This study takes existing literature as the research object and systematically sorts out the types, mechanisms of action, and application effects of garlic allelopathic substances in intercropping, crop rotation, and other planting modes, And clarify the core path to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles by integrating literature with practical production, Based on this, the core mechanism of garlic allelopathy was revealed (direct inhibition of pathogenic bacteria: by releasing active substances such as allicin and thioether compounds, the growth and reproduction of soil borne pathogens in the soil were directly inhibited, reducing the incidence of diseases; regulation of rhizosphere microbiota: by changing the structure of rhizosphere soil microbial communities, increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, inhibiting the colonization of harmful bacteria, and improving soil microenvironment stability; enhancement of soil fertility: by affecting soil enzyme activity, promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient conversion, indirectly improving soil fertility), This article elaborates on the application value of garlic allelopathy, points out the research limitations of existing literature, and looks forward to future research, in order to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for optimizing garlic planting system, promoting green agricultural technology innovation, and helping to achieve the goal of sustainable agricultural development.

In order to screen suitable soil and stem-leaf spraying herbicides for maize-soybean strip intercropping, taking 'Xianyu 1225' and 'Tiefeng 31' as materials, the control effect and safety of 19 herbicides on weeds in maize and soybean fields were determined by the whole plant bioassay method. The results showed that under the recommended dose treatment, the control effect of s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl was the best in the soil applied treatment of maize-soybean strip composite planting field. The total plant control effect could reach 83.66%, and the fresh weight control effect could reach 91.67%. In the stem and leaf spraying treatment, the combination of clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen had the best control effect on weeds in soybean field, with the plant control effect of 92.19% and the fresh weight control effect of 88.47%. The control effects of mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine on weeds in corn fields were better. The plant control effects were 95.08% and 94.1%, and the fresh weight control effects were 97.98% and 91.29%. Therefore, s-metolachlor+thifensulfuron-methyl, clethodim+bentazone+acifluorfen, mesotrione·nicosulfuron·atrazine+fluroxypyr-meptyl and tembotrione·atrazine can be used for pre-emergence soil surface in maize-soybean intercropping field, soybean stem and leaf spray and maize stem and leaf spray. These herbicides have no significant effect on the growth of soybean and corn, and have the potential for popularization and application.

The purpose of this study is to solve the contradiction between the application intensity and utilization efficiency of chemical fertilizers in the agricultural development of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, and to help the green transformation of agriculture. By analyzing the current situation of chemical fertilizer application in Xishuangbanna tropical region (including Jinghong City, Mengla County and Menghai County), the problems of blind fertilization and weak supervision were revealed. The article proposed countermeasures such as promoting soil testing and formula-based fertilization, constructing a low-carbon ecological tropical region, establishing a standardized fertilizer application evaluation system, and strengthening technical training and promotion of fertilizer application. The study emphasized the construction of a three-in-one precise regulation system of “environmental carrying- crop demand- nutrient cycle”, which provides a reference for the region to achieve fertilizer reduction and efficiency, promote sustainable agricultural development and rural revitalization strategies, and provide reference for agricultural green transformation in other tropical regions.

