Early-late Season Double-cropping Rice Cultivars: Differences of Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Early and Late Seasons in South China

ZOUJixiang, YANGTaotao, WULongmei, BAOXiaozhe, ZHANGBin

Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (12) : 1-8.

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Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2024, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (12) : 1-8. DOI: 10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0308

Early-late Season Double-cropping Rice Cultivars: Differences of Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Early and Late Seasons in South China

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Abstract

In order to clarify the differences in the yield and nitrogen uptake of early-late season double-cropping rice between early and late seasons in South China, six early-late season double-cropping rice cultivars were planted in early and late seasons according to local high-yield cultivation measures to determine the yield, yield components, dry matter accumulation, nitrogen uptake, etc. The yield of early-late season double-cropping rice were 6.68-7.91 t/hm2 and 5.72-6.11 t/hm2 planted in early and late season, respectively. The yield in early season was significantly higher than that in late season, with an average increase of 1.53 t/hm2. Correlation analysis showed that the higher grain yield in early season was related to the increase in the panicle number and grain weight. There were significant differences in dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake between early and late seasons. The dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake in early season was increased by 25.0% and 29.5%, respectively, compared to those in late season. In addition, the grain yield of early-late season double-cropping rice were significantly positively correlated with the dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake. Early-late season double-cropping rice had higher grain yield, dry matter production and nitrogen uptake capacity when planted in early season. These results provide a theoretical basis for the high-yield cultivation of early-late season double-cropping rice in South China.

Key words

early-late season double-cropping rice / ‘Simiao rice’ / yield / dry matter accumulation / nitrogen uptake

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ZOU Jixiang , YANG Taotao , WU Longmei , et al . Early-late Season Double-cropping Rice Cultivars: Differences of Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Early and Late Seasons in South China[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin. 2024, 40(12): 1-8 https://doi.org/10.11924/j.issn.1000-6850.casb2023-0308

