This study aims to systematically summarize the application of maize live haploid technology in maize molecular breeding, with focus on exploring the selection methods, formation mechanisms, identification methods, doubling methods, and application in population improvement of maize live haploid high-frequency induction lines, providing reference and guidance for the large-scale application of live haploid breeding technology. This study used a literature review method to summarize the relevant research results and practical experience on maize haploid technology, and analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various methods in practical applications. The research results indicated that maize live haploid technology played an important role in breeding excellent inbred lines and population improvement. Through high-frequency induction line breeding, a large number of excellent haploid plants had been successfully obtained; the identification and doubling methods effectively improved haploid formation and stability. The live haploid technology had shown significant doubling effects in population improvement, providing new ideas and methods for maize breeding. In summary, maize live haploid technology is an efficient and rapid breeding method with broad application prospects. In the process of corn breeding, combining live haploid technology can accelerate the pace of quality improvement and yield increase, providing strong support for the healthy development of the corn industry.

This study comprehensively reviews the recent research on bacterial degradation of pesticide residues both domestically and internationally, enumerates the common bacteria for degrading pesticide residues in soybeans, conducts an in-depth analysis of the pathways and mechanisms of bacterial degradation of common pesticide residues in soybeans, and deliberates on the impacts of pesticide structure, the intrinsic mechanism of bacteria, and environmental factors on the bacterial degradation of pesticide residues in soybeans. In light of the issues such as soil and crop pollution caused by excessive pesticide use, which adversely affect human health and the ecological environment, the degradation function of bacteria on pesticides can be utilized for improvement, thereby enhancing crop yield and facilitating sustainable agricultural development. It is proposed that the further exploration of bacterial species capable of degrading pesticide residues in soybeans and the strategy of combining bacterial strains in the future should be pursued, with the aim of enhancing soybean yield and quality, reducing the harm of pesticide residues to human health, and providing a reference for ecological protection.

In order to clarify the baking characteristics of the US-introduced tobacco variety ‘NC297’, the traits of color characterization, yellowing and browning, water loss, chlorophyll degradation, and polyphenol oxidase activity of different parts of the tobacco leaves in the dark-box test were investigated by using the intensive baking room and dark-box test method with ‘NC297’ as the material. The results showed that: (1) in the dark-box test, the yellowing degree of the middle and lower leaves was close to 100% at 96 h, while the upper leaves were not completely yellowed until more than 120 h, indicating that the baking ease of the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ was moderate, but the baking ease of the upper leaves was poor. (2) During the baking process, the polyphenol oxidase activity of the upper fresh tobacco leaves of ‘NC297’ was 0.46 ∆OD_{398 nm}/(g·min), significantly higher than that of the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ which was 0.22 ∆OD_{398 nm}/(g·min), indicating that the middle and lower leaves of ‘NC297’ were more resistant to baking, and the upper leaves were moderately resistant to baking. However, the browning degree of the lower leaves was close to 30% at 144 h, which indicated that the browning degree of the lower leaves among different parts of the tobacco was relatively poor. (3) In terms of chemical composition, with the increase of baking time, total sugar, reducing sugar and total amino acid content gradually increased, while total nitrogen, protein and starch content gradually decreased. To summarize, ‘NC297’ has medium baking ease in the middle and lower leaves, poor baking ease in the upper leaves, the order of baking resistance is middle leaves> upper leaves> lower leaves, and the chemical compositions of the flue-cured leaves are more coordinated, and the quality is significantly improved.

In order to solve the negative influence of weak light in solar greenhouse on the yield and quality of strawberry in winter and spring in northern China, the supplementary light was set inside the greenhouse [supplementary light intensity was (20±3) μmol/(m²·s), supplementary light duration was 3 h/d, T1] for strawberries, and no supplementary light treatment was set as control (CK). The results showed that the supplementary light treatment significantly promoted the increase of plant height and photosynthetic pigment content in strawberry leaves, and the chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll content, and carotenoid content in strawberry leaves increased by 27.3%, 35.9%, 21.7%, and 19.4%, respectively. Absorption flux per reaction center (ABS/RC), trapped energy flux per RC (TR₀/RC) and dissipation energy flux per RC (DI₀/RC) decreased by 13.5%, 7.6%, and 20.0%, respectively, which indicated that the pigment unit of strawberry leaf antenna absorbed and captured less light energy, resulting in less light energy for electron transport. Compared with strawberry plants grown without supplementary light, the energy loss of photochemical reaction in strawberry leaves was significantly reduced by supplementary light. The contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and vitamin C in strawberry fruit treated with supplementary light increased by 56.1%, 6.8%, and 3.1%, respectively, compared with those treated without supplementary light. In terms of the influences of volatile substances, the nitrogen oxides, alkanes, sulphide, alcohols and aromatic compounds, alkanes and aliphatic groups increased by 15.3%, 16.2%, 10.6%, 6.8%, and 6.7%, respectively, compared with the no supplementary light treatment. In conclusion, solar greenhouse supplementary light treatment significantly promoted the growth of strawberry plants, the improvement of strawberry fruit quality and the accumulation of flavor substances.

