As an important economic shrimp species, the Litopenaeus vannamei is frequently affected by bacterial diseases, especially Vibriosis (including Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio cholerae, etc.) during intensive aquaculture. This represents a significant risk to the long-term sustainability of aquaculture. With the widespread use of antibiotics, resistance genes of pathogenic bacteria are prevalent and widespread in the aquatic environment, posing new challenges to the prevention and treatment of Vibriosis. Therefore, it is extremely important to emphasize the maintenance of aquaculture environment and water quality monitoring. This review describes a series of biological control measures, including the use of biofloc technology, probiotics, antimicrobial peptides, quorum sensing inhibitors, and the use of biological control methods such as Bdellovibrio and like organisms and bacteriophage. The combination of biofloc technology and probiotics can improve water quality and enhance immunity. However, it is greatly affected by the environment, making it difficult to control the stability of bacteria flora. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, and they are safe and not easily resistant to drugs. However, they are difficult to preserve and have a high cost. Quorum-sensing inhibitors provide precise prevention and treatment with minimal environmental impact, but the mechanism research on them is limited. Bdellovibrio are effective at lysing Gram-negative bacteria but have a poor effect on Gram-positive bacteria and grow slowly. Bacteriophages are highly specific but have a narrow host range. Although these biological control measures are less effective than antibiotics, they are environmentally friendly, less prone to drug resistance, and aim to reduce chemical drug dependency, protect the ecosystem, and improve aquaculture efficiency. In the future, innovative and sustainable biological control technologies should be developed to address the challenges posed by pathogenic bacterial resistance and environmental protection.

This review aims to explore the storage and preservation conditions of lily bulbs, analyze the impact of bulb diseases on storage efficacy, and examine the application prospects of existing preservation techniques and the antibacterial preservation potential of plant essential oils. By integrating existing research on disease types affecting lily bulb storage, current preservation technologies, and the antibacterial effects of plant essential oils, this study assesses the impacts of different preservation techniques on storage outcomes, summarizes findings, and provides recommendations. Lily bulbs are prone to bulb rot disease during storage, primarily caused by pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium commune, Fusarium proliferatum, and Curvularia pseudobrachyspora. Commonly used storage and preservation technologies include physical preservation chemical preservation, biological preservation, and combined preservation techniques. Meanwhile, plant essential oils demonstrate significant efficacy in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, offering novel insights for improving lily bulb storage and preservation. Investigating lily bulb storage diseases and preservation techniques provides critical references and a theoretical basis for advancing the application of preservation technologies in lily storage practices.

The traditional soil-based rice seedling methods for mechanical transplanting are time consuming and laborious. Slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray is an important way to achieve efficient cultivation of rice. The effects of slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray on seedling growth, NPK release characteristics and rice yield were studied. The rice seedling experiment was set up with two treatments: rice seedling with nutrient soil and rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer. In further, the field experiment was set up with five treatments: no nitrogen application, conventional fertilization, one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer (OFSRF), one-time fertilization with side-deep fertilization (OFSDF) and one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray (OFSS). The results of the rice seedling experiment showed that the main release time of NPK in the slow-released fertilizer in the rice seedling tray was day 7 and day 13, and the main absorption time of nitrogen by rice was on day 8- day 9, and the main absorption time of phosphorus and potassium was on day 13. Compared with conventional rice seedling, the aboveground fresh weight, leaf number, plant height and stem diameter treated with rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer increased by 37.30%, 66.67%, 44.57% and 13.43%, respectively, and the chlorophyll content and nitrogen content of the leaves increased by 29.33% and 53.32%, respectively. The results of the field experiment showed that compared with the OFSRF and OFSDF, the rice yield of OFSS was significantly increased by 10.73% (P<0.05) and 6.69% (P<0.05), while the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate was significantly increased by 26.51% (P<0.05) and 14.97%. In summary, compared with conventional rice seedling, rice seedling with slow-released fertilizer improved the aboveground growth and nutrient content of seedling. Under the same fertilization level in the field, one-time fertilization with slow-released fertilizer in rice seedling tray could increase rice yield and improve nitrogen utilization efficiency.