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【目的】研究在机插条件下长江下游不同生态区各类型优质晚稻产量、生长特性和温光利用的差异,为选择适宜在该地区作为双季种植的优质晚稻品种提供参考依据。【方法】以2016年和2017年筛选适合长江下游机插的双季优质晚稻为材料(常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻和常优杂粳共20个品种),比较在机插条件下浙江富阳(30.05&#x000b0;N, 119.95&#x000b0;E,海拔17.9 m)与安徽庐江(31.15&#x000ba;N, 117.16&#x000ba;E,海拔14 m)两个生态区在产量、生育期、干物质积累以及温光利用方面的差异。【结果】各类型晚稻产量高纬度试点均高于低纬度试验点。与浙江富阳点相比,安徽庐江点种植的常规籼稻、杂交籼稻、常规粳稻、常优杂粳稻产量分别高11.1%、12.9%、6.6%和12.4%。同一试点种植时,常优杂粳产量最高,常规籼稻最低。高纬度点种植时,生育期延长,干物质积累量增加。高纬度点生育期延长杂交籼稻最长(10.4 d),干物质积累量高纬度点增幅常规粳稻最大(齐穗期和成熟期分别增加11.93%和9.44%)。同一试点种植时,干物质积累量杂交稻大于常规稻。籼稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温两个纬度点差异不明显,但日照时数和太阳辐射及其利用率均是高纬度点显著高;粳稻灌浆期和全生育期累积的有效积温高纬度点明显较低,累积日照时数高纬度点变化不明显,而累积太阳辐射则显著增加;温光资源利用率的变化趋势与此一致;同一试点种植时,生育期、干物质积累量以及温光资源利用率均是粳稻大于籼稻。【结论】晚籼稻在安徽庐江点种植时能充分利用温光资源从而提高产量,晚粳稻对温光资源利用率差异不明显,安徽庐江点产量增加的原因是生育期延长和干物质增加。
[7]
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【目的】明确不同类型双季晚粳稻在长江中下游不同生态区产量表现、生育期及温光资源配置差异,为早籼-晚粳模式在长江中下游稻区应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2018&#x02013;2019年在浙江富阳(30.13&#x000b0;N,海拔41.7 m)和温州(28.52&#x000b0;N,海拔83 m)开展。选择生产上大面积应用品种,以高产籼稻(IR)为对照,设置常规粳稻(IJR)和籼粳杂交稻(IJHR)2个处理。比较不同生态区晚季温光条件下籼稻、常规粳稻和籼粳杂交稻在产量、生育特性以及温光资源配置上的差异。【结果】1)低纬度下粳型水稻品种干物质量、有效穗数及库容较高纬度均有所下降,导致产量降低2.4%~19.1%;但结实率和千粒重稳定或略有提高。同时,籼粳杂交稻产量在两地均最高,分别为8.8~10.3 t/hm<sup>2</sup>(富阳)和8.0~10.2 t/hm<sup>2</sup>(温州);2)供试品种生育时期因纬度不同而存在差异。与高纬度相比,低纬度的水稻营养生长期无显著差异,穗发育期有所缩短(4.2%~27.3%),而灌浆期显著缩短,其中籼稻、常规粳稻以及籼粳杂交稻分别缩短7.3%~11.9%、20.8%~41.9%以及23.1%~35%。3)不同生育阶段温光配置差异主要体现在灌浆期,平均温度低纬度要高于高纬度(籼稻提高0.4~2.4 ℃;常规粳稻2.3~3.5 ℃;籼粳杂交稻2.5~2.8 ℃);有效积温纬度间的差异随品种类型而异,其中籼稻无显著变化,常规粳稻和籼粳杂交稻分别降低24.7~126.4 ℃和25.7~107 ℃。4)主成分分析表明,纬度变化造成的温光资源积累差异(PC1和PC2)是主因(贡献度49%),也是产量差异的主要原因;其次为品种的温光敏感性(PC5,贡献度18%)以及品种的穗粒结构(PC3,贡献度14%)。【结论】与高纬相比,低纬粳型水稻产量降低主要源于生育期缩短(灌浆期为主),有效积温减少,库容降低。籼粳杂交稻在低纬度仍具有较高的产量优势,可能源于其较强的穗粒优势。有鉴于此,重(大)穗型粳稻在长江中下游较低纬度双季晚稻种植可能更具有应用潜力。
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张驰, 何连华, 廖爽, 等. 不同生态条件下播期对机插杂交籼稻日产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2020, 46(10):1579-1590.
为探讨不同生态条件下播期对机插杂交籼稻日产量的影响, 并提出相应的丰产对策, 以3个杂交籼稻品种宜香优2115、F优498和川优6203为材料, 采取毯苗机插栽培方式, 在四川的南部、射洪、安州和大邑4个生态点, 通过分期播种, 研究不同生态条件下播期对机插杂交籼稻全生育期、产量和日产量的影响。结果表明, 不同生态条件下机插杂交籼稻的全生育期、产量和日产量存在差异; 随着播期从3月下旬推迟至5月上旬, 机插杂交籼稻播种至拔节期天数缩短, 抽穗至成熟期天数增加, 平均全生育期从159.5 d逐渐缩短至150.7 d, 平均产量从10,260.45 kg hm<sup>-2</sup>逐渐下降至7795.83 kg hm<sup>-2</sup>, 平均日产量从64.58 kg hm<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>逐渐下降至51.95 kg hm<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>。气象因子对机插杂交籼稻产量和日产量的影响在不同生态条件下存在差异, 产量与全生育期平均气温日较差、日照时数呈显著正相关, 与水稻全生育期日平均温度、平均日最低温度、日平均相对湿度和降雨量呈显著负相关; 日产量与全生育期平均气温日较差、日照时数呈显著正相关, 而与全生育期平均日最低温度、日平均相对湿度呈显著负相关, 在南部、射洪和大邑与全生育期日平均温度呈显著负相关。在四川盆地西平原区和中、东北丘陵区, 冬水(闲)田或蔬菜茬口水稻最佳播期在3月下旬, 选择F优498进行机插栽培可获得较高日产量; 麦(油)茬水稻应在前茬收获后尽早抢栽, 一般在4月下旬播种, 选择F优498进行机插栽培可获得较高日产量。
