This research aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the production, application, and further exploration of Bacillus licheniformis and its liquid formulations by studying the liquid culture medium of Bacillus licheniformis and the preservation methods of its liquid preparations. Using Bacillus licheniformis as the test material, the liquid culture medium was optimized by orthogonal test, and the optimal medium was verified by fermenter test; different proportions of Lactobacillus plantarum were added to its liquid preparation to determine the best preservation method. The results were as follows. (1) The optimal medium and fermentation conditions were as following: bran 10 g/L, soybean meal 15 g/L, calcium carbonate 0.75 g/L, sodium chloride 10 g/L. The initial pH was 7.5, the temperature was 37℃, and the viable count of effective bacteria in the fermentation broth attained 2.68×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. The fermentation in a 2 t fermenter was completed after approximately 24 hours of cultivation, achieving a viable count of 3.8×10¹⁰ cfu/mL. (2) At indoor temperature, in the experimental groups supplemented with 2.00% and 5.00% Lactobacillus plantarum, the survival rates of Bacillus licheniformis were 84.2% and 84.1%, respectively, after 30 days, and reached 54.3% and 52.4% after 90 days. This study obtained a high-density liquid fermentation medium for this strain of Bacillus licheniformis, and laid a theoretical foundation for the research on the preservation of Bacillus licheniformis liquid preparations.

Pruning is an essential technical measure in the process of forest cultivation. Reasonable pruning is conducive to promoting the growth of forest trees, improving the trunk shape, increasing trunk completeness and timber outturn percentage, reducing the number of dead and live knots, and improving the overall quality of wood. This paper comprehensively analyzed the influence and mechanism of pruning on the growth of tree diameter at breast height and tree height, the physical properties of wood, and the tree trunk quality, and revealed that the growth promotion effect was achieved by regulating the distribution of photosynthetic products and improving the efficiency of nutrient transport. At the same time, the complex regulation rules of pruning intensity and seasonal difference on wood density, mechanical properties and knot scar formation were clarified. On this basis, it further summarized the deficiencies and problems in the past research and put forward the main research directions for the future as follow. (1) To construct the theoretical model of precise pruning based on tree species characteristics and growth stages; (2) to research and develop intelligent pruning equipment and digital operation systems; (3) to establish a standardized technical system covering material improvement and economic benefit evaluation. The research results provide theoretical support and technical path for directional cultivation of high-quality industrial materials.

Freeze-thaw cycling is a distinctive natural phenomenon prevalent in cold climate zones, including high-latitude and high-altitude regions. The periodic fluctuations in hydrothermal conditions associated with freeze-thaw processes exert substantial impacts on the physicochemical properties and biological characteristics of environmental media, particularly soils. These effects manifest through both direct and indirect mechanisms: freeze-thaw actions directly modulate soil microbial activity while simultaneously influencing microbially-mediated soil processes. Within the context of black soil farmland ecosystems, freeze-thaw cycling plays a pivotal role in nutrient cycling dynamics, thereby significantly affecting crop cultivation and growth. To elucidate the nutrient cycling processes in agricultural soil ecosystems within freeze-thaw affected black soil regions, it is imperative to account for the influence of freeze-thaw actions. This paper systematically synthesized relevant domestic and international research findings, with particular emphasis on analyzing advancements in understanding how freeze-thaw processes affect soil microbial community structure and function, as well as soil enzyme activities. Furthermore, we examined the effects of freeze-thaw frequency and intensity on soil properties. The insights derived from this review provide theoretical foundations for the sustainable utilization and management of black soil resources in Northeast China under freeze-thaw climate conditions.

In order to screen suitable soil and stem-leaf spraying herbicides for maize-soybean strip intercropping, taking 'Xianyu 1225' and 'Tiefeng 31' as materials, the control effect and safety of 19 herbicides on weeds in maize and soybean fields were determined by the whole plant bioassay method. The results showed that under the recommended dose treatment, the control effect of s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl was the best in the soil applied treatment of maize-soybean strip composite planting field. The total plant control effect could reach 83.66%, and the fresh weight control effect could reach 91.67%. In the stem and leaf spraying treatment, the combination of clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen had the best control effect on weeds in soybean field, with the plant control effect of 92.19% and the fresh weight control effect of 88.47%. The control effects of mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine on weeds in corn fields were better. The plant control effects were 95.08% and 94.1%, and the fresh weight control effects were 97.98% and 91.29%. Therefore, s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl, clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen, mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine can be used for pre-emergence soil surface in maize-soybean intercropping field, soybean stem and leaf spray and maize stem and leaf spray. These herbicides have no significant effect on the growth of soybean and corn, and have the potential for popularization and application.