This study aimed to develop a new cassava cultivar with high and stable yield, high starch content, resistance to carmine spider mites, and wide adaptability. Using the compact and high-yielding cassava cultivar 'South China 11' ('SC11') as the female parent and the high-starch, carmine spider mite-resistant cultivar 'Guire 891' ('GR891') as the male parent, a systematic breeding procedure was implemented to develop the new elite cassava cultivar 'Yunreshu No.1'. In regional and production trials, its fresh root yields reached 42.42 t/ha and 40.44 t/ha, representing yield increases of 14.09% and 16.41%, respectively, compared with the main Chinese cultivar 'South China 205' ('SC205'). The starch content of fresh roots was 26.11% (specific gravity method) and 36.02% (acid hydrolysis method), both higher than the control 'SC205'. The average mite damage indices were 23.72% and 26.01%, respectively, demonstrating mite resistance. This variety was officially certified by the National Tropical Crops Variety Approval Committee on December 25, 2023 (Approval No.: Repinshen 2023004). 'Yunreshu No.1' is a new cassava cultivar characterized by high and stable yield, high starch content, and resistance to carmine spider mites. It exhibits strong market competitiveness in major cassava-growing regions such as Yunnan, Hainan, Jiangxi, and Guangxi, and holds significant potential for enhancing cassava production, farmer income, and industrial efficiency.

To investigate the changing characteristics of soil nutrients in tomato protected cultivation, enhance the fertilization management for protected vegetables, and promote the sustainable development of protected agriculture, the plow layer in the cultivated areas of tomato protected cultivation was selected as the research object. Soil physical and chemical properties were measured by conventional detection methods to analyze nutrient changes. The results showed that in the study areas of tomato protected cultivation, the pH of the soil and the content of water-soluble salts increased. The content of organic matter was above the medium level, and the contents of available nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were abundant. The soil was in a state of secondary salinization and excessive nutrient enrichment. In addition, the contents of trace elements were uneven across the soil. In the subsequent planting process, it was recommended to increase the application of organic fertilizers to raise the content of soil organic matter, improve the soil structure, and promote microbial activities. Meanwhile, attention should be given to the combined application of fertilizers containing secondary and micronutrients along with those containing macronutrients to balance the nutrients supply of soil, and increase overall productivity.

To screen the wheat varieties suitable for planting in the Cd-contaminated farmland of Hebei Piedmont Plain, the field experiment was conducted to study the yield and differential characteristics of cadmium absorption of 48 local main wheat varieties. The results showed that there were significant differences in the yield and the ability to absorb and accumulate Cd among 48 wheat varieties (P<0.05). The yield of ‘Shimai 27’ was the highest (10538.6 kg/hm²), which was 6.33%-42.41% higher than that of other wheat varieties. The yield of ‘Shimai 26’ was the second highest, which was 6.77%-38.51% higher than that of other wheat varieties. The grain Cd contents and enrichment coefficients of ‘Shimai 26’, ‘Zhongxinmai 48’, ‘Malan 6’ and ‘Kenong 2011’ were relatively low, ranging from 0.115 to 0.133 mg/kg and from 0.032 to 0.038, respectively. The Cd transport coefficients of ‘Kenong 2011’, ‘Zhongxinmai 48’ and ‘Shimai 26’ were relatively low, ranging from 0.273 to 0.291. The results of cluster analysis showed that there were 2 varieties of low Cd accumulation, 19 varieties with relatively low Cd accumulation, 3 varieties with low Cd translocation, and 7 varieties with relatively low Cd translocation. By comprehensive evaluation of wheat yield, grain Cd content, enrichment coefficient and transport coefficient, ‘Shimai 26’, ‘Zhongxinmai 48’ and ‘Kenong 2011’ were identified as Cd low accumulation type wheat varieties for safe production in the Cd-contaminated farmland.

In order to explore the effect of UV radiation exposure on the main chemical components of flue-cured tobacco, the UV radiation data of 8 tobacco automatic stations in Shiyan area in recent 10 years were used to analyze the correlation degree of the main chemical components of tobacco leaves in different parts of each tobacco planting area. The results showed that: (1) the UV radiation exposure in the field stage and each growth stage in the tobacco planting areas of Fangxian and Zhuxi Counties showed an increasing trend; in the tobacco-growing areas of Zhushan County and Yunxi County, the UV radiation exposure in the field stage showed a decreasing trend with the interannual variation, and the decrease was more obvious in the field stage and various growth stages in the tobacco-growing areas of Zhushan County, mainly in the flourishing and mature stages. (2) The contents and ratios of the main chemical components of tobacco leaves in different tobacco planting areas were unstable, the coefficient of variation was different, and there was a large spatial difference. (3) UV radiation exposure was closely related to some major chemical components of tobacco leaves. Among which, UV radiation exposure was positively correlated with nicotine content, and negatively correlated with total nitrogen content and potassium content; the contents of total sugar, reducing sugar and chlorine were less affected by UV radiation exposure. In this paper, the relationship between UV radiation exposure and the main chemical components of tobacco was discussed through the analysis of the influence of UV radiation exposure on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves, which provided a scientific basis for the quality identification of tobacco leaves, and provided a reference for the regional positioning and production area layout of high-quality characteristic tobacco leaves.

Cover crops, as an effective measure of farmland management, have been widely recognized for their positive roles in preventing soil erosion, alleviating soil degradation, enhancing soil quality and reducing the input of pesticides and fertilizers. This paper comprehensively analyzed the effects of cover crops on controlling soil erosion, their impact on soil carbon pools and greenhouse gas emissions, their regulatory effects on soil nutrients and moisture, as well as their effectiveness in controlling pests, diseases and weeds. By reviewing and summarizing current research progress, this paper aimed to provide theoretical support for the improvement of cover crop planting technology and to offer scientific basis for the selection of cover crops and the trade-offs in ecological and environmental benefits. The study found that cover crops reduced the risk of water and wind erosion by improving soil physical properties, increased soil carbon storage, reduced nutrient loss, enhanced water retention capacity, and to some extent suppressed pests, diseases, and weeds. However, the impact of cover crops was complex, and their effects on soil moisture and nutrients needed to be weighed according to specific crop types and planting conditions. This paper emphasized the importance of cover crops in sustainable agricultural development and points out directions for future research.

The distribution of nektons in aquaculture areas is the result of the interaction among nektons, environmental loads and hydrological conditions of culture areas. Thus, it is speculated that the corresponding relationship between the distribution of nektons and aquaculture types is diverse and uncertain. To verify this inference, trap nets were used to collect nektons in the aquaculture areas with different types and their adjacent waters in Sansha Bay, Fujian Province. The results showed that the composition of nektons characterized by species number, Chao 1 index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef richness index, Pielou evenness index, key species and dominant species did not exhibit specificity to the types of culture areas; the similarity of the communities of nektons in the aquaculture areas with different types characterized by the key species and dominant species was relatively small, but the community similarity based on all the species of nektons was≥0.84; there was no correlation between the composition of nektons and the types of aquaculture area, and the biological community of nektons did not change with aquaculture area. Thus, it is not reasonable to evaluate the biological effects of cage culture by using the commonly used spatial comparison method, and it is suggested to adopt the adaptive management to manage cage culture.

Analysis of the response pattern of sigma factor coding gene OsSIG5 in rice (Oryza sativa) to stress and hormones could provide references for further exploring the functions of OsSIG5 and its homologous genes. Firstly, the bioinformatics of OsSIG5 was performed, and the expression patterns of OsSIG5 in rice under normal and stress conditions were analyzed by quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that the coding region of OsSIG5 was 1503 bp in length, containing 6 exons and encoding 500 amino acids. The OsSIG5 protein had three conserved domains of the σ⁷⁰ family, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the SIG5 homologous protein of monocotyledonous plants was closely related to OsSIG5. The promoter region of OsSIG5 contained 16 plant hormone response cis-elements and 20 environmental stress response cis-elements. OsSIG5 was mainly expressed in rice leaves. The expression of OsSIG5 in leaves was significantly increased under 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) treatment, but significantly decreased under gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatment. In addition, the expression level of OsSIG5 in leaves was significantly decreased after high temperature, low temperature, drought and salt stress treatment. This study showed that OsSIG5 could respond to various hormone signals and abiotic stress signals.