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综述了从明朝以来广东优质稻品种和稻米品牌发展历程。广东的优质稻品种经历了从传统的高秆农家品种到现代矮秆高直链淀粉含量型优质常规品种,再到目前的矮秆低直链淀粉型优质常规品种。广东优质稻米品牌从传统的&#x0201c;增城丝苗米&#x0201d;和&#x0201c;马坝油粘米&#x0201d;,发展到现在的5个地理标志保护产品和12个稻米区域公用品牌。这些品牌优质稻米均以粒型细长、无心腹白、晶莹剔透、米饭香软滑为特色,形成现代&#x0201c;广东丝苗米&#x0201d;的典型特征,在优质米市场上具有极高的辨识度。最后讨论了广东现代优质丝苗产业存在问题和发展举措。
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广东地处亚热带,气温高、日照长,具备水稻优质高产的天然气候条件,有着悠久的水稻种植历史,是中国13大粮食主产区,自矮化育种以来创造了“粤稻现象”的辉煌成绩。然而,多年来,广东大米自给率仅为30%左右,对其他地区大米的依赖程度相对较高。随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发和蔓延,广东的大米安全受到一定程度的影响。在这种新形势下,本研究通过查阅《中国农业统计年鉴》《广东统计年鉴》《广东农村统计年鉴》等相关资料,调研了广东水稻生产的现状并分析其存在的问题,针对问题提出要通过政策引导、加强突破性品种培育、构建完善的推广示范体系、数字化销售渠道及延伸水稻价值链,推动产业的发展。
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High-yielding short-duration cultivars are required due to the development of mechanized large-scale double-season rice (i.e. early- and late-season rice) production in China. The objective of this study was to identify whether existing early-season rice cultivars can be used as resources to select high-yielding, short-duration (less than 115 days) cultivars of machine-transplanted late-season rice. Field experiments were conducted in Yongan, Hunan Province, China in the early and late rice-growing seasons in 2015 and 2016. Eight early-season rice cultivars (Liangyou 6, Lingliangyou 211, Lingliangyou 268, Xiangzaoxian 32, Xiangzaoxian 42, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with growth durations of less than 115 days were used in 2015, and four cultivars (Lingliangyou 268, Zhongjiazao 17, Zhongzao 39, and Zhuliangyou 819) with good yield performance in the late season in 2015 were grown in 2016. All cultivars had a growth duration of less than 110 days when grown in the late season in both years. Zhongjiazao 17 produced the maximum grain yield of 9.61 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 108 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season in 2015. Averaged across both years, Lingliangyou 268 had the highest grain yield of 8.57 Mg ha−1 with a daily grain yield of 95 kg ha−1 d−1 in the late season. The good yield performance of the early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season was mainly attributable to higher apparent radiation use efficiency. Growth duration and grain yield of early-season rice cultivars grown in the late season were not significantly related to those grown in the early season. Our study suggests that it is feasible to select high-yielding short-duration cultivars from existing early-season rice cultivars for machine-transplanted late-season rice production. Special tests by growing alternative early-season rice cultivars in the late season should be done to determine their growth duration and grain yield for such selection.
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周新桥, 陈达刚, 单泽林, 等. 华南稻区不同类型早晚兼用型超级稻动态株型比较[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(5):68-77.
为探究不同类型超级稻动态株型特点及差异,为华南稻区超级稻育种和栽培提供理论指导,选用华南稻区4个超级杂交稻组合、2个超级常规稻品种和2个优质超高产常规稻为供试材料,于秧苗期、分蘖盛期、幼穗第二次枝梗原基分化期、始穗期和成熟期,考查株叶形态、单位面积干物质量及产量。结果表明,供试材料的株高、单株平均茎蘖数、叶片形态、单位面积干物质量和产量构成因素等5个方面动态株型指标具有明显的季节生态特点。在生长发育前期和中期,除上部3片功能叶的开张角度外,其他各项指标超级杂交稻组合均显著高于超级常规稻品种。单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、经济系数和单位面积产量,杂交稻组合显著高于常规稻品种;但是常规稻品种的穗长和结实率极显著高于杂交稻组合。因此,早晚兼用型优质超高产水稻育种的动态株型构建,要求苗期早生快发、中后期生物产量大、成熟期收获指数高,其中常规稻品种需要培育品种早生快发特性、提高生物产量、保持高结实率的前提下适当提高千粒质量和穗粒数,杂交稻组合则要进一步提高结实率。
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许阳东, 朱宽宇, 章星传, 等. 绿色超级稻品种的农艺与生理性状分析[J]. 作物学报, 2019, 45(1):70-80.
探明绿色超级稻的农艺与生理性状, 对于培育和选用绿色超级稻品种有重要意义。本研究以4个绿色超级稻品种为材料, 1个超级稻品种和1个非超级稻品种为对照, 观察了绿色超级稻的农艺与生理表现。结果表明, 与对照品种相比, 绿色超级稻品种具有较高的产量和氮素利用效率。绿色超级稻品种较高的产量得益于总颖花数和结实率的同步提高, 较高的氮素利用率主要在于较高的植株氮素籽粒生产效率(氮素内部利用效率)。绿色超级稻具有较高的茎蘖成穗率和粒叶比, 抽穗期较高的糖花比, 灌浆期较高的作物生长速率、净同化率、根系氧化力和茎中同化物向籽粒的运转率和成熟期较高的收获指数。这些性状与产量及植株氮素籽粒生产效率均呈极显著的正相关。建议将上述性状作为培育和选用绿色超级稻品种的参考指标。
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Because of global land surface warming, extreme temperature events are expected to occur more often and more intensely, affecting the growth and development of the major cereal crops in several ways, thus affecting the production component of food security. In this study, we have identified rice and maize crop responses to temperature in different, but consistent, phenological phases and development stages. A literature review and data compilation of around 140 scientific articles have determined the key temperature thresholds and response to extreme temperature effects for rice and maize, complementing an earlier study on wheat. Lethal temperatures and cardinal temperatures, together with error estimates, have been identified for phenological phases and development stages. Following the methodology of previous work, we have collected and statistically analysed temperature thresholds of the three crops for the key physiological processes such as leaf initiation, shoot growth and root growth and for the most susceptible phenological phases such as sowing to emergence, anthesis and grain filling. Our summary shows that cardinal temperatures are conservative between studies and are seemingly well defined in all three crops. Anthesis and ripening are the most sensitive temperature stages in rice as well as in wheat and maize. We call for further experimental studies of the effects of transgressing threshold temperatures so such responses can be included into crop impact and adaptation models. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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王亚梁, 张玉屏, 朱德峰, 等. 水稻穗分化期高温胁迫对颖花退化及籽粒充实的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(9):1402-1410.
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LIN G Q, YANG Y, CHEN X Y, et al. Effects of high temperature during two growth stages on caryopsis development and physicochemical properties of starch in rice[J]. International journal of biological macromolecules, 2020, 145:301-310.