This study aims to systematically summarize the major achievements and experiences of Guangdong Province’s fertilizer industry from 2004 to 2024 in technological innovation, industrial transformation, and green development. It further analyzes its contribution to the technological advancement and structural upgrading of China’s fertilizer sector, and proposes key directions and pathways for achieving sustainable and high-quality development of Guangdong’s fertilizer industry. By integrating literature review, industry statistical data, and typical case analyses, this paper provides a systematic review and evaluation of core technological breakthroughs, industrial applications, and business model innovations in fields of compound fertilizer granulation technology, slow/controlled-release fertilizers, water-soluble fertilizers and fertigation, organic fertilizers, soil conditioners, straw decomposition agents, and microbial fertilizers. Among these achievements, the “high-tower granulation technology” represents a major breakthrough in China’s compound fertilizer production processes; low-cost slow/controlled-release fertilizers utilizing green, natural coating materials have achieved large-scale applications in field crops; water-soluble fertilizers and fertigation technologies developed through introduction, absorption, and re-innovation have secured a significant position nationwide, and the pioneering “factory-distribution station-farmer” fertilizer supply service model has been widely adopted. Soil conditioners and straw decomposition agents have achieved industrialized and large-scale application; organic fertilizer enterprises are widely distributed across the province, with notable progress in aerobic composting technology, production processes, equipment automation, and environmental control. The microbial fertilizer sector has experienced rapid growth, with a wide variety of registered products and multiple technical breakthroughs in core strain screening and functional applications, gradually forming a development pattern that balances industrialization and independent innovation. Over the past 20 years, Guangdong’s fertilizer industry has significantly advanced China’s fertilizer technological system and green transformation through technological innovation, model innovation, and industrial chain upgrading. Looking ahead, the industry should further strengthen the leading role of enterprises in scientific and technological innovation, deepen industry-academia-research collaboration, promote fertilizer development toward greater greenness, efficiency, intelligence, precision, and multifunctionality, and accelerate the establishment of a modern fertilizer industry system aligned with the emerging new-quality productive forces in agriculture.

In order to fully explore the application potential of cockroaches and provide scientific references for the development of biological resources, this study summarizes the biological characteristics of cockroaches from aspects such as species and origins, and analyzes the specific situations of cockroaches in environmental pollution and disease transmission. This paper systematically expounds the applications of cockroaches in the fields of medicine, environment, food industry and etc., which points out that the current research and development of cockroaches are still in the early stage, especially in the intestinal microorganism of cockroaches. And the acceptance of applications related to cockroaches by humans is also relatively low. Collectively, the breeding and processing technology should be optimized in the future, and the potential application should be developed from multiple perspectives. In addition, its biodegradability should be quantitatively optimized, and theoretical and applied research as well as environmental management should be strengthened, laying a foundation for the continuous development of cockroach resources.

Bryophytes have great application potential in urban greening due to their unique water absorption capacity, stress resistance and low maintenance requirements. To explore the species and cultivation conditions of bryophytes suitable for urban greening in North China, the mosses Brachythecium buchananii, Leptobryum pyriforme and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, which are widely distributed in North China, were selected as experimental materials. The effects of cultivation conditions such as transplanting methods, substrate thickness and covered culture conditions on their coverage were studied. Compared to patch transplantation, the growth rate and magnitude of the coverage of the three bryophytes propagated by fragments were significantly higher. After the same period of cultivation, the coverage of the bryophytes in the substrate with a thickness of 3.0 cm was significantly higher than that in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm. Moreover, only the B. buchananii survived in the substrate with a thickness of 1.5 cm, while the other two bryophytes died after 72 days of culturing. All three bryophytes showed a significantly higher increase in coverage under closed culture than that under open culture. Using deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation resulted in significantly better growth status of the three bryophytes than using standing tap water. Therefore, for urban greening, it is recommended to use fragments for propagation, ensure appropriate substrate thickness, use deionized water for substrate preparation and irrigation, and implement closed culture to improve growth rate and coverage of bryophytes. For species selection, priority should be given to B. buchananii for greening in arid areas or environments with thin soil layers, while M. polymorpha is preferred in moisture-sufficient environments. In the future, it can be combined with matrix formula optimization and outdoor open field test to deepen the research of physiological mechanism of moss stress resistance and provide technical support for large-scale urban greening applications.

