Carbon Materials for Zinc-Iodine Battery Cathodes
† These authors contributed equally to this work
Received date: 2024-06-21
Revised date: 2024-09-30
Online published: 2025-02-25
Supported by
Education Department of Liaoning Province(JYTQN2023285)
Education Department of Liaoning Province(LJKMZ20220499)
Shenyang University of Technology(QNPY202209-4)
China Scholarship Council(202408320117)
Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry(Heilongjiang University)Ministry of Education,and the Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province(2024-BSLH-172)
Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry(Heilongjiang University)Ministry of Education,and the Science and Technology Department of Liaoning Province(2023-MSLH-257)
Zinc-iodine batteries have attracted widespread attention as a novel green,low-cost,and highly safe electrochemical energy storage technology. Its basic principle is to use the electrochemical reaction between zinc and iodine to store and release energy. However,the low electronic conductivity,shuttle effect,and high solubility of iodine limit the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries. This work provides a systematic review of the research progress on carbon materials used in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries,with a focus on several commonly used carbon materials,such as carbon nanotubes,graphene,activated carbon,biomass-derived carbon,and other porous carbon materials. Owing to their excellent conductivity,high specific surface area,and good chemical stability,these carbon materials can not only effectively adsorb and immobilize iodine molecules,preventing iodine loss and the shuttle effect,but also promote iodine redox reactions by regulating the pore structure and surface chemical properties,thereby improving the specific capacity and cycling stability of the battery. Additionally,we put forward the challenges and issues faced by carbon materials in the practical application of zinc-iodine batteries,including how to further enhance iodine adsorption capability and improve the structural stability of the electrode. Accordingly,several potential future research directions are proposed with a view to further improving the electrochemical performance and reducing the manufacturing cost,thus laying the foundation for advancing the development and application of this emerging battery technology.
1 Introduction
1.1 Research background and significance of zinc-iodine batteries
1.2 The importance of carbon materials in zinc-iodine batteries
2 Overview of zinc-iodine batteries
2.1 Reaction mechanism of zinc-iodine batteries
2.2 Advantages and problems of zinc-iodine batteries
3 The application of carbon materials in the cathode of zinc-iodine batteries
3.1 Carbon nanotube-based cathodes
3.2 Graphene-based cathodes
3.3 Activated carbon-based cathodes
3.4 Biomass-derived carbon-based cathodes
3.5 Other porous carbon material-based cathodes
4 Conclusions and outlook
Yinyan Guan , Xiaorui Hao , Rui Xu , Hongfei Li , Yuhan Wu , Jiyan Liang . Carbon Materials for Zinc-Iodine Battery Cathodes[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2025 , 37(5) : 775 -787 . DOI: 10.7536/PC240610
图2 (a)不同温度下获得的InOF-1衍生的分级多孔碳材料(HCNS);(b)在1 A·g-1时的循环稳定性(内嵌图是由组装的电池器件驱动的风扇电机)[24];(c)CNT@MPC对I-离子(ZnI2)的吸附示意图[25]Fig. 2 (a)Schematic illustration to obtain InOF-1 derived hierarchically porous HCNS with their differentiated carbonized stages at different temperatures.(b)Cycling stability at 1 A·g-1(the insert diagram is a fan motor driven by an assembled device)[24].(c)Schematic illustration of the adsorption of I- ions(ZnI2)by CNT@MPC[25] |
图3 (a)I2/3DGC的制备示意图;(b)I2/3DGC电极的循环性能[55];(c)PNC-1000-I2在电流密度为1 A·g-1、碘的面积负载量为6 mg·cm-2时的循环性能[57];(d)传统锌-碘电池的示意图[58]Fig.3 (a)Illustration of the formation of I2/3DGC.(b)Cyclic performance of I2/3DGC electrode[55].(c)Cycling performance of the PNC-1000-I2 at a current density of 1 A·g-1,the iodine areal loading is 6 mg·cm-2[57].(d)Schematic representation of a conventional Zn-I2 battery[58] |