In order to fully explore the application potential of cockroaches and provide scientific references for the development of biological resources, this study summarizes the biological characteristics of cockroaches from aspects such as species and origins, and analyzes the specific situations of cockroaches in environmental pollution and disease transmission. This paper systematically expounds the applications of cockroaches in the fields of medicine, environment, food industry and etc., which points out that the current research and development of cockroaches are still in the early stage, especially in the intestinal microorganism of cockroaches. And the acceptance of applications related to cockroaches by humans is also relatively low. Collectively, the breeding and processing technology should be optimized in the future, and the potential application should be developed from multiple perspectives. In addition, its biodegradability should be quantitatively optimized, and theoretical and applied research as well as environmental management should be strengthened, laying a foundation for the continuous development of cockroach resources.

To address the insufficient comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality in mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm and the lack of criteria for selecting superior accessions, 42 mulberry accessions conserved at the Mulberry Germplasm Repository of the Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wanzhou, Chongqing) were evaluated. Eighteen qualitative phenotypic traits, nine quantitative phenotypic traits, and six leaf nutritional quality traits were measured, and genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis were conducted. The results showed that: (1) among phenotypic traits, qualitative traits such as leaf surface, leaf base, and winter bud color exhibited high diversity, while quantitative traits including leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, and mesophyll thickness showed significant variation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.68% to 37.61%; (2) leaf nutritional quality differed markedly among accessions, with the highest crude protein content reaching 256.91 mg/g and crude fiber content reaching 14.81%; (3) cluster analysis classified the 42 mulberry accessions into seven clusters, with clusters B, C, and E containing the largest numbers of accessions; (4) PCA extracted six principal components, of which the first five had eigenvalues greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 81.96%, with leaf length, leaf size, crude protein, and crude fat identified as the main contributing traits; (5) significant correlations were observed among phenotypic traits, whereas correlations between phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality traits were relatively weak. Overall, the mulberry germplasm exhibits abundant variation in phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality, providing a scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, breeding, and utilization.

This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress on the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and novel fertilizers in tea cultivation, elucidating the practical effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of different fertilizer categories. The results showed: (1) In terms of chemical fertilizers, single-nutrient fertilizers exhibited rapid effects; however, their prolonged misuse could lead to soil acidification, compaction, and related issues. (2) In contrast, compound fertilizers with optimized nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratios enhanced tea yield and quality in a more balanced manner, with notable advances achieved on special compound fertilizer for specific varieties such as ‘Yinghong 9’ and ‘Jinguanyin’. (3) Regarding organic fertilizers, farmyard manure was shown to significantly improve soil structure and stimulate microbial activity. Bio-organic fertilizers optimized the rhizosphere microenvironment and increased soil enzyme activity through the introduction of functional microorganisms, thereby improving tea quality. Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers achieved synergistic benefits by combining rapid nutrient supply with long-term soil improvement. (4) This paper further examined the application mechanisms and potential of novel fertilizers: biological fertilizers utilized beneficial microorganisms to promote nutrient transformation and uptake, alleviating issues related to continuous cropping. Soil amendments (e.g., biochar and humic acid-based materials) targeted soil acidification and improved soil physicochemical properties. Water-soluble fertilizers demonstrated clear advantages in topdressing, especially in fertigation systems, owing to their high nutrient use efficiency and ease of application. Finally, the paper concluded that the synergistic application of different types of fertilizers was the core path of high quality and high yield of tea garden and soil health. Future research should be directed toward establishing a precision fertilization system based on integrated soil-plant diagnosis, developing region- and variety-adapted slow-release compound fertilizers, and functional organic-inorganic fertilizers, along with establishing evaluation standards for green fertilizers in tea gardens to foster high-quality development of the tea industry.

The purpose of this study is to solve the contradiction between the application intensity and utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural development of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, and to help the green transformation of agriculture. By analyzing the current situation of chemical fertilizer application in Xishuangbanna tropical region (including Jinghong City, Mengla County and Menghai County), the problems of blind fertilization and weak supervision were revealed. The article proposed countermeasures such as promoting soil testing and formula-based fertilization, constructing a low-carbon ecological tropical region, establishing a standardized fertilizer application evaluation system, and strengthening technical training and promotion of fertilizer application. The study emphasized the construction of a three-in-one precise regulation system of “environmental carrying- crop demand- nutrient cycle”, which provides a reference for the region to achieve fertilizer reduction and efficiency, promote sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization strategies, and provide reference for agricultural green transformation in other tropical regions.

Maize is the crop with the largest planting area in China, playing a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Dwarfing breeding is a core approach to break the bottleneck of maize yield per unit area by optimizing plant architecture and increasing planting density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on maize dwarf genes, with a focus on clarifying the biological significance of maize plant height traits, the practices of dwarf genetic breeding, and the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones on plant height, while proposing future research directions. The results show that: (1) maize plant height is co-regulated by the number of internodes and internode length. Dwarf plants can reduce lodging risk by shortening internode length, optimize canopy structure, and improve light energy use efficiency and adaptability to dense planting, but it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between dwarfing and yield traits. (2) Maize dwarf genetics is divided into two major systems: single-gene and multi-gene. In the single-gene system, the br2 gene has the clearest molecular mechanism—it inhibits the elongation of stem cells, reducing stem length by 40% to 50% compared with the wild type, with a more significant effect on internodes below the ear position—and it is the most widely used major gene at present. The multi-gene system can avoid the defect of pleiotropy by accumulating minor-effect genes, and varieties such as 'Aidan 268' that balance dwarfing and high yield have been bred. (3) Gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin (IAA) are the core hormones regulating plant height: mutations in GA synthesis-related genes (d1, an1) or signal genes (d8, d9) lead to dwarfing, loss of function of BR synthesis genes (brd1, na2) or signal genes (ZmBRI1a) causes stunted plants, and abnormal function of the IAA polar transport gene (br2) results in dwarfing of lower stem nodes. Currently, maize dwarf breeding has problems such as a relatively small number of applicable genes (more than 60 dwarf genes have been discovered, and about 40 have been cloned), genetic linkage drag restricting the coordination of traits, and insufficient functional verification of novel dwarf genes (such as the mapped genes K718d and d8227). In the future, it is necessary to explore medium dwarf genes suitable for dense planting, use genome-wide selection technology to aggregate multiple genes, and integrate phenomics with artificial intelligence to screen for ideal plant architecture, so as to breed maize varieties with the characters of dwarf stalks for lodging resistance, dense planting for high yield, wide adaptability and easy mechanical harvesting, and provide support for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

Bryophytes have great application potential in urban greening due to their unique water absorption capacity, stress resistance and low maintenance requirements. To explore the species and cultivation conditions of bryophytes suitable for urban greening in North China, the mosses Brachythecium buchananii, Leptobryum pyriforme and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which are widely distributed in North China, were selected as experimental materials. The effects of cultivation conditions such as transplanting methods, substrate thickness and covered culture conditions on their coverage were studied. Compared to patch transplantation, the growth rate and magnitude of the coverage of the three bryophytes propagated by fragments were significantly higher. After the same period of cultivation, the coverage of the bryophytes in the substrate with a thickness of 3.0 cm was significantly higher than that in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Moreover, only the B. buchananii survived in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm, while the other two bryophytes died after 72 days of culturing. All three bryophytes showed a significantly higher increase in coverage under closed culture than that under open culture. Using deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation resulted in significantly better growth status of the three bryophytes than using standing tap water. Therefore, for urban greening, it is recommended to use fragments for propagation, ensure appropriate substrate thickness, use deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation, and implement closed culture to improve growth rate and coverage of bryophytes. For species selection, priority should be given to B. buchananii for greening in arid areas or environments with thin soil layers, while M. polymorpha is preferred in moisture-sufficient environments. In the future, it can be combined with matrix formula optimization and outdoor open field test to deepen the research of physiological mechanism of moss stress resistance and provide technical support for large-scale urban greening applications.

To explore the law of water and salt transportation under different improvement modes of saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta, this study innovatively adopted a combination of continuous dynamic monitoring ( June-November 2024 ) and multi-factor ( soil-groundwater-drain ) comprehensive analysis. Taking Kenli District of Dongying City as the research area, the response mechanism of water and soil environment in the process of saline-alkali land improvement was systematically studied through field fixed-point sampling. The results showed as follows. (1) Under the condition of subsurface pipe drainage, the soil total salt content in the rice-improved area decreased by 82.81%-91.73% at the end of the growth period, which was significantly higher than that in the rain-fed area (71.79% -81.54%). (2) Following the conversion to rice cultivation, the soil pH increased, and salt leaching led to a pH increase of 6.55%-13.10%, showing a typical 'desalination and alkalization' feature; Notably, except for HCO₃^-, there was a significant correlation observed between other ion indicators, total salinity and soil pH. (3) The total salt content of groundwater was driven by irrigation-precipitation coupling, showing a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. The buried depth from July to September was generally <1.2 m, and the water quality from August to November (total salt content >2g/L) exceeded the standard of farmland irrigation and should not be directly used for farmland irrigation. The results of this study can provide some theoretical and technical support for the regulation and control of soil salinization in the Yellow River Delta.

Nutrition and functional components are crucial constituents of food products. The production of these components has been gradually evolving from traditional methods towards a more intelligent form of biofabrication, which represent the development of China's biofabrication industry. With the continuous progress of synthetic biology technologies, an increasing number of nutrition and functional components can be biosynthesized using microorganisms. Concurrently, research in this area has been growing significantly. To comprehensively understand the domestic and international development trends in the field of food biofabrication, this study presents a systematic review of the latest applications of synthetic biology technologies in the biosynthesis of nutrition and functional components. Additionally, a comparative analysis of the advantages and distinctions between in vivo and in vitro biosynthesis methods is conducted. Despite the notable research achievements has been achieved in new biofabrication technologies both at home and abroad, the Chinese biofabrication industry still faces several challenges. These include an imperfect production system, immature processing technologies, and a reliance on imported equipment due to the relative lack of advanced domestic alternatives. In light of the current development status and practical requirements of China's biofabrication industry, this paper proposes several key areas for promoting scientific and technological innovation: formulating a diversified strategy for the raw material system in Chinese biofabrication; developing high-performance industrial strains for biosynthesis with independent intellectual property rights in China; accelerating the in-depth integration of artificial intelligence and biofabrication, and develop intelligent new equipment for industrial production. These initiatives aim to provide essential technical support for further advancing the development and application of biofabrication platforms.

The characteristics, application fields, existing problems and future research directions of edible fungal protein were comprehensively reviewed in order to promote its wider application and development. Through the collection, organization and analysis of relevant data on mycoprotein from edible fungi, the research is conducted from multiple aspects such as its composition, efficacy, and application examples in different industries. Mycoprotein from edible fungi is a natural and nutritionally rich substance, rich in bioactive components. It has multiple biological functions such as anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. In the food industry, as an important source of high-quality protein, it can enhance the nutritional value and quality of food and also serve as a natural colorant; in the medical field, its medicinal efficacy is utilized to develop new anti-tumor and anti-viral drugs; it also shows great application potential in the chemical industry, agriculture, and textile industries. However, there are currently problems such as low extraction efficiency and complex purification processes. Therefore, it is urgent to study its efficient extraction and purification technology and clarify the mechanism of biological functional activity, so as to break through the existing bottleneck, fully tap its multi-field application value, and promote the development of related industries.

In order to optimize the weak links of the steel structure of the multi-span film greenhouse, this study focuses on an 8-meter-span multi-span film greenhouse in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, and employs an importance coefficient analysis method along with the finite element software Midas-Gen to conduct stability analysis and optimization design. Based on local climatic conditions and relevant standards, multiple loads including non-uniform snow loads were calculated. A finite element model was established with a simplified greenhouse structure to analyze stress distribution and deformation characteristics under different load combinations. Results indicate that uneven snow load causes stress concentration at the gutter, with peak deformations of the roof arch and bottom chord reaching 19 mm and 18 mm, respectively close to the code-specified allowable limits. To prevent structural instability, an optimization strategy was proposed: adding vertical supports between the secondary arches and the bottom chord to enhance the roof's deformation resistance, while reducing the cross-section of the main columns to improve material efficiency. After optimization, the peak deformations of the roof and bottom chord were reduced to 12.27 mm and 3.22 mm, respectively, with a notable improvement in stress distribution. This study demonstrates that reinforcing key components and adjusting cross-sections can effectively enhance the progressive collapse resistance of multi-span greenhouses.