To address the insufficient comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality in mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm and the lack of criteria for selecting superior accessions, 42 mulberry accessions conserved at the Mulberry Germplasm Repository of the Chongqing Three Gorges Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Wanzhou, Chongqing) were evaluated. Eighteen qualitative phenotypic traits, nine quantitative phenotypic traits, and six leaf nutritional quality traits were measured, and genetic diversity analysis, cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and correlation analysis were conducted. The results showed that: (1) among phenotypic traits, qualitative traits such as leaf surface, leaf base, and winter bud color exhibited high diversity, while quantitative traits including leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, and mesophyll thickness showed significant variation, with coefficients of variation ranging from 7.68% to 37.61%; (2) leaf nutritional quality differed markedly among accessions, with the highest crude protein content reaching 256.91 mg/g and crude fiber content reaching 14.81%; (3) cluster analysis classified the 42 mulberry accessions into seven clusters, with clusters B, C, and E containing the largest numbers of accessions; (4) PCA extracted six principal components, of which the first five had eigenvalues greater than 1, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 81.96%, with leaf length, leaf size, crude protein, and crude fat identified as the main contributing traits; (5) significant correlations were observed among phenotypic traits, whereas correlations between phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality traits were relatively weak. Overall, the mulberry germplasm exhibits abundant variation in phenotypic traits and leaf nutritional quality, providing a scientific basis for germplasm evaluation, breeding, and utilization.

Facing increasingly stringent standards for aquaculture tail water discharge, China's Macrobrachium rosenbergii farming industry urgently needs to upgrade and transform. This article summarizes the research progress on ecological healthy aquaculture technology of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in China, including technical models such as healthy intensive aquaculture in ponds, ecological mixed aquaculture in ponds, comprehensive cultivation in rice fields, symbiotic aquaculture of aquatic plants, ecological three-dimensional aquaculture, enclosure of reservoirs and lakes, etc, and discussed the direction of ecological aquaculture. Additionally, the future development direction of Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country was also prospected, in order to provide reference for the green, healthy and sustainable development of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii industry in our country.

Maize is the crop with the largest planting area in China, playing a crucial role in safeguarding national food security. Dwarfing breeding is a core approach to break the bottleneck of maize yield per unit area by optimizing plant architecture and increasing planting density. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on maize dwarf genes, with a focus on clarifying the biological significance of maize plant height traits, the practices of dwarf genetic breeding, and the regulatory mechanisms of plant hormones on plant height, while proposing future research directions. The results show that: (1) maize plant height is co-regulated by the number of internodes and internode length. Dwarf plants can reduce lodging risk by shortening internode length, optimize canopy structure, and improve light energy use efficiency and adaptability to dense planting, but it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between dwarfing and yield traits. (2) Maize dwarf genetics is divided into two major systems: single-gene and multi-gene. In the single-gene system, the br2 gene has the clearest molecular mechanism—it inhibits the elongation of stem cells, reducing stem length by 40% to 50% compared with the wild type, with a more significant effect on internodes below the ear position—and it is the most widely used major gene at present. The multi-gene system can avoid the defect of pleiotropy by accumulating minor-effect genes, and varieties such as 'Aidan 268' that balance dwarfing and high yield have been bred. (3) Gibberellin (GA), brassinosteroid (BR), and auxin (IAA) are the core hormones regulating plant height: mutations in GA synthesis-related genes (d1, an1) or signal genes (d8, d9) lead to dwarfing, loss of function of BR synthesis genes (brd1, na2) or signal genes (ZmBRI1a) causes stunted plants, and abnormal function of the IAA polar transport gene (br2) results in dwarfing of lower stem nodes. Currently, maize dwarf breeding has problems such as a relatively small number of applicable genes (more than 60 dwarf genes have been discovered, and about 40 have been cloned), genetic linkage drag restricting the coordination of traits, and insufficient functional verification of novel dwarf genes (such as the mapped genes K718d and d8227). In the future, it is necessary to explore medium dwarf genes suitable for dense planting, use genome-wide selection technology to aggregate multiple genes, and integrate phenomics with artificial intelligence to screen for ideal plant architecture, so as to breed maize varieties with the characters of dwarf stalks for lodging resistance, dense planting for high yield, wide adaptability and easy mechanical harvesting, and provide support for the sustainable development of the maize industry.

This study analyzed the development status of Beijing’s microbial fertilizer industry using local registration data, focusing on enterprise distribution, product structure, and effective viable bacteria composition. As of June 2025, 62 enterprises in Beijing had registered 352 microbial fertilizer products, showing a distinct industrial concentration: 9 key enterprises contributed 53.13% of total registered products, while 70% of enterprises had ≤5 products and 27.42% had only 1 product. In product structure, microbial agents dominated (48.58%), followed by bio-organic fertilizers (20.45%) and compound microbial fertilizers (16.48%). For effective viable bacteria, bacteria were the primary component (87.13%), supplemented by fungi (10.33%) and actinomycetes (2.25%); algae application was minimal (0.30%). Strain usage was concentrated in Bacillus (58.53%) and Paenibacillus (20.06%). Notably, most products had low effective viable bacteria content: 85.80% of products had a registered count ≤1.0×10⁹ CFU/g (mL), while only 3.41% reached ≥2.0×10¹¹ CFU/g (mL). It is suggested to establish a microbial resource library in Beijing, focusing on the collection and preservation of strains adapted to the climate and soil conditions in the north, break technical bottlenecks (synthetic microbial community construction, action mechanism elucidation, strain activity maintenance, and field colonization-interaction), and enhance enterprise innovation capabilities.

This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the research context of Cyperus esculentus (tigernut) in China to identify current research hotspots and future development trends. Based on literature retrieved from the CNKI and Web of Science core databases, 1223 relevant publications from 2005 to March 2025 were collected and analyzed using bibliometric and visualization methods. The results demonstrate that: (1) both Chinese and English publications showed fluctuating growth patterns, with academic articles being the predominant form; Chinese publications surpassed English ones in 2022, exceeding 70 articles. (2) Domestic research primarily focuses on industrial upgrading, emphasizing characteristic analysis and processing technology innovation, while international research centers on health demands and ecological agriculture, particularly developing tuber-based functional foods (e.g., meal replacements), cultivating stress-resistant varieties, and investigating metabolic disease interventions. (3) While both the United States and China show high research output, China's academic influence lags behind that of the U.S. and Spain. China's National Key R&D Program and National Natural Science Foundation are among the top funding sources globally, and Henan University of Technology has established notable influence in this field. (4) Institutional collaboration network analysis reveals that domestic research forms isolated region-centric clusters, whereas international research exhibits extensively connected global networks, and only a few Chinese institutions successfully integrated. Comparative analysis of authorship networks shows that English publications feature multi-centric, international collaboration patterns, while Chinese publications demonstrate mono-centric, localized core-periphery structures. (5) Chinese research is transitioning from quantitative expansion to quality improvement, requiring strengthened basic theoretical research, enhanced technological innovation efficiency, and breakthroughs in core areas such as functional component mechanisms and intelligent processing technologies. With China's economic development driving increased demand for oil crops and growing health consciousness, Cyperus esculentus is expected to become an important research focus and emerging trend in energy and food sectors.

To address the problem of low yield per unit area in spring sown maize caused by messy and miscellaneous maize varieties with poor adaptability in southern Xinjiang, and to screen suitable local high-yield and stress-resistant varieties, 20 common maize varieties were used as test materials to carry out the orthogonal experiment in Wensu County of Aksu. The emergence rate, agronomic traits, ear traits and yield components were measured, and the excellent varieties were screened by difference significance analysis. The results showed that the average emergence rate of the 20 tested corn varieties was 86.6%, among which four varieties, namely ‘Dongdan 1902’, ‘Nongkeda 18’, ‘Dongdan 509’ and ‘Denghai 550’, had the highest emergence rate, exceeding 92%. Most of the ear height coefficients were between 0.4 and 0.5, and no lodging occurred in all tested varieties. ‘Tianyu 912’ and ‘Heyu 157’ performed prominently in terms of ear traits, with ear lengths of 18.9 and 18.4 cm, ear diameters of 46.8 and 49.3 mm respectively, as well as shorter barren tips and the lowest barren tip rate. ‘Heyu 157’ and ‘MC877’ had the lowest number of barren stalks. Four varieties, including ‘Dedan 1403’, ‘Heyu 157’, ‘Tianyu 1885’ and ‘MC877’, had the highest grain number per ear; however, ‘Dedan 1403’ had a relatively low 1000-grain weight, thus its yield advantage was not significant. In contrast, ‘Heyu 157’, ‘Tianyu 1885’, ‘MC877’ and ‘Tianyu 912’ had higher 1000-grain weight and more effective plants in the population, leading to outstanding final yield performance. The analysis results indicate that four varieties, including ‘Heyu 157’, ‘MC877’, ‘Tianyu 912’ and ‘Tianyu 1885’, have shown relatively excellent overall performance and are more likely to achieve high yields in the region.

To issues of the lag in biological breeding of Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum) and the difficulty in achieving breakthroughs in functional research on many superior genes, there is an urgent need to clarify the current status and future directions of tissue culture and genetic transformation research as the key technological foundation. This paper reviews the domestic and international research achievements over three decades in the field, focusing on key aspects such as explant selection, sterilization optimization, medium screening, plant growth regulator formulation, rooting culture, acclimatization and transplanting, and genetic transformation conditions. It is found that: (1) the current tissue culture of Allium tuberosum remains in the primary stage of biological breeding. The explants are mainly flower axis and root tip, MS medium is commonly used basic medium, and the hormone ratio is mainly ' 6-BA + NAA ' combination. (2) The somatic embryo induction system is weak, the proliferation coefficient is low, the genetic transformation efficiency is insufficient, and there are problems such as non-standard terminology and industrial application faults. (3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is currently the main method, but has not yet bred transgenic varieties. In summary, non-standard terminology, imperfect regeneration system and low genetic transformation efficiency are the core bottlenecks restricting the molecular breeding of Allium tuberosum. The authors propose that it is necessary to standardize professional terminology, optimize explant-specific culture conditions by variety, clarify regeneration pathways and summarize the best system, optimize the genetic transformation system, strengthen somatic embryo and genetic transformation synergistic breeding, directionally introduce stress-tolerant and high-quality genes, and surmount the "bottleneck" problem of Allium tuberosum molecular breeding through synergistic innovation of multiple technologies to provide support for technological industrialization.

This paper systematically reviewed the latest research progress on the application of chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and novel fertilizers in tea cultivation, elucidating the practical effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages, and applicable scenarios of different fertilizer categories. The results showed: (1) In terms of chemical fertilizers, single-nutrient fertilizers exhibited rapid effects; however, their prolonged misuse could lead to soil acidification, compaction, and related issues. (2) In contrast, compound fertilizers with optimized nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium ratios enhanced tea yield and quality in a more balanced manner, with notable advances achieved on special compound fertilizer for specific varieties such as ‘Yinghong 9’ and ‘Jinguanyin’. (3) Regarding organic fertilizers, farmyard manure was shown to significantly improve soil structure and stimulate microbial activity. Bio-organic fertilizers optimized the rhizosphere microenvironment and increased soil enzyme activity through the introduction of functional microorganisms, thereby improving tea quality. Organic-inorganic compound fertilizers achieved synergistic benefits by combining rapid nutrient supply with long-term soil improvement. (4) This paper further examined the application mechanisms and potential of novel fertilizers: biological fertilizers utilized beneficial microorganisms to promote nutrient transformation and uptake, alleviating issues related to continuous cropping. Soil amendments (e.g., biochar and humic acid-based materials) targeted soil acidification and improved soil physicochemical properties. Water-soluble fertilizers demonstrated clear advantages in topdressing, especially in fertigation systems, owing to their high nutrient use efficiency and ease of application. Finally, the paper concluded that the synergistic application of different types of fertilizers was the core path of high quality and high yield of tea garden and soil health. Future research should be directed toward establishing a precision fertilization system based on integrated soil-plant diagnosis, developing region- and variety-adapted slow-release compound fertilizers, and functional organic-inorganic fertilizers, along with establishing evaluation standards for green fertilizers in tea gardens to foster high-quality development of the tea industry.