To study the effects of mixed planting of barley varieties with different edge types and their combinations on forage yield, field experiments were conducted with four barley cultivars: two-rowed short-statured ‘Baopimai 26’ and ‘Baopimai 28’, and six-rowed medium-tall ‘Baodamai 20’ and ‘Baodamai 25’. Eight treatments were designed for both single planting and mixed planting comparative experiments. The results showed that, in single planting experiment, there was no significant difference in fresh grass yield between ‘Baodamai 25’ and ‘Baopimai 28’, which were significantly higher than those of ‘Baopimai 26’ and ‘Baodamai 20’. In mixed planting experiment, the combinations of the two-rowed cultivar ‘Baopimai 28’ and the six-rowed cultivars ‘Baodamai 25’ and ‘Baodamai 20’ produced the highest fresh forage yields, reaching 41.36 t/hm² and 31.19 t/hm², respectively. Compared with single planting of ‘Baopimai 28’, these mixed planting increased yields by 8.14% and 14.14%, respectively, and compared with single planting of ‘Baodamai 25’, they increased yields by 3.63% and 9.38%, respectively. Thus it is not recommended to mix the two-rowed cultivar ‘Baopimai 26’ with other cultivars. Moreover, the six-rowed cultivar ‘Baodamai 25’ performed better than ‘Baodamai 20’ in mixed cultivation.

The aim is to investigate the variations in total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen (specifically ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen) in soils characterized by differing fertility levels when treated with varying dosages of pig manure, elucidating the impact of different application rates of pig manure on nitrogen content in soils with distinct fertility levels. Indoor soil culture experiments were conducted to assess low, medium and high fertility soils subjected to various rates of pig manure application. The results showed that the total nitrogen content in the soil increased in response to higher applications of pig manure. Notably, when a substantial amount of pig manure was applied to high-fertility soil, the ammonium nitrogen content reached its peak at 5.68 mg/kg. Conversely, in medium-fertility soil treated with a high quantity of pig manure, the nitrate nitrogen content was maximized at 23.32 mg/kg. This phenomenon can be attributed to the negatively charged nature of nitrate nitrogen, which was not retained by soil colloids; thus, elevated levels of nitrate nitrogen in the soil correspond to an increased risk of leaching. Therefore, it is evident that there is a significant positive correlation between the total nitrogen content and ammonium nitrogen content in the soil and the application rate of pig manure.ontent with the application rate of pig manure. Furthermore, the application of high quantities of pig manure to soils with moderate fertility levels is more likely to result in the loss of soil nitrate nitrogen. These findings suggested that, in practical agricultural production, the risk of agricultural non-point source pollution caused by the application of pig manure can be mitigated while still adhering to the maximum carrying capacity of pig manure on dry farmland, thereby achieving certain agricultural economic benefits.

Based on VOSviewer and CiteSpace, the research hotspots and trends in the field of Astragalus membranaceus research at domestic and international level were explored. Chinese and English literature on Astragalus membranaceus related studies published in the core collections of China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), Wanfang, Vipshop(VIP) and Web of Science (WOS) from 2000 to 2023 were collected. VOSviewer was used to draw the author cooperation network and the scientific knowledge map of keyword co-occurrence network in Chinese and English literature, and CiteSpace was used to draw the publication journal, publication institution, keyword clustering, keyword timeline and keyword emergence map. A total of 8602 articles were included, including 8089 articles in Chinese and 513 articles in English. The authors with the highest number of publications in both Chinese and English are Qin Xuemei (Modern Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University) and Liu Ping (Capital Medical University). Among the issuing institutions, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine tops the list in terms of the number of articles issued in Chinese, while Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine are the institutions with the highest number of articles issued in English. The English and Chinese journals with the largest number of articles on Astragalus membranaceus are Lishizhen Medicine and Materia Medica Research and Journal of Ethnopharmacology, respectively. Analysis of the keywords reveals that the main research direction of Astragalus focuses on the composition of Astragalus membranaceus, chemical composition, extraction process, mechanism of action, pharmacological effects, etc. Astragalus membranaceus annual publication volume shows a general trend of growth, with Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University Modern Research Centre of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as the main colleges and universities, research institutions, researchers have carried out a large number of studies on Astragalus membranaceus. In recent years, the emergence of data mining, network pharmacology and molecular docking-based methods to reveal the pharmacological mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus and classical formulas in disease resistance has become a research hotspot, in addition to the mechanism of action between Astragalus membranaceus actives and intestinal flora will be a research trend in the future research.

Peppermint is a food-medicine crop with secondary metabolites as core functional components. It has a wide range of biological activities. The bioactivities of peppermint are mainly related to its abundant active constituents, such as menthol, menthone, montaflorin, hesperidin, caffeic acid and other constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial and antitumour effects. This paper reviews the distribution of resources and major origins of peppermint, the analytical studies of the major functional components of peppermint, the progress of nutritional and pharmacological studies of the major functional components, as well as the prediction and quality control of the core quality components of peppermint. Finally, the application fields and prospects of peppermint in agricultural product processing are discussed to provide direction and basis for the application of peppermint processing.

In the process of fish reproduction, GnRH (Gonadotropin releasing hormone), as a key factor in the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis of vertebrates, plays a crucial regulatory role in gonadal development and sex hormone secretion. Its physiological functions are essential for the success of fish reproductive activities. This paper reviews recent domestic and international research progress on GnRH in fish reproduction, including the structural classification, main functions, mechanisms of action, and applications of GnRH analogs in fish reproduction. By analyzing the roles of GnRH in regulating fish gonadal development, sex hormone secretion, and ovulation induction, the core position of GnRH in fish reproduction is revealed. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis for in-depth understanding of fish reproductive mechanisms, while offering references for improving fish reproductive efficiency and developing GnRH-related reproductive regulation technologies. It also lays the foundation for further research on the application potential of GnRH in fish reproduction.

Pruning is an essential technical measure in the process of forest cultivation. Reasonable pruning is conducive to promoting the growth of forest trees, improving the trunk shape, increasing trunk completeness and timber outturn percentage, reducing the number of dead and live knots, and improving the overall quality of wood. This paper comprehensively analyzed the influence and mechanism of pruning on the growth of tree diameter at breast height and tree height, the physical properties of wood, and the tree trunk quality, and revealed that the growth promotion effect was achieved by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products and improving the efficiency of nutrient transport. At the same time, the complex regulation rules of pruning intensity and seasonal difference on wood density, mechanical properties and knot scar formation were clarified. On this basis, it further summarized the deficiencies and problems in the past research and put forward the main research directions for the future as follow. (1) To construct the theoretical model of precise pruning based on tree species characteristics and growth stages; (2) to research and develop intelligent pruning equipment and digital operation systems; (3) to establish a standardized technical system covering material improvement and economic benefit evaluation. The research results provide theoretical support and technical path for directional cultivation of high-quality industrial materials.

Freeze-thaw cycling is a distinctive natural phenomenon prevalent in cold climate zones, including high-latitude and high-altitude regions. The periodic fluctuations in hydrothermal conditions associated with freeze-thaw processes exert substantial impacts on the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of environmental media, particularly soils. These effects manifest through both direct and indirect mechanisms: freeze-thaw actions directly modulate soil microbial activity while simultaneously influencing microbially-mediated soil processes. Within the context of black soil farmland ecosystems, freeze-thaw cycling plays a pivotal role in nutrient cycling dynamics, thereby significantly affecting crop cultivation and growth. To elucidate the nutrient cycling processes in agricultural soil ecosystems within freeze-thaw affected black soil regions, it is imperative to account for the influence of freeze-thaw actions. This paper systematically synthesized relevant domestic and international research findings, with particular emphasis on analyzing advancements in understanding how freeze-thaw processes affect soil microbial community structure and function, as well as soil enzyme activities. Furthermore, we examined the effects of freeze-thaw frequency and intensity on soil properties. The insights derived from this review provide theoretical foundations for the sustainable utilization and management of black soil resources in Northeast China under freeze-thaw climate conditions.