To address the constraints of drought stress on potato production and the scarcity of high-quality drought-tolerant varieties in the arid and semi-arid regions of Longzhong, this study aimed to screen drought-tolerant and high-yielding potato varieties suitable for cultivation in the cool and cold areas of Longzhong. Using 12 potato varieties (or lines) as materials, including ‘L14140-5’, ‘Ganyin 9’, and ‘Ly1742-2’, a split-plot experimental design was implemented. The main plots consisted of two water treatments: drought stress (non-irrigation) and normal irrigation, while the subplots comprised the varieties. Agronomic traits such as plant height, leaf area index (LAI), SPAD values, and yield were measured. A comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance was conducted using the drought resistance coefficient, principal component analysis, membership function method, and cluster analysis. The results revealed that: (1) drought stress significantly inhibited potato growth and yield. Under irrigation treatment, increases of 0.77%-67.74% in plant height, 2.94%-32.25% in LAI, 0.82%-83.01% in SPAD values, 4.73%-21.07% in dry matter accumulation per plant, and 1.53%-75.89% in yield were observed compared to drought stress conditions. (2) Significant differences in drought tolerance were observed among varieties. ‘Longshu 10’ exhibited the best performance, with only a 1.53% yield reduction under drought stress, a drought resistance coefficient of 0.98, and a drought resistance index of 1.402. (3) Cluster analysis categorized the varieties into three groups: four highly drought-tolerant varieties (‘Longshu 10’, ‘L14140-5’, ‘Ly1742-2’, ‘Ly1725-1’), six moderately drought-tolerant varieties, and two weakly drought-tolerant varieties (‘Fuda 1’, ‘Wotu 5’). In conclusion, ‘Longshu 10’ and ‘L14140-5’ demonstrated excellent comprehensive traits, strong drought tolerance, and stable yields, making them suitable for promotion and cultivation in the semi-arid regions of Longzhong. Future research should involve multi-year and multi-location trials, combined with physiological, biochemical indicators, and molecular markers, to further elucidate the drought tolerance mechanisms and provide more comprehensive support for drought-resistant breeding.

To issues of the lag in biological breeding of Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum) and the difficulty in achieving breakthroughs in functional research on many superior genes, there is an urgent need to clarify the current status and future directions of tissue culture and genetic transformation research as the key technological foundation. This paper reviews the domestic and international research achievements over three decades in the field, focusing on key aspects such as explant selection, sterilization optimization, medium screening, plant growth regulator formulation, rooting culture, acclimatization and transplanting, and genetic transformation conditions. It is found that: (1) the current tissue culture of Allium tuberosum remains in the primary stage of biological breeding. The explants are mainly flower axis and root tip, MS medium is commonly used basic medium, and the hormone ratio is mainly ' 6-BA + NAA ' combination. (2) The somatic embryo induction system is weak, the proliferation coefficient is low, the genetic transformation efficiency is insufficient, and there are problems such as non-standard terminology and industrial application faults. (3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is currently the main method, but has not yet bred transgenic varieties. In summary, non-standard terminology, imperfect regeneration system and low genetic transformation efficiency are the core bottlenecks restricting the molecular breeding of Allium tuberosum. The authors propose that it is necessary to standardize professional terminology, optimize explant-specific culture conditions by variety, clarify regeneration pathways and summarize the best system, optimize the genetic transformation system, strengthen somatic embryo and genetic transformation synergistic breeding, directionally introduce stress-tolerant and high-quality genes, and surmount the "bottleneck" problem of Allium tuberosum molecular breeding through synergistic innovation of multiple technologies to provide support for technological industrialization.

To address the problem of low yield per unit area in spring sown maize caused by messy and miscellaneous maize varieties with poor adaptability in southern Xinjiang, and to screen suitable local high-yield and stress-resistant varieties, 20 common maize varieties were used as test materials to carry out the orthogonal experiment in Wensu County of Aksu. The emergence rate, agronomic traits, ear traits and yield components were measured, and the excellent varieties were screened by difference significance analysis. The results showed that the average emergence rate of the 20 tested corn varieties was 86.6%, among which four varieties, namely ‘Dongdan 1902’, ‘Nongkeda 18’, ‘Dongdan 509’ and ‘Denghai 550’, had the highest emergence rate, exceeding 92%. Most of the ear height coefficients were between 0.4 and 0.5, and no lodging occurred in all tested varieties. ‘Tianyu 912’ and ‘Heyu 157’ performed prominently in terms of ear traits, with ear lengths of 18.9 and 18.4 cm, ear diameters of 46.8 and 49.3 mm respectively, as well as shorter barren tips and the lowest barren tip rate. ‘Heyu 157’ and ‘MC877’ had the lowest number of barren stalks. Four varieties, including ‘Dedan 1403’, ‘Heyu 157’, ‘Tianyu 1885’ and ‘MC877’, had the highest grain number per ear; however, ‘Dedan 1403’ had a relatively low 1000-grain weight, thus its yield advantage was not significant. In contrast, ‘Heyu 157’, ‘Tianyu 1885’, ‘MC877’ and ‘Tianyu 912’ had higher 1000-grain weight and more effective plants in the population, leading to outstanding final yield performance. The analysis results indicate that four varieties, including ‘Heyu 157’, ‘MC877’, ‘Tianyu 912’ and ‘Tianyu 1885’, have shown relatively excellent overall performance and are more likely to achieve high yields in the region.