In order to optimize the weak links of the steel structure of the multi-span film greenhouse, this study focuses on an 8-meter-span multi-span film greenhouse in Suqian, Jiangsu Province, and employs an importance coefficient analysis method along with the finite element software Midas-Gen to conduct stability analysis and optimization design. Based on local climatic conditions and relevant standards, multiple loads including non-uniform snow loads were calculated. A finite element model was established with a simplified greenhouse structure to analyze stress distribution and deformation characteristics under different load combinations. Results indicate that uneven snow load causes stress concentration at the gutter, with peak deformations of the roof arch and bottom chord reaching 19 mm and 18 mm, respectively close to the code-specified allowable limits. To prevent structural instability, an optimization strategy was proposed: adding vertical supports between the secondary arches and the bottom chord to enhance the roof's deformation resistance, while reducing the cross-section of the main columns to improve material efficiency. After optimization, the peak deformations of the roof and bottom chord were reduced to 12.27 mm and 3.22 mm, respectively, with a notable improvement in stress distribution. This study demonstrates that reinforcing key components and adjusting cross-sections can effectively enhance the progressive collapse resistance of multi-span greenhouses.

The characteristics, application fields, existing problems and future research directions of edible fungal protein were comprehensively reviewed in order to promote its wider application and development. Through the collection, organization and analysis of relevant data on mycoprotein from edible fungi, the research is conducted from multiple aspects such as its composition, efficacy, and application examples in different industries. Mycoprotein from edible fungi is a natural and nutritionally rich substance, rich in bioactive components. It has multiple biological functions such as anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. In the food industry, as an important source of high-quality protein, it can enhance the nutritional value and quality of food and also serve as a natural colorant; in the medical field, its medicinal efficacy is utilized to develop new anti-tumor and anti-viral drugs; it also shows great application potential in the chemical industry, agriculture, and textile industries. However, there are currently problems such as low extraction efficiency and complex purification processes. Therefore, it is urgent to study its efficient extraction and purification technology and clarify the mechanism of biological functional activity, so as to break through the existing bottleneck, fully tap its multi-field application value, and promote the development of related industries.

To address the constraints of drought stress on potato production and the scarcity of high-quality drought-tolerant varieties in the arid and semi-arid regions of Longzhong, this study aimed to screen drought-tolerant and high-yielding potato varieties suitable for cultivation in the cool and cold areas of Longzhong. Using 12 potato varieties (or lines) as materials, including ‘L14140-5’, ‘Ganyin 9’, and ‘Ly1742-2’, a split-plot experimental design was implemented. The main plots consisted of two water treatments: drought stress (non-irrigation) and normal irrigation, while the subplots comprised the varieties. Agronomic traits such as plant height, leaf area index (LAI), SPAD values, and yield were measured. A comprehensive evaluation of drought tolerance was conducted using the drought resistance coefficient, principal component analysis, membership function method, and cluster analysis. The results revealed that: (1) drought stress significantly inhibited potato growth and yield. Under irrigation treatment, increases of 0.77%-67.74% in plant height, 2.94%-32.25% in LAI, 0.82%-83.01% in SPAD values, 4.73%-21.07% in dry matter accumulation per plant, and 1.53%-75.89% in yield were observed compared to drought stress conditions. (2) Significant differences in drought tolerance were observed among varieties. ‘Longshu 10’ exhibited the best performance, with only a 1.53% yield reduction under drought stress, a drought resistance coefficient of 0.98, and a drought resistance index of 1.402. (3) Cluster analysis categorized the varieties into three groups: four highly drought-tolerant varieties (‘Longshu 10’, ‘L14140-5’, ‘Ly1742-2’, ‘Ly1725-1’), six moderately drought-tolerant varieties, and two weakly drought-tolerant varieties (‘Fuda 1’, ‘Wotu 5’). In conclusion, ‘Longshu 10’ and ‘L14140-5’ demonstrated excellent comprehensive traits, strong drought tolerance, and stable yields, making them suitable for promotion and cultivation in the semi-arid regions of Longzhong. Future research should involve multi-year and multi-location trials, combined with physiological, biochemical indicators, and molecular markers, to further elucidate the drought tolerance mechanisms and provide more comprehensive support for drought-resistant breeding.