This study aims to sort out the impact of foliar fertilization on crop productivity. Through extensive research on a large number of domestic and foreign literatures, it reviews the development of foliar fertilizers, summarizes the types and characteristics of different foliar fertilizers, and concludes the roles of different types of foliar fertilizers in promoting plant growth and alleviating plant stress. Moreover, it takes the stomata and cuticle on the leaf surface as the entry point to summarize the mechanism of action of foliar fertilizers. Research has found that when reactive oxygen species accumulate in large quantities within plants, it will reduce photosynthetic efficiency and affect crop growth. Foliar fertilization can enhance the antioxidant activity of crops, regulate photosynthetic activity, energy metabolism and nutrient assimilation and other physiological processes to promote crop growth. Finally, the problems existing in the practical application of foliar fertilizers and the prospects for further exploring the mechanism by which foliar fertilizers regulate plant growth and development are discussed and prospected.

In order to effectively control Huanglongbing (HLB) and reduce the loss of HLB to the global citrus industry, this study reviewed the latest research on the control of HLB in recent years. The results showed that there were no effective agents and disease-resistant varieties. At present, the main methods of controlling HLB include traditional ‘three fast methods’, namely planting disease-free seedlings to control HLB from the sources, preventing and controlling Diaphorina citr to block its transmission path, and digging infected trees to eliminate the infection source; expanded physical control technologies include seedling virus-free, light, steam heat treatment, etc.; multi-directional chemical drug control technologies include antibiotics, nanomaterials, immune inducers and antimicrobial peptides; emerging biological control technologies include various probiotics, microbial preparations, etc. Finally, the application prospect of soil amendment and biological control agent combined treatment of HLB and citrus transgenic disease resistance technology based on genetic improvement was prospected, to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for effective control of HLB.

In order to study the influence of maize-peanut intercropping on crop and soil characteristics, this paper sets up the root separation test of corn and peanut potted plants to study the influence of maize and peanut intercropping on crop agronomic traits, physiological activities, soil microorganisms, soil enzyme activity and soil rapid nutrients. The results showed that maize-peanut intercropping affected the morphological and physiological indexes of crops. Plant height and relative chlorophyll content of peanut were increased by 71.4% and 11.3%, but root length, root weight and leaf weight were not significantly affected. Plant height, leaf fresh weight and root length of maize were increased by 43.9%, 122% and 45.6%, respectively. But there was no significant effect on the relative content of chlorophyll. Maize-peanut intercropping improved plant stress resistance, increased SOD and POD activities of peanut leaves by 66.7% and 129%, and decreased MDA content of peanut roots by 19.8%, respectively. The activities of SOD in leaves and roots of maize were increased by 39.9% and 17.0%, respectively, while MDA content in roots decreased by 61%. Maize-peanut intercropping changed soil available nutrient content, decreased peanut soil available N by 79.5%, but increased soil available P by 11.5%, and had no effect on soil available K content. It had no effect on maize soil available N and K, but decreased soil available P by 9.4%. Maize-peanut intercropping affected soil biological characteristics and increased soil enzyme activities, especially the alkaline phosphates activity. The soil alkaline phosphates activity in peanut and maize fields increased by 122% and 330%, respectively. The Maize-peanut intercropping could improve soil microenvironment and physiological activities of leaves and roots in seedling stage.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released into the extracellular matrix by cells and retain a high compositional similarity to the cell membrane. Almost all types of cells are capable of secreting vesicles, and those produced by bacteria are usually referred to as bacterial extracellular vesicles. Vesicles play an important role in agriculture and environmental protection. To gain a deeper insight into the function of vesicles within the realm of environmental protection, a review was conducted on the types and composition of vesicles, extraction methods, production, secretion and regulation mechanisms and their roles in degrading pesticide wastes in soils. Moreover, the importance of vesicles in the relationships among bacteria and between pathogens and crops, as well as their potential applications in the field of environmental protection and agricultural production were discussed in depth. Finally, the future research direction was prospected, and it was believed that the function of vesicles should be deeply understood and the role of vesicles in the ecosystem category should be studied, and the role of vesicles in the ecosystem should be utilized to make more contributions to environmental protection.

NAC (NAM, