unstable in the presence of water and oxygen[34]。 The results show that 100%oxidation of MXene dispersion occurs after 15 days at room temperature,which is mainly due to the oxidation of dissolved oxygen in water to TiO2anatase[35]。 the oxidation process is also related to The size of MXene sheets.Smaller sheets are more likely to be oxidized,and fewer layers are more likely to be oxidized than multiple layers.The stability of MXene also depends on the preparation process,and high-quality MXene has high stability[2,36]。 Therefore,it is necessary to consider the effect of MXene oxidation on its properties and take appropriate anti-oxidation measures during the preparation and application of MXene,such as storing MXene in oxygen-free degassed water or dry air or using antioxidants to graft molecules onto the surface of MXene[37⇓~39][40]。

2.3.3 Electrical property

in the MAX phase,element A is connected to elements M and X through metallic bonds,and the breaking of the bonds causes electronic rearrangement.When the A element is selectively etched away,the chemical bond attached to it is broken,and the M and X atoms,which are linked in the form of covalent bonds,are confined in the layer.the layers are relatively independent and weakly connected only by van der Waals force,and the electrons only move within the layer and do not transfer to the outside of the layer,which greatly improves the electron mobility.the conductivity of MXene is greatly affected by the metal element M.the conductivity of titanium-based MXene is similar to that of metal,but molybdenum-based MXene shows the properties of semiconductor[41]。 In addition,the type of surface functional groups also affects the conductivity of MXene.MXene with—O functional groups,such as Ti2CO2,shows semiconductor properties;In MXene with—F functional groups,such as Ti2CF2,it shows full metallic properties[42,43]。 Therefore,the type of functional groups on the surface of MXene and the degree of functionalization will have an important impact on the electrical properties of MXene.In addition to the surface groups,the MXene sheet structure also affects the conductivity,and the ultra-high specific surface area of MXene makes the conductivity of the film prepared by Ti3C2TxMXene exceed that of 11 000 S·cm-1[44]。
the conductivity of MXene also depends on its preparation process,and less defects and larger nanosheet size make its conductivity more excellent.For multilayer MXene,the intercalation substance between layers and the order of its own arrangement will also affect its conductivity.the less the intercalation substance,the more orderly the arrangement of nanosheets,and the better its conductivity.Alhabeb et al.Found that MXene prepared by a milder method(HCl/LiF etching)had larger size and higher conductivity[45]。 Therefore,the electrical properties of MXene can be improved by selecting large-size MXene and improving the degree of orientation[46⇓~48]。

2.3.4 Solvent dispersion and processability of MXene

The rich surface groups as well as the multilayer two-dimensional structure of MXene make it excellent in solvent dispersion and processability,so multilayer MXene can be intercalated by organic molecules(hydrazine,urea,dimethyl sulfoxide,etc.)and metal cations（K+,Na+,Li+,etc. )[49][50][51][3]。 Multilayer MXene can be dispersed and suspended by sonication or manual shaking in water or organic solvents,and the product is an aqueous MXene colloidal dispersion.the dispersed monolayer MXene has relatively high specific surface area and more excellent electrical,mechanical,optical and magnetic properties,which can be used to enhance the properties of polymer matrix composites.For example,Shen et al.Obtained three kinds of MXene by using different intercalation agents and exfoliated them in water[49]。 the results show that the three kinds of MXene have different dispersion,photochemical stability and surface characteristics,which provide a basis for the dispersion and photochemical stability of MXene in aqueous system.However,the oxidation of MXene nanosheets is fast in the presence of water and oxygen,so the exfoliated MXene nanosheets should be collected,dried and stored in vacuum or inert atmosphere to avoid oxidation during the experiment or production process.However,the peeling performance of dried MXene will be affected when it continues to disperse in aqueous solution.Seyedin et al.Proposed a solvent exchange method to preserve monolayer MXene in various organic solvents,keep it stable,non-oxidized and non-aggregated,and then transfer it to water when needed,which can ensure the high efficiency of MXene stripping[52]。
The type and concentration of surface groups of MXene dispersion can affect colloidal stability,rheological properties,and film-forming behavior[53]。 the surface tension and adhesion of the dispersion mainly depend on the characteristics of the selected carrier solvent(dispersion medium)and the interaction between MXene and the solvent.MXene dispersions also belong to complex fluids,which exhibit complex mechanical feedback to the applied stress or strain due to the geometric constraints of MXene nanosheets in the dispersion[53]。 the concentration and aspect ratio of MXene are the most important factors affecting its rheological behavior.Due to the large aspect ratio of monolayer MXene dispersion,the viscosity will increase significantly with the increase of concentration,which limits the content of MXene in the dispersion.for example,a lower concentration of MXene dispersion will show highly elastic behavior,which helps to eliminate the mechanical forces applied during the process,and is suitable For spin coating or spray coating processing methods[54]。 Therefore,adjusting the colloidal stability and rheological properties of MXene dispersion is very beneficial to the processability of MXene。

2.3.5 Other properties

In addition to good mechanical properties and electrical properties,MXene is an ideal flame retardant,and the flame retardant effect of the material can be greatly improved by adding MXene as a flame retardant into the composite[8]。 Wang et al.Developed a new type of high fire safety cotton fabric(MXene/CCS/@CF),and the results showed that the limiting oxygen index of MXene/CCS/@CF was as high as 45.5%,and the length of coke was only 33 mm[55]。 At the same time,its peak heat release rate is reduced by more than 66%.The carbon layer of MXene/CCS@CF has a high degree of graphitization,and its protective layer contains not only carbon but also titanium dioxide(TiO2).On the one hand,TiO2can catalyze the carbonization of CCS,and on the other hand,these TiO2particles fill in the cracks of the carbonization layer,thus contributing to the formation of a more condensed protective layer and inhibiting the exchange of gas and heat[56,57][58]。
MXene also has an excellent ability to store lithium ions and is often used as an electrode material for lithium batteries[59,60]。 the flexible capacitor prepared by combining MXene and textile materials has the advantages of flexibility and cycle stability compared with the traditional capacitor.Inman et al.Used a combination of multi-layer deposition and dip-coating methods to wrap MXene on the surface of cotton fabric to make electrodes,and then soaked cotton in LiCl/PVA gel electrolyte as an electrolyte layer to assemble supercapacitors to power wireless electronic devices[61]。 It can be seen that high-performance flexible capacitors based on MXene show a wide range of applications in the field of wearable sensors and portable electronic devices。
With a low mid-infrared emissivity(19%)comparable to metals,MXene shows great potential for thermal camouflage[62]。 Because MXene can be processed by simple and low-cost methods,such as spraying,spinning,solution blending,and in-situ polymerization,without complex processes such as high-temperature sputtering of metals,MXene is an ideal alternative to metals in the field of infrared thermal camouflage。
MXene has a very high absorption rate for ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared electromagnetic waves,which can realize radiation heating,photothermal conversion and other applications,and is a substitute for wearable radiation heating devices and optical heaters.Lan et al.Attached MXene on one side of polyamide fabric by coating method,and realized radiation heating and photothermal heating by using MXene's low infrared emission and photothermal conversion ability,and made composite fabric with asymmetric structure to realize thermal management function[63]。

3 Method for preparing MXene-based functional textile composite material

MXene has excellent solvent dispersibility,processability and abundant functional groups on its surface,and can be uniformly dispersed in polar solvents such As water and N,N-dimethylformamide,which makes the combination of MXene and textile materials have a variety of ways.For example,coating,electrospinning,wet spinning,Biscrolling(double rolling)and 3D printing can effectively load MXene on textile materials.as shown in Table 1,the preparation methods,materials,structures,and application directions of some MXene-based functional textile composites are summarized。
表1 Preparation Methods, Materials, Structures and Applications of Functional Textile Composites Based on MXene

Table 1 Preparation methods,materials,structures,and applications of MXene-based functional textile composites

MXene textile composite
material preparation method		 Materials Framework Applications ref
Coating method MXene/cotton fabric
MXene/polyamide fiber
MXene/polyester fiber
MXene/carbon fiber
MXene/sodium alginate/viscose
MXene/epoxy resin/fiberglass
MXene/carbon nanotube/basalt fiber
MXene/cotton fiber		 Wrap-around construction/Semi-flush construction/
Hybrid Structure		 sensors, electromagnetic shielding, supercapacitors, thermal camouflage, radiant heating, photothermal conversion 61,71
72
73
93
96
98
105
113
Electrostatic Spinning MXene/polyacrylonitrile/carbon nanofiber
MXene/silver nanoparticles/polyacrylonitrile
MXene/cellulose nanocrystals/polyvinyl alcohol		 Embedded architecture/Semi-Embedded Architecture piezoresistive sensors, supercapacitor electrodes,
electromagnetic shielding lithium ion battery electrode materials		 77
81
80
Wet Spinning MXene
MXene/carbon nanotubes/thermoplastic Polyurethane
MXene/graphene
MXene/kevlar
MXene/graphene oxide		 Embedded architecture/
Hybrid architecture		 energy storage, biosensors, supercapacitors, artificial fiber tissue, neuroelectronic, respiration detection, temperature response 47,84,85
86
87
88
115
Thermal stretching after
film formation		 MXene/polyvinylidene fluoride Embedded architecture friction nanogenerators, sensors 89
Biscrolling MXene/carbon nanotube Wrap-around construction/
Hybrid construction		 powerful woven electrodes for wearable e-textiles, batteries and fuel cells 90,91,92
3D printing MXene/TOCNFs Hybrid structure sensors, wearable heated textiles, human health monitoring 94
Coating method /
Electrostatic Spinning		 MXene/cotton/polyacrylonitrile Hybrid structure pressure sensors, electric heaters 82

3.1 Coating method

The coating method is often used to coat conductive nanomaterials on textile substrates due to its advantages of easy processing,high scalability,and low cost.Common conductive materials include graphene,carbon nanotubes,metal nanowires,conductive polymers and MXene,which can be used to coat fibers,yarns,fabrics and other conductive textiles[17][64][65][66][67]。 For the coating of MXene on the surface of textiles,it is first necessary to prepare a uniform MXene dispersion,then to impregnate,pad,spray and other treatments on the textile substrate according to appropriate methods,and then to remove the solvent by evaporation to form a conductive coating on the surface of textiles[68][69][70]。 Existing research shows that MXene has been successfully coated on the surface of several natural and synthetic textile materials,including fibers,yarns and fabrics(such as cotton,polyamide fibers,polyester),and has been applied in sensors,electromagnetic shielding,supercapacitors and other fields[71][72][73]。

3.2 Electrospinning

Electrospinning is a process for producing nonwoven webs and aligned continuous nanofiber arrays with controlled morphology and size from polymer solutions or melts under high electric field conditions[74]。 So far,great progress has been made in the spinning mechanism,the preparation of various nanofiber modules,coaxial electrospinning,and the combination of sol-gel and electrospinning,which can produce polymer filaments with nanoscale diameters[75]。 Because the diameter of the electrospun fiber is hundreds of nanometers,the uneven dispersion of the added nanomaterials will make the fiber form a beaded structure,so the preparation of a uniformly dispersed spinning solution is the key to electrospinning[76]。 as shown in Figure 2,the composite fiber membrane containing MXene can be prepared by mixing MXene As a conductive filler into the spinning solution through the electrospinning process.For example,Gogotsi et al.Obtained MXene nanosheets with an average lateral size of 300 nm by ultrasonication of MXene dispersion,and prepared MXene/PAN nanofiber membrane by electrospinning[77]。 However,the addition of high content of conductive filler will increase the conductivity of the spinning solution,which may lead to short circuit or even arc under high pressure[78]。 Therefore,it is difficult to obtain high loading MXene composite fibers by the conventional electrospinning method.For example,Mayerberger et al.And Sobol Sobolčiak et al.Prepared MXene composite fibers by electrospinning,but the content of MXene was less than 1 wt%[79][80]。 Because the MXene nanosheets In the fiber are surrounded and separated by the polymer chains,the Prepared MXene composite fiber has poor conductivity.in order to solve these problems,on the one hand,we can add other fillers to establish a mixed conductive network or enhance the connectivity between MXene,which can not only enhance the conductivity,but also improve its mechanical properties.For example,Zou et al.prepared silver nanoparticle-doped polyacrylonitrile/MXene composite fiber membrane by electrospinning,which has high conductivity,flexibility and thermal stability[81]; Sobol Sobolčiak et al.added MXene and cellulose nanocrystals to polyvinyl alcohol spinning solution at the same time,which endowed the fiber membrane with high conductivity and good mechanical properties[80]。 On the other hand,the loading of MXene can be improved by the combination of coating method and electrospinning method.for example,Li et al.prepared fabrics coated with MXene by coating method.the fabric is used as a collector of the nanofiber membrane generated by electrospinning,and then the solution Prepared by MXene and polyacrylonitrile is used For electrospinning,and finally the fabric has stronger conductivity[82]。
图2 纺丝纤维膜的制造过程示意图

Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the manufacturing process of spinning fiber membranes

3.3 Wet spinning

the process of wet spinning is to extrude the fiber into an insoluble solvent.The process is mild and the processing temperature is low.It has always been the preferred method to produce fibers that cannot be melt-spun[83]。 Utilizing the phase change ability of highly concentrated colloidal dispersions to convert into gel fiber assemblies and solid fibers in a coagulation bath is a versatile route for long-term continuous large-scale fiber production[84]。 Due to the colloidal properties of MXene dispersion,the pure MXene dispersion in liquid crystalline state can be directly Used for wet spinning.MXene sheets with high dispersion and concentration show highly stable colloidal properties in lyotropic liquid crystal phase.Eom et al.used this characteristic to prepare pure one-dimensional MXene fibers with high conductivity,which can be produced on a large scale[84]。 the shear rheological behavior of wet-spinning process is helpful For the alignment of MXene nanosheets along the fiber axis to obtain highly oriented fibers.for example,Li et al.Prepared densely oriented MXene fiber electrodes using flat rotating nozzle induced sheet orientation and fast flow driven orientation[47]。 However,the above method uses exfoliated MXene nanosheets,leaving a large number of unexfoliated multilayer MXene.in the preparation of MXene dispersion,it is also necessary to strictly control the process parameters,which will cause difficulties In processing and manufacturing and waste of raw materials.Therefore,He et al.Used a dense suspension composed of a large number of unexfoliated MXene nanosheets.the MXene nanosheets are orderly arranged into a liquid crystal phase by a long-time shearing method,so that the ultra-dense fiber is formed under a wet spinning process[85]。
the addition of polymer and other nanomaterials can improve the spinnability of MXene at low concentration and increase the loading of MXene.Wu et al.Prepared CNTs/MXene thermoplastic polyurethane hybrid fiber by wet spinning[86]; Yang et al.Prepared MXene/graphene fibers by wet spinning MXene nanosheets orderly arranged between graphene liquid crystal templates,in which the mass fraction of MXene reached 95 wt%[87]。 in addition,the addition of polymer can provide conditions for the preparation of long fibers.As shown in Figure 3,Cheng et al.uniformly dispersed MXene solid powder in Kevlar acid solution by ultrasonic method to realize continuous wet spinning to produce continuous long fibers[88]。
图3 湿法纺丝程序示意图[88]

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of wet spinning program[88]

Aerogel can be obtained by different drying methods after the fiber membrane is made by wet spinning,for example,Li et al.Prepared MXene aerogel fiber with high conductivity by wet spinning and supercritical carbon dioxide drying of Ti3C2TxMXene nanosheets,which has high conductivity and excellent light absorption capacity[89]。