This study aims to clarify the key role of plant terpenoid synthase (TPS) in terpenoid biosynthesis and its complex regulation mechanism, and to explore its diverse biological characteristics and broad application prospects. Based on existing literature and research findings, we employed systematic review and comprehensive analysis methods to investigate the functional mechanisms and environmental response patterns of TPS from multiple dimensions: functional classification, evolution, structural catalytic characteristics, and multi-level regulation (DNA, transcription, and post-transcription). TPS catalyzes the formation of various terpenoid skeletons through its diverse structural domains, and the catalytic process is highly complex. The activity of TPS is strictly regulated by multiple levels; transcriptional regulation is mediated by various transcription factors; post-transcriptional regulation encompasses mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and protein post-translational modification. Environmental factors (e.g., biotic/abiotic stresses) have been demonstrated to significantly influence TPS gene expression and enzyme activity, thereby modulating the synthesis and accumulation of specific terpenoid products. Members of different TPS families exhibit divergence in evolution, and their functional differentiation is closely related to plant adaptability and terpenoid diversity. The relationship between the structure and function of TPS provides a molecular basis for understanding their substrate selectivity and product specificity. Research on TPS provides a core theoretical foundation for elucidating terpenoid biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanisms, significantly promoting their applications in agriculture, medicine, fragrances, cosmetics, and industry. This work holds substantial importance for sustainable development, human health, and the improvement of quality of life.

To promote the breeding and industrial application of parthenocarpic varieties in cucurbit crops, this article reviews the research progress on parthenocarpic germplasm resources, hormonal and environmental induction, genetic inheritance, and key regulatory genes. It highlights existing challenges, such as the scarcity of germplasm resources, the instability of traits due to environmental sensitivity, and the unclear mechanisms of parthenocarpic genes and their regulation. Strategies proposed include integrating fine mapping with multi-omics approaches to identify key genes, establishing a molecular marker-assisted breeding system for multi-locus selection, and creating novel germplasm through genetic engineering techniques. This study provides a theoretical foundation for systematically elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of parthenocarpy, facilitating breeding new varieties, and promoting industrial development.

Traditional soil nutrient detection methods have problems such as high laboratory requirements, cumbersome procedures, high costs, and long cycles, resulting in poor timeliness and limited application. In order to solve the problem, the soil nutrient rapid detection methods widely used at home and abroad were sorted out. The ASI batch soil nutrient efficient rapid detection technology, the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combined extraction and analysis method of the Ministry of Agriculture Industry Standard in 2010, and the spectral soil nutrient rapid detection technology and the soil nutrient rapid detection box technology developed by South China Agricultural University were systematically compared with the traditional analysis methods. The results showed: The ASI method was suitable to batch soil nutrient rapid analysis for large quantity samples, but required expensive instruments, equipment and laboratory; the combined extraction and analysis method needed complex reagents with decreased cost, the soil nutrient rapid detection box technology were portable and simple, and could be applied to field diagnosis, these two soil nutrient rapid analysis methods still needed the help of electrophotometer or spectrophtometer. Spectrum rapid technology can obtain results quickly without destroy to soil, which is adaptable to large area of land. However, the instrument is expensive, and the accuracy of the model is significantly affected by soil type and moisture content. At present, there are still challenges in accuracy and application scope of the rapid detection technology. In the future, soil nutrient rapid detection technology will develop in the direction of miniaturization, intelligence, high-throughput and multi-parameter synchronous measurement, and expand application scenarios in combination with UAV remote sensing and other technologies. In order to improve its application value, it is urgent to establish a perfect data quality control system for rapid detection methods, construct a regional correction model based on big data and artificial intelligence, and strengthen the promotion and service of grassroots technology.