To understand the species composition and faunal characteristics of Coccinellidae insects and provide reference for the protection of Coccinellidae insect species diversity and biological control of pests in Shaanxi Province, the Coccinellidae insects were investigated and the fauna of these species were preliminarily analyzed. A total of 113 species belonging to 42 genera and 8 subfamilies were identified, which included 7 newly recorded species from Shaanxi Province. Within the zoogeographic regions of the world, the Oriental realm exhibits the highest diversity in terms of genera and species, with 41 genera and 107 species. The Palaearctic realm follows, which includes 35 genera and 78 species. The Neotropical realm, however, demonstrates the lowest diversity, comprising only 7 genera and 9 species. Within the zoogeographic regions of China, the Central China region exhibits the highest diversity in terms of genera and species, comprising 41 genera and 108 species. The Northern China region ranks second, include 32 genera and 71 species. In contrast, the Qinghai-Xizang region demonstrates the lowest diversity, with only 14 genera and 22 species. The trans-regional type within the Oriental realm exhibits the highest species richness and a diverse array of fauna types. At both the genus and species levels, it is predominantly distributed across the Palaearctic-Oriental realms, with limited connections to the other four realms. The trans-regional type within the Central China region have the highest species richness and a diverse array of fauna types. The Central China region and the Northern China region display the highest diversity at both the genus and species levels, with stronger connections to the Southwest China region, and relatively limited connections to other realms. In summary, the species of Coccinellidae in Shaanxi Province are situated in the transition zone from the Palaearctic to Oriental realms, and are dominated by species in Northern China and Central China. This study reveals the species diversity and transitional characteristics of the fauna of Coccinellidae insects in Shaanxi Province, providing essential background data for the cataloging of insect diversity, conservation and utilization of natural enemy insect resources.

Aroma is one of the key quality indicators of wine. The wine-making process is fundamentally driven by microbial metabolic activities, among which the malic-lactic fermentation (MLF) led by lactic acid bacteria has a significant impact on the formation of wine aroma. Microorganisms from different terroirs contribute to the unique aromas of wines from distinct regions. This study summarizes the aroma characteristics of naturally fermented red wines from major wine regions worldwide and the corresponding biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria in these regions. It analyzes the influence of lactic acid bacteria on the formation of wine aroma compounds and delves into the roles of enzymes and metabolic pathways in the production of these compounds during lactic acid fermentation. This review provides a theoretical basis for further exploring and utilizing local lactic acid bacteria resources and developing wine fermentation agents with regional characteristics to improve wine quality.

In order to improve the yield of hybrid seeds of Tagetes erecta and Tagetes patula per unit area, different concentrations of glucose, sodium chloride, boric acid, and gibberellin were sprayed on the stigma of male sterile marigold maternal plants before pollination. The seed setting rate of individual inflorescences under different treatments was statistically analyzed, and the correlation between the seed setting rate and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity were analyzed. The results showed that the application of T₁₀ (37.5 mg/L GA₃) resulted in the highest seed setting rate of single inflorescence, reaching 64.95%, slightly higher than that of control (59.97%); the treatment with the lowest seed setting rate was T₅ (3.0% NaCl), which was 30.72%. Excessive NaCl concentration could damage the stigma of marigold inflorescence. There was significant difference between T₅ and other treatments. Different pollination dates resulted in different seed setting rates, which exhibited a trend of 'low-high-low' depending on the pollination time. The correlation between seed setting rate and air temperature and humidity was analyzed, and it was found that the seed setting rate had medium-negative correlation with daily maximum and average temperatures, but did not reach a significant level.