To distinguish the characteristics of fresh leaves of tea plants from the Zhengyan, Banyan and Zhoucha tea regions in Wuyi Mountain from an ecological stoichiometry perspective, the study was conducted at Wuyi Mountain National Park in July 12-31, 2021. We compared the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents, stoichiometric ratios and the natural abundance of carbon isotopes (δ13C) of tea (Cinnamomum cassia) plants leaves. The results showed that prior to autumn fertilization, the N content of fresh tea leaves in the Zhengyan area (24.81 g/kg) was significantly higher than those in the Banyan (22.26 g/kg) and Zhoucha (22.31 g/kg) areas. The δ13C value of Zhengyan fresh tea leaves (-29.79‰) was markedly lower than those of Banyan (-29.09‰) and Zhoucha (-28.50‰) regions. Additionally, The N:P ratio in Zhengyan fresh tea leaves (16.04) significantly exceeded those of the Banyan (14.14) and Zhoucha (14.21) areas. So, we could draw conclusions as followed. (1) The N content, N:P ratio and δ13C values could effectively differentiate fresh tea leaves in the Zhengyan region from those of the other two regions. (2) Zhengyan tea plants exhibited slower growth rates, lower water use efficiency, and the growth was limited by phosphorus, whereas tea plants in the Banyan and Zhoucha regions demonstrated faster growth, higher water use efficiency, and the growth was co-limited by both N and P. These physiological and stoichiometric disparities might contribute to variations in tea quality among the three regions.

The traditional sowing of cotton in southern Xinjiang needs spring irrigation or winter irrigation for salt suppression to ensure the seedling emergence, but the water consumption is large. The ‘dry sowing and wet emergence’ model has emerged as an innovative approach, enabling precise water management to reduce consumption while effectively regulating soil salt-alkali distribution and ensuring normal cotton growth. Current research on regional adaptability of this mode remains preliminary. This study systematically reviewed existing progress, discussed optimal irrigation volume and frequency under this model, and summarized its regulatory mechanisms on soil salt distribution dynamics, physical structure, moisture dynamics, and cotton growth. Production practices and literature analysis demonstrate that this model maintains soil salinity within suitable ranges for cotton development. Future research directions are proposed, including climate-adaptive planting patterns, the intelligent irrigation monitoring, combined application of soil amendments, and microbial regulation.

To identify the distribution patterns and variation characteristics of climate resources during the growing season of figs, which is a distinctive fruit of Kezhou, and to provide a theoretical basis for the rational utilization of climate resources in agricultural production, daily meteorological data of the Atush Station in Kezhou from 1981 to 2023 were utilized. Methods such as univariate linear regression equation, Mann-Kendall mutation test, and wavelet analysis were employed to analyze the variation characteristics of climate resources during the fig growing season (April to September) in Atush. Additionally, the spatial distribution patterns were analyzed in conjunction with topography. The results indicated that over the past 43 years, the temperature during the growing season in Atush had shown a mild upward trend, with a significant mutation occurring in 1997, and oscillation cycles of 3, 8 and 30 years. The overall trend of precipitation was also increasing, with a mutation in 1997 and oscillation cycles of 2, 5, 8 and 30 years. Sunshine duration was significantly influenced by topography, showing a decreasing trend over the past 43 years, with notable mutations in 1996 and 2012, and oscillation cycles of 2, 5 and 20 years. Based on the local climate resources and their spatiotemporal distribution patterns, it is concluded that Atush is suitable for developing distinctive fruits, particularly in areas near river valleys. However, factors such as soil conditions, diurnal temperature variations, and meteorological disasters like strong winds, heavy rain, low-temperature frost damages, and high temperatures have certain impacts on fig growth. Corresponding defensive measures are proposed.