3.4 Other methods

In addition to the above common methods,the dispersion of MXene can also be directly mixed into other solutions to prepare films,and then the fibrous textile materials can be prepared by physical stretching.For example,Hasan et al.First dissolved polyvinylidene fluoride and mixed it with MXene to prepare nanocomposite films containing MXene[90]。 the nanocomposite film was rolled on a conductive polyethylene(CPE)cylindrical rod to form a preform,which was drawn into fibers by hot drawing technique.Biscrolling method is a typical method to directly integrate difficult-to-spin or unspinnable functional nanomaterials into fibers,which can be used for The composite of MXene and carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and can effectively achieve high loading of MXene[91]。 Yu et al.First used the Biscrolling method to prepare MXene/CNT fibers with Archimedean helix structure,and the content of MXene was up to 95 wt%[92]。 Wang et al.Coated the MXene/DMF dispersion on the CNT film and twisted the CNT film into MXene/CNT yarn by Biscrolling method,and the content of MXene was up to 98 wt%[93]。 However,due to the limited length of CNT yarn,the high cost and harsh conditions of CNT preparation limit the wider application prospect of this method。
with the development of 3D printing technology,printing With mixed ink containing MXene is also one of the important ways to prepare textile materials.Cao et al.Used TEMPO(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy)oxidized cellulose nanofibers(TOCNFs)and MXene to prepare hybrid inks,which were 3D printed into textiles[94]。 This hybrid ink shows good rheological properties,which can achieve fast printing and precise structure regulation。

4 Structure of MXene-based functional textile composites.

different preparation methods affect the structure of MXene textile composites,and the structure determines the properties of textile composites.the combination of MXene and textile materials can endow textile composites with excellent mechanical properties,electrical properties,and Different functionalities.the properties of MXene-based functional textile composites are closely related to their structure,which can be divided into encapsulated structure,embedded structure and hybrid structure of the two.the coated structure allows MXene to be completely coated on the surface of the fiber or fabric by a simple coating.the embedded structure is divided into a full-embedded structure and a semi-embedded structure,wherein the full-embedded structure can embed the MXene into the fiber by a spinning method,and the semi-embedded structure is to infiltrate part of the MXene between the fibers for connection on the basis of the fully-embedded structure.In order to enhance the performance of the functional composite textile material,two or more methods can also be used at the same time to form a hybrid structure。

4.1 Coated structure

encapsulated structure refers to the combination of MXene on the surface of textile materials by coating or in-situ growth to form a completely Encapsulated state.the surface of MXene is electronegative because of its abundant—F,—O,—OH functional groups,which can be assembled and coated with the hydrophilic and positively charged fiber matrix through electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions.MXene coating can improve the mechanical and electrical properties of textile materials,and the coating structure should not be too tight to ensure the comfort and air permeability of textile composites。
MXene nanosheets exhibit enhanced adhesion and friction under high pressure and high surface activity,which is beneficial to enhance the interfacial bonding ability of textile composites,and improve the mechanical properties of textile materials by using the interlocking structure between MXene and textile materials.Chen et al.Grafted MXene onto the surface of carbon fiber to wrap the carbon fiber so as to improve the interfacial bonding strength between carbon fiber and epoxy resin[95]; Liu et al.Coated the carbon fiber with a wrinkled MXene layer,which changed the surface roughness of the carbon fiber,enhanced the mechanical interlocking ability,and improved the connection strength between carbon fibers[96]。
Based on the excellent conductivity of MXene,when it is coated on the surface of textile materials,it can form a continuous conductive layer,giving textile materials excellent conductivity.He et al.Uniformly and stably deposited MXene nanosheets on the surface of a weft-knitted fabric mixed with sodium alginate(SA)fiber and flame-retardant viscose fiber(FRV)to completely cover the fabric and improve the conductivity of the fabric,and the prepared fabric can achieve a variety of functions[97]。 This coating structure not only provides excellent mechanical and electrical properties for textile materials,but also brings different functional applications.the combination of the high conductivity of MXene and the stretchable and compressible pores of textile materials can provide sensing properties,electromagnetic shielding properties and so on.Zheng et al.Wrapped MXene on the surface of porous nonwoven fabric to form a wrinkled coating,which showed excellent piezoresistive sensing performance and good electromagnetic interference shielding performance[98]。 Monastyreckis et al.Used MXene aqueous dispersion to spray epoxy resin and glass fiber to form a pressure and strain sensing coating on the surface[99]; as shown in Fig.4,Liu et al.Coated MXene on cotton fabric to provide the fabric with good force sensitivity,enabling this pressure-sensing fabric to be used As a flexible pressure sensor[11]。 In addition,with the help of the special layered structure of MXene itself,when the MXene membrane is coated on the surface of textile materials,it can be used for selective molecular transport to achieve the role of seawater desalination[100]。
图4 MXene涂层棉压力传感织物的表征。（a）MXene 涂层棉质压力传感织物示意图：（上）表面粗糙的裸棉织物；（下）涂覆MXene后的棉织物。（b、c）涂覆MXene前后棉织物的FESEM图像。（d）MXene涂层棉质压力感应织物的数码照片和微结构表面的光学显微镜图像。（e）涂有MXene的棉质压力感应织物与LED灯泡连接，形成串联电路。轻轻触摸或弯曲织物后，LED灯泡的亮度会发生变化[11]

Fig. 4 Characterization of the MXene-coated cotton pressure-sensing fabric. (a) Schematic of the MXene-coated cotton pressure-sensing fabric: (top) woven bare cotton fabric with a rough surface; (bottom) cotton fabric after coating with MXene. (b, c) FESEM images of the cotton fabric before and after coating with MXene. (d) Digital photograph of MXene-coated cotton pressure-sensing fabric and optical microscopy images of the microstructured surface. (e) MXene-coated cotton pressure-sensing fabric connected to an LED bulb to form a series circuit. The brightness of the LED bulb changes after gently touching or bending the fabric[11]