Global warming may affect the development of rice at different growth stages, thereby decreasing rice yield and deteriorating grain quality. The difference in rice responses to high temperature during primordial differentiation (PD) and pollen filling (PF) stages has been rarely studied. In this paper, two temperature treatments (40 °C and 30 °C) at the two stages (PD and PF) were imposed to four rice groups under the controlled temperature chambers. Compared with rice under normal temperature, high temperature-stressed rice showed accelerated growth rate, smaller caryopsis and decreased yield. Moreover, high temperature affected the starch physicochemical properties, resulting in lower apparent amylose content and higher order degree, gelatinization temperatures, and thereby increased peak, trough and final viscosities in starch. High temperature during PD stage inhibited cell development and starch deposition, thus leading to small starch granule and low retrogradation. However, temperature-stressed rice during PF stage showed increased starch accumulation and larger granule size. Therefore, effects of high temperature during the two stages on caryopsis development and starch properties were partly similar but also notably different. These results enriched and deepened the study of high temperature-stressed rice and served as an important reference for the processing and utilization of rice starch in food industry.Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V.
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徐富贤, 熊洪, 张林, 等. 南方稻区杂交中籼稻高产品种的库源结构及其优化调控规律研究进展[J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2016, 24(10):1285-1299.
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朱铁忠, 柯健, 姚波, 等. 沿江双季稻北缘区机插早稻的超高产群体特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(7):1553-1564.
【目的】研究安徽沿江双季稻北缘区不同机插高产早稻品种产量差异及超高产品种的群体共性特征,为品种选育与精确定量栽培提供参考。【方法】试验于2018—2019年在安徽庐江进行,采用前期筛选获得的9个高产早稻品种为供试材料,分析不同品种的产量及构成、干物质积累、叶面积指数、有效光截获和利用率的差异。【结果】不同高产品种的产量间存在显著差异,通过聚类分析可进一步分为超高产(9.1—9.5 t·hm <sup>-2</sup>)、更高产(8.1—8.6 t·hm <sup>-2</sup>)和高产(7.6—7.8 t·hm <sup>-2</sup>)3种类型。超高产类型品种较更高产和高产类型品种显著提高了每穗粒数、颖花量和千粒重。超高产类型品种的平均日产量为82.4 kg·hm <sup>-2</sup>·d <sup>-1</sup>,分别较更高产和高产类型品种提高10.2%和19.8%。干物质积累量是不同类型品种产量差异的主要原因,与更高产和高产类型品种相比,超高产类型品种显著提高水稻中后期的阶段干物质积累量18.3%—21.4%。超高产类型品种具有更高的中后期有效光截获量和光截获利用效率,分别与其高的叶面积指数和库容量有关。相关性分析表明,穗分化期和抽穗期群体有效光截获量分别与每穗粒数和千粒重呈显著正相关,且超高产类型品种具有更高的响应效率。另外,与更高产和高产类型品种相比,超高产类型品种显著提高抽穗期总粒重/叶4.1%—11.3%,这与其高的中后期光截获利用率密切相关。【结论】沿江双季稻北缘区机插早稻品种适宜选用叶面积指数高(穗分化期5.6—6.0、抽穗期7.1—7.3)、穗粒数多(124—132)、千粒重高(25.8—27.0 g),且日产量为80.8—83.7 kg·hm <sup>-2</sup>·d <sup>-1</sup>的品种,可获得超高产水平(>9.0 t·hm <sup>-2</sup>)。
[27]
陈琛, 张家星, 李万元, 等. 氮高效水稻主要源库性状的基本特点及其调控[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2017, 31(2):185-194.