图4 (a)I2@C-50复合材料合成示意图;(b)I2@C-50复合材料的元素分布图;(c)在电流密度为1和5 A·g-1时,不同I2碘负载量的I2@C复合材料的循环性能[61];(d)锌-碘电池的反应示意图;(e)不同碘负载量的I2/ACF电极的放电倍率性能[63]Fig.4 (a)Illustration of the synthesis of I2@C-50 composites.(b)Elemental mapping of the I2@C-50 composite.(c)Cycling performance of the I2@C composite with different I2 mass loading values at current densities of 1 and 5 A·g-1[61].(d)Reaction diagram of Zn-I2 batteries.(e)Discharge rate capability of I2/ACF electrodes with different iodine mass loading[63] |
图5 (a)I-BCHP和I-BCNP的合成过程示意图[64];(b)N-LPC/I2和LPC/I2的合成过程示意图[65];(c)以玉米芯衍生的多孔活性碳为正极的锌-碘电池示意图;(d)I2@APCC//WiS ZnCl2 5.9 + 0.20 M KI//Zn电池在电流密度为60~1200 mA·g-1时的GCD曲线[66]Fig.5 (a)Illustration of I-BCHP and I-BCNP synthesis process[64].(b)Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of N-LPC/I2 and LPC/I2[65].(c)Schematic diagram of zinc-iodine batteries with active porous corncob carbon as positive electrode.(d)The GCD curves at the current density of 60~1200 mA·g-1 for the I2@APCC//WiS ZnCl2 5.9 + 0.20 M KI//Zn battery[66] |
图6 (a)Zn/C-I2电池及其充电过程示意图;(b)Zn/C-I2电池的长循环性能[68];(c)HMMC-I2 NSs的制备示意图;(d)HMMC-I2 NSs在8.0 A·g-1下的长期循环性能[70]Fig.6 (a)Schematic illustration of the Zn/C-I2 battery and its charging process.(b)Long cycling performance of yhe Zn/C-I2 battery[68].(c)Schematic illustration of the preparation of HMMC-I2 NSs.(d)Long-term cycling performance of HMMC-I2 NSs at 8.0 A·g-1[70] |
表1 基于不同碳材料的锌-碘电池的电化学性能对比Table 1 Comparison of electrochemical properties of zinc-iodine batteries with different carbon materials |
type | cathode materials | anode materials | electrolyte | cyclic stability | retention | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carbon nanotube-based cathodes | HCNS | Zn flake | 0.5 M ZnSO4 + 0.5 M H2SO4 | 94 mAh·g-1@1 A·g-1/1500 cycles | 87% | 24 |
HCNT-O | Zn foil | hydrogel electrolyte(CPAM-Zn-I-0.5) | 352.5 μAh·cm-2@10 mA·cm-2/2600 cycles | 89.20% | 48 | |
CNT@MPC12 | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 0.38 mAh·cm-2@10 mA·cm-2/12000 cycles | 91% | 25 | |
Graphene-based cathodes | I2/3DGC | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 205 mAh·g-1@3.2 C/400 cycles | 99% | 54 |
rGO-I2 | Zn foil | 20 M ZnCl + 5 M KI | 2 mAh·cm-2@50 mA·cm-2/2000 cycles | 100% | 26 | |
PNC-1000-I2 | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 200mAh·g-1@1 A·g-1/1000 cycles | 89% | 56 | |
N-rGO | Zn@rGO | 2 M KI + 0.5 M NaSO4 | 150 mAh·g-1@5 A·g-1/2000 cycles | 96.70% | 57 | |
G/PVP@ZnI2 | CuNC@Cu/Zn | 2 M ZnSO4 | 125.7mAh·g-1@1 A·g-1/200 cycles | 63.80% | 58 | |
HOPG | Zn foil | ZnI2 + ZnSO4/H2O + EG | 144.1 mAh·cm-3@5 A·g-1/15000 cycles | 97.60% | 59 | |
Activated carbon-based cathodes | I2@C-50 | Zn foil | 2 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 | 151 mAh·g-1@5 A·g-1/10000 cycles | 75% | 60 |
I2-AC-6 | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 104 mAh·g-1@5 A·g-1/6000 cycles | 90% | 62 | |
I2@APCC | Zn foil | 5.9 M ZnCl2 + 0.2 M KI | 523.69 mAh·g-1@500 mA·g-1/600 cycles | 92.20% | 61 | |
Biomass-derived carbon-based cathodes | I-BCHP | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 70 mAh·g-1@300 mA·g-1/800 cycles | / | 62 |
N-LPC/I2 | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 114 mAh·g-1@300 mA·g-1/400 cycles | 99% | 64 | |
I2@APCC | Zn foil | 5.9 M ZnCl2 + 0.2 M KI | 523.69 mAh·g-1@500 mA·g-1/600 cycles | 92.20% | 65 | |
Other porous carbon material-based cathodes | I2@C | Zn/C | 2 M ZnSO4 | 122.3 mAh·g-1@12 C/3000 cycles | 88.10% | 67 |
NCCs/I2 | Zn foil | 2 M ZnSO4 | 131 mAh·g-1@5 A·g-1/3500 cycles | / | 68 | |
HMMC-I2 NSs | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 137.5mAh·g-1@8 A·g-1/9200 cycles | 92.10% | 69 | |
CMK-3@I2 | Zn foil | 2 M ZnSO4 | 10 A·g-1/39000 cycles | 80.60% | 70 | |
NGA/I2 | Zn foil | 1 M ZnSO4 | 178.8 mAh·g-1@5 C/10000 cycles | / | 71 |
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