4.2 Embedded structure

the embedded structure means that MXene is infiltrated between textile materials(such as polyvinylidene fluoride,polycaprolactone,polyacrylonitrile,polyurethane,aramid nanofibers)or embedded into fibers by spinning and other methods.This kind of embedded structure can be divided into fully embedded structure and semi-embedded structure,which can enhance The mechanical properties by bridging themselves or other textile materials to form good conductivity[101][102][103][104][105]。
When MXene is embedded into textile materials to form a semi-embedded structure,it can act as a bridge to enhance the adhesion between fibers,thus enhancing the mechanical properties.For example,Qian et al.Coated MXene and carbon nanotubes on basalt fibers and infiltrated between the fibers,which enhanced the interfacial adhesion between adjacent fibers and improved the tensile strength and bending strength of the composite[106]。 the large surface area of MXene itself can increase the contact area between fibers when it is embedded between fibers,improve the adsorption capacity of fibers,and enhance the mechanical interlocking within textile materials.Xu et al.Nested two-dimensional MXene and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes on the surface of carbon fibers to enhance the interfacial bonding capacity between carbon fibers[107]。
When MXene is completely Embedded into the material,it forms a fully embedded structure,forming a continuous stress transfer effect and improving the strength of the material.Sobol Sobolčiak et al.embedded MXene and cellulose crystals into polyvinyl alcohol fibers by electrospinning,and improved the modulus and tensile strength of the fibers under the synergistic effect of MXene and cellulose crystals[80]; Duan et al.deposited MXene on The surface of carbon fiber fabric by atomization,and coated it with thermoplastic polyurethane by hot pressing.the MXene layer was embedded in the middle of the material to enhance the tensile and shear strength of the material.the textile material can maintain excellent resistance stability and flexibility after many bending and release cycles[108]; Xie et al.Used a single-layer MXene nanosheet（d-Ti3C2Tx）as a"brick"embedding,and used the linear structure of aramid nanofibers(ANF)as a"mortar"to connect the embedded"bricks"to prepare a fiber paper.MXene provided a large specific surface area to ensure the transfer of stress and improve the strength of textile materials[109]。
in textile materials,MXene,whether fully embedded or semi-embedded,is interconnected to form a continuous conductive path or to build a three-dimensional conductive network to improve its conductivity.Qin et al.Mixed MXene nanosheets and vinyl sulfonate to make high-performance smart fibers,in which the three-dimensional network structure formed by MXene embedded in the material provides more active sites and ion transport channels,and these synergistic effects help to improve the electrical properties of the fibers[110]; Xiang et al.directly embedded MXene into fibers made of graphene and carbon nanotubes through covalent bonds andπ-πinteraction to form a three-dimensional crosslinked conductive network,which improved the electron transport capacity and enhanced the conductivity of the fibers[111]; Lee et al.Embedded MXene as a conductive filler into vertically aligned carbon fibers,and the ordered and dispersed MXene formed a three-dimensional network in the fabric,thereby enhancing the conductivity of the fabric[112]。
Because of its two-dimensional structure,MXene can easily form porous,multilayer,foam and pore structures in textile materials.Therefore,the embedding of MXene not only provides excellent mechanical and electrical properties for textile materials,but also endows textile materials with functions,such As sensing,electromagnetic shielding and so on.as shown in Fig.5,Zhu et al.Embedded MXene into bamboo cellulose fibers to form foam holes inside the fibers,and realized the application of piezoresistive sensors by using the excellent conductivity of MXene and the formed hole structure[113]。 Zhang et al.Prepared CCF/MXene composite aerogel by blending MXene and collagen fiber(CFF)and then freeze-drying.the embedding of MXene increased the pores inside the aerogel and provided excellent conductivity,which realized the application of pressure sensor[114]。
图5 PMB 压力传感器的制备示意图[113]

Fig. 5 Schematic illustration of the preparation of the PMB pressure sensor[113]

4.3 Mixed structure

In order to achieve the desired application of textile materials,some researchers will combine the coated structure with the embedded structure to form a hybrid structure,which coats the textile material with MXene and embeds MXene into the material。
the size of MXene has a great influence on its conductivity and mechanical properties.Larger MXene is easier to be coated on the surface of textile materials to form a coating,but smaller MXene is more suitable to be embedded in textile materials because of the weak force between MXene.Uzun et al.Prepared two sizes of MXene,the large size MXene was embedded inside,and the small size MXene was coated on the surface of the fiber,so as to improve the loading of MXene,provide better conductivity for the yarn,form stable mechanical properties,and ensure its flexibility and knittability[115]。
Pure MXene fiber is a special hybrid structure,because MXene can form a liquid crystal phase,which can be made into fibers with ordered microstructure and reinforcing properties,and the surface and interior of the fiber are composed of MXene,which not only completely wraps the fiber but also embeds it into the fiber.Usman et al.Added cellulose nanocrystals to induce the liquid crystal phase in the dilute MXene dispersion,which enhanced the interaction force between MXene sheets and made MXene fibers form a dense structure[116]; He et al.Made hybrid fibers from graphene oxide and MXene[117]。 Because both of them are lamellar structures,they are coated and embedded with each other,which realizes the rapid transmission of electrons and significantly improves the conductivity of the fiber。
In addition to the coating and embedding of the microstructure of textile materials,there is also the coating and nesting of the macroscopic structure between two textile materials.Guo et al.Embedded MXene microspheres into polyurethane fibers as the core of porous sensing.Then the MXene sheath with microstructure was prepared,and the strain sensor with high strain sensitivity and wide sensing range was prepared by nesting the two together[118]。