【目的】 本研究皆在阐明氮高效水稻源库性状的基本特点。【方法】 在大田条件下,于2012&#x02013;2014年设计了两个试验。2012年和2013年,以染色体单片段代换系遗传群体114个水稻株系为供试材料,依据成熟期吸氮量和产量两个性状将114个株系群体分为6种不同氮效率类型。2014年,在前2两年试验的基础上,以筛选出的氮高效株系(L68)和氮低效株系(L2)为供试材料,研究施氮量对两种氮效率水稻株系产量、源库性状的影响。【结果】1)114个株系群体成熟期吸氮量和产量差异均较大,吸氮量变幅为11.53~27.66 g/m<sup>2</sup>,产量变幅为311.74~763.35 kg/666.7 m<sup>2</sup>,随着吸氮量的增加,产量呈上升趋势。产量类型与吸氮量类型并不完全一致,高吸氮量是高产的重要基础,但产量还可能受到其他因素的影响;2)氮高效水稻抽穗期叶面积系数(包括有效叶面积、高效叶面积、总叶面积)、成熟期叶面积系数均显著大于氮低效水稻,叶面积构成因子中氮高效水稻绿叶质量明显高于氮低效水稻,但比叶重不同氮效率品种间差异较小;3)氮高效水稻单位面积库容量、单位面积颖花量显著高于氮低效水稻,氮高效水稻单位干质量、单位叶面积和单位氮素库容量大,库容形成能力强;4)氮高效水稻单位叶面积颖花数、单位叶面积籽粒产量大,结实期净同化率高,氮高效水稻&#x0201c;流&#x0201d;畅,叶片光合能力强;5)综合分析表明,库容量对氮素高效吸收影响较大。提高单位氮素库容量有助于提高单位面积库容量。不同施氮水平下,氮高效水稻叶面积系数、库容量、吸氮量和产量均明显高于氮低效水稻,叶面积系数在低氮水平下两者差异最大,其他3个指标以低、中氮差异较大。【结论】氮高效水稻源库指标均优于其他类型,且这一优势在不同施氮量亦是如此。
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当今作物生产正在向高产、高效、环境友好等多目标协同方向发展, 进一步深化和完善作物生产调控理论与技术体系是实现多元化目标协同, 促进作物生产可持续发展的重要途径。本文对当前作物生产调控理论与技术的研究进展进行了总结, 并结合当今作物生产发展形势, 在全面总结前人成果和笔者30余年研究结果的基础上, 提出了从作物生产系统的整体性角度出发, 通过定量分析作物生产系统气候、土壤、作物三要素的协同关系, 将“气候-作物”、“土壤-作物”和“群体-个体”三者协同优化的作物高产高效调控途径, 构建了作物生产系统气候-土壤-作物“三协同”定量优化体系, 并对其生产应用和未来发展进行了探讨与展望, 以期为实现我国主要粮食作物高产高效可持续生产提供理论指导。
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张露, 梁青铎, 吴龙龙, 等. 减氮和增氧灌溉对水稻产量和氮素利用的影响[J]. 中国水稻科学, 2023, 37(1):78-88.
目的 明确减氮和增氧灌溉对水稻生长、产量和氮肥利用的影响。 方法 以3个品种水稻中旱221(旱稻)、中浙优8号(水稻)和IR45765-3B(深水稻)为材料,并设常规施氮量(195.0 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>)、减施氮量(157.5 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>)2种氮水平和常规淹水灌溉(Conventional Flood Irrigation,WL)、微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉(Micro-nano Bubble Water Oxygenation Irrigation,MBWI)2个灌溉模式,对比分析了3个品种水稻的茎蘖动态、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、干物质量、产量和水稻的氮素吸收利用特征。 结果 研究结果表明,MBWI处理显著增加了水稻产量,中旱221、中浙优8号和IR45765-3B的2年平均产量MBWI处理分别比WL处理增加12.4%、7.5%和6.7%,这可能与水稻有效穗数、每穗粒数密切相关。微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉和增施氮肥用量显著增加水稻叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积,并增加水稻干物质积累量。氮肥和增氧灌溉均影响水稻各氮素利用率指标,与淹水灌溉相比,微纳米气泡水增氧灌溉均可以显著增加3个品种水稻的氮收获指数、氮肥偏生产力和氮素籽粒生产效率,降低了水稻了氮转运效率和氮转运贡献率。减氮处理可以显著增加氮转运效率、氮转运贡献率、氮素籽粒生产效率和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮收获指数。 结论 增氧灌溉有助于提高水稻叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积,增加水稻分蘖数和干物质积累量,进而显著提高水稻产量,影响氮素利用特征,并且在稻田氮素减施的条件下采用增氧灌溉能有助于构建高产群体,维持较高的产量。
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