5 Application of MXene-based Functional Textile Composites

MXene has a unique two-dimensional structure,high specific surface area,excellent mechanical and electrical properties,and low mid-infrared emissivity.Its composites have the characteristics of lightweight,high strength,flexibility,and good conductivity,capacitive energy storage,electromagnetic shielding and other functions.Therefore,MXene textile composites have shown good application prospects in sensors,supercapacitors,electromagnetic shielding and other fields。

5.1 Sensor

with the increasing attention to smart textiles,the demand for smart fibers and yarns is also increasing.textile sensors based on fabrics and fiber materials have become a research hotspot in recent years because of their good air permeability and comfortable softness,as well as their multi-angle stretching,compression and bending,which are in line With the wearable characteristics of the human body.the MXene Textile composite material has good conductivity,mechanical strength and toughness,and can be made into fibers or yarns to be woven into clothes,bracelets and the like to realize comprehensive functions such as monitoring,sensing and the like。
When MXene is coated on the surface of textile materials,it can form a conductive layer,giving the textile materials conductivity,and this layer of MXene can show the appearance of wrinkles,causing resistance changes under deformation,and realizing sensing under stress changes.Zhang et al.coated MXene on plain cotton fabric by coating method,formed a coated structure on the surface of cotton fabric,formed an interconnected conductive network,and made a strain sensor to monitor finger bending and pulse beating[119]; As shown in Fig.5,Fan et al.assembled MXene on a scuba fabric with a hollow structure by impregnation.MXene was both coated on the surface of the fabric and embedded into the fabric to form a hybrid structure.Thanks to the high conductivity and excellent mechanical properties of MXene,it achieved high sensitivity,fast response time and high stability sensing[120]。
In order to improve the working sensitivity of the sensor and achieve a wide detection range,a single MXene can no longer meet the application requirements.When a two-dimensional MXene is combined with a one-dimensional structure material,the establishment of three-dimensional conductive network structure can further improve the conductivity,so researchers try to use one-dimensional materials such as carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires to improve the performance of MXene textile composites.Xu et al.Used the coating method to cover MXene on the top of the carbon nanotube layer to form a coating structure and construct a conductive path,while MXene and carbon nanotubes were connected and nested to improve the mechanical properties[121]。 A flexible sensor with wide sensing range(150%),high sensitivity(GF=26,438),fast response speed(response/recovery time of 60/71 ms)and high durability(>1000 cycles)has been fabricated;Dong et al.Used a porous electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane pad as The skeleton,covered MXene and carbon nanotubes on the skeleton,and formed a conductive layer on the surface of the skeleton in a coated structure.the sensor prepared by Dong et al.Achieved wide monitoring range and high sensitivity[122]。 It can be used to monitor human movement,from tiny facial expressions,breathing,pulse beating to large-scale finger and elbow bending;Wu et al.,inspired by the fiber connection structure,used carbon nanofibers with large aspect ratio as conductive bridges to connect MXene nanosheets,and MXene was embedded between carbon nanofibers to form a semi-embedded structure.It can provide a channel for the transmission of ions and electrons,and the change of the channel will affect the electron and ion transmission rate of the material and cause the resistance change,so the sensor has high sensitivity and wide detection range[123]。
Researchers can also improve the conductivity of textile materials by adding other two-dimensional conductive materials and construct special structures to improve the sensitivity of sensors and achieve a wide monitoring range.Taromsari et al.Used a two-component material system composed of MXene and graphene nanosheets to solve the multi-modal and sensitivity defects[124]。 the synergistic effect of mutual coating and nesting between MXene and graphene nanosheets provides a high measurement range.Smaller and more conductive MXene particles are embedded in the material to form local brittle regions,providing higher conductivity and sensitivity in the lower strain range。
Because the surface functional groups(such as—O,—F and—OH)of MXene contain a large number of active sites,which can cause the change of system resistance by adsorbing volatile organic molecules(such as NH3,ethanol,acetone,benzene,xylene,H2S,SO2,etc.),electrochemical biosensors are also one of the main sensing applications of MXene textile composites besides traditional stress-strain sensors.As shown in Fig.6,Lee et al.Used this characteristic of MXene to make the prepared MXene/graphene oxide fiber into a gas sensor for monitoring harmful gases and gas concentrations[125]。
图6 (a) MXene/GO 混合纤维的纺丝过程示意图；(b) MXene/GO 凝胶纤维从喷嘴到熔池的状态照片；(c) 长度超过 1.2 米的缠绕MXene/GO 混合纤维线轴；(d) 显示 MXene/GO 纤维（40 wt% MXene）柔韧性和可弯曲性的照片[125]

Fig. 6 (a) Schematic illustration of the spinning process for MXene/GO hybrid fiber, (b) photograph of MXene/GO gel fiber states from the nozzle to the bath, (c) a bobbin of wound MXene/GO hybrid fibers over 1.2 m long, and (d) photograph showing the flexibility and bendability of an MXene/GO fiber (40 wt% MXene)[125]

5.2 Energy transport, storage and conversion

energy storage devices are an extremely important part in the field of wearable electronic devices,and the development of flexible,lightweight,high-performance energy storage devices to meet the functional requirements of flexible electronic devices is one of the research priorities.two-dimensional materials are developing very rapidly in the field of rechargeable batteries,because their open Two-dimensional channels facilitate electron transport and endow materials With surface accessibility,thus achieving rapid charge storage and capacity increase.with high aspect ratio and excellent mechanical properties,MXene can be used in wearable applications such as electrode materials,supercapacitors and friction nanogenerators to achieve energy storage and conversion。
the diverse lithium storage mechanisms of MXene indicate that this material can exhibit more excellent lithium storage behavior than other two-dimensional materials.Wang et al.Mixed tungstate and MXene for wet spinning,and the obtained optical fiber can be used as a high-efficiency fiber electrode for lithium and sodium ion batteries.The intercalation of MXene into the conductive framework and the three-dimensional interconnection of tungstate form a fast ion transport channel,which realizes efficient pseudocapacitive energy storage,showing excellent rate capability and excellent long-term cycling performance[126]。
The advanced design of heterostructured fibers with ordered transport channels and a porous framework for high-speed electron dynamics is the basis for high-performance fiber-based supercapacitors.Sun et al.Used Ti—O—Mo bonds to bridge the MoS2array with MXene fiber,which realized large surface area,high porosity and good interfacial conductivity,and was conducive to the diffusion of charges[10]。 The ultra-large capacitance of MoS2-MXene fiber with 2028 F·cm-3can realize stable power supply for wearable watches,light-emitting diodes,electric fans,toy boats and self-powered devices.With the help of the two-dimensional layered structure of MXene nanosheets to construct electron transport channels and surface active groups,the conductivity and specific capacitance of textile materials can be improved,and the performance of batteries can be improved.Zhang et al.Used MXene as the core,and the porous zeolite imidazolate framework polyhedral shell was loaded on the core to make the fiber[127]。 MXene forms an embedded structure inside the fiber,forming ordered porous channels and a large surface area to provide a path for electron transfer,thereby achieving excellent volume capacitance and cycle stability;Li et al.Electrodeposited Fe2O3nanosheets on the carbon fiber modified by MXene nanosheets.MXene was coated on the surface of the carbon fiber and embedded between the Fe2O3.With the help of the interaction between the Fe2O3and the terminal functional groups on MXene,the conductivity was improved,the electron diffusion path was enhanced,and the capacitance performance was improved[128]。
Energy conversion is also one of the research directions of MXene-based textile materials.the realization of self-generation of wearable devices can improve the lightness and comfort of smart clothing and equipment.the triboelectric nanogenerator is one of the ways to realize this idea,by obtaining stable electrodes and triboelectric layers to achieve the transfer of triboelectric surface charge.Fan et al.Used cotton fabric as the substrate to coat MXene and cellulose nanofibers on the surface of cotton fibers by impregnation,and MXene was connected with each other to form a conductive network[129]。 The fabric with MXene/cellulose nanofiber coating is used as the electrode layer of the friction nanogenerator.The prepared friction nanogenerator has high flexibility,high stability and excellent sensing performance。

5.3 Electromagnetic shielding

At present,the problem of electromagnetic pollution is becoming more and more serious.it is of great significance to develop wearable electromagnetic wave absorbing fiber fabrics to reduce the impact of electromagnetic pollution on human health.with the increasing popularity of portable wearable devices,lightweight,low density,flexibility and excellent mechanical properties are the new directions for the development and research of electromagnetic shielding materials.Many defects are produced during the synthesis of MXene,which can introduce interfacial polarization and improve the electromagnetic shielding properties of textile materials.Secondly,the rich functional groups of MXene make It easier to compound With other materials,so that the improvement and control of absorbing and shielding properties can be achieved.Third,a large interlayer spacing can lead to multiple reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves.in addition,the high conductivity makes MXene based textile materials have strong dielectric loss and polarization loss,so MXene has been widely concerned and applied In the field of electromagnetic interference shielding,and has increasingly become one of the popular electromagnetic interference shielding materials。
In order to achieve the function of electromagnetic shielding,on the one hand,textile materials need to have high conductivity.by using the high conductivity of MXene,the textile materials can obtain excellent electromagnetic shielding performance by simply coating it on the surface of textiles.Li et al.coated MXene on the surface of cellulose fibers to form a Coated structure and construct an effective conductive network,which proved that the material had electromagnetic interference shielding performance dominated by reflection[130]。 As shown in Fig.7,Wang et al.coated MXene on aramid nanofibers through the blade coating process,and the MXene nanosheets were wrapped on the surface of the fibers to construct a continuous conductive path,providing excellent electromagnetic shielding effect[131]。 On the other hand,it is necessary to build a special structure inside the textile material to consume electromagnetic waves through absorption and reflection.When MXene is combined with the fabric,the attenuation of electromagnetic waves can be effectively achieved due to the rough surface of the fabric and the layered and porous structure generated by the interlacing of internal yarns,so as to achieve the wave absorption effect.Zhang et al.Embedded magnetic nanoparticles into MXene nanosheets and covered the surface of carbon fiber in a coated structure,and constructed a large-scale magnetic coupling network and a large number of multi-heterojunction interface structures,which made it have the ability of conduction loss,magnetic loss and polarization loss[132]。 Wang et al.Mixed the prepared beaded silicon carbide nanowires into MXene to prepare a conductive fiber membrane by suction filtration[133]。 the nanowire is completely wrapped by MXene,which enhances the conductivity,while the beaded structure inside the fiber membrane can refract electromagnetic waves,thus improving the electromagnetic shielding performance。
图7 MXene/芳纶纤维的电磁屏蔽机制示意图[131]

Fig. 7 Schematic diagram of electromagnetic shielding mechanism of the MXene/ANF paper[131]

5.4 Other Applications

In addition,due to its good flame retardancy and electrical conductivity,MXene can improve the flame retardancy of textile composites and achieve the response behavior of flame retardant alarm.Wang et al.coated MXene and carboxymethyl chitosan on the cotton fabric,and MXene formed a Coated structure to wrap the cotton fabric.Benefiting from the thermoelectric properties and high conductivity of MXene nanosheets,MXene nanosheets have precise temperature sensing ability while achieving flame retardancy[55]。
With the rapid development of infrared surveillance technology,thermal camouflage has been paid more and more attention.Because of its low mid-infrared emissivity,MXene is almost comparable to stainless steel,making MXene one of the choices for infrared stealth materials.Chen et al.Embedded MXene into the pores of carbon cloth to make a composite textile,and sputtered a very thin gold film on the surface[134]。 the synergistic effect of metal and MXene reduces the infrared emissivity of the composite textile,and the surface of the carbon cloth is rough,a large amount of incident infrared light will be reflected and scattered,reducing the infrared absorptivity,thus achieving the infrared stealth effect.Because the pores of the fabric are usually large and the surface is rough,the thermal camouflage effect is often not as good as that of MXene forming a continuous film on the surface,such as Li spraying MXene on one side of the electrospun membrane.MXene coatings exhibit not only excellent photothermal and low pressure Joule heating properties due to their high electrical conductivity,but also good thermal camouflage properties due to their low mid-infrared emissivity[135]。

6 Conclusion and prospect

MXene textile composites have become one of the research hotspots of textile materials since 2017.At present,a variety of preparation methods of MXene textile composites have been developed,and many performance optimization strategies have been developed,such as coating method,electrospinning,wet spinning,Biscrolling method and so on.Because of its excellent conductivity,hydrophilicity and good interfacial bonding ability,MXene still maintains good air permeability,comfort,flexibility and other characteristics after compounding with textiles,and conforms to the advantages of wearable and multi-angle stretching,compression and bending,so as to achieve a variety of functional applications。
for functional textile composites based on MXene,there are still many key scientific problems to be solved.as shown in Figure 8,the development problems and directions are summarized as follows:(1)the quality,size and surface functional groups of MXene nanosheets determine some properties of textile materials.Pecially mechanical properties,electrical properties and the like.At present,the preparation methods of MXene with large size,uniformity and high crystallinity are still insufficient.in addition,the preparation conditions and yield of single-layer MXene nanosheets restrict the practical application of MXene textile composites.Therefore,it is necessary to optimize the preparation technology of MXene nanosheets to improve their yield and quality.(2)MXene dispersion is the first step to prepare functional textile composite materials based on MXene,but MXene dispersion has the problems of easy oxidation and poor stability.and the stripping process of MXene needs to be strictly controlled in the processing process,such as the dispersion and concentration of MXene and the selection of solvent.However,there is still a large amount of unstripped multilayer MXene,which is a waste.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the stripping process of MXene,improve the stripping efficiency,and find a simpler and more efficient preservation method of MXene dispersion.(3)During the assembly of MXene and textile materials,MXene is prone to wrinkling and irregular orientation due to its two-dimensional structure.Defect structures such as holes are formed inside the textile materials,which reduce the mechanical and electrical properties of the textile materials.(4)Because of its excellent hydrophilicity,it is necessary to consider the problem of washing fastness When MXene is combined with fabrics,so as to enhance the binding fastness of MXene with textile materials.the interfacial interaction between MXene nanosheets will greatly affect the strength,toughness and conductivity of the macroscopic textile materials,so improving the interfacial interaction will improve the stress transfer between MXene nanosheets and improve the comprehensive properties of the materials.(5)the morphology regularity and shape of the material is also one of the important factors affecting the performance of the material.when preparing MXene based fiber materials,the morphology is generally irregular,so it is necessary to further improve the morphology regularity and uniformity of the fiber so as to enhance the performance of the fiber.(6)At present,the preparation of MXene-based functional textile composites is still in the preliminary stage of research,and it is necessary to develop a composite preparation strategy suitable For commercialization to promote the development of MXene textile composites。
图8 MXene及基于MXene的功能纺织复合材料的问题和发展方向

Fig. 8 Issues and directions of development of MXene and MXene-based functional textile composites

MXene makes textile composites a promising new type of structure-function integrated material.MXene can not only be made into fibers alone,but also endow textile materials with the functions of conductivity,sensing,electromagnetic shielding,photothermal electrothermal,infrared camouflage and so on by compounding with other fibers,yarns and fabrics.the future development of MXene functional textile composites needs to consider the following points:(1)develop large-scale preparation technology of large-size,high-quality and high-yield MXene nanosheets,develop new MXene preservation technology,and Improve stability;(2)optimize the stripping technology of MXene dispersion,improve the stripping efficiency,find the suitable storage conditions of MXene dispersion,and reduce the waste of depositing multi-layer MXene materials;(3)develop a new assembly strategy for MXene composites with high orientation,low porosity,high strength and high conductivity;(4)Explore new methods and Optimize the combination of MXene and textile materials to improve the interfacial bonding ability of materials.improve the wearability,flexibility and durability of MXene textile composites;(5)for the fiber material based on MXene,the orientation and coverage uniformity of MXene are further improved,so that the fiber morphology is regular and the orientation is high;(6)to find a simple,efficient and economical industrialization method of MXene-based functional textile composites,and to develop multi-functional MXene-based textile composites to realize the functional diversification of the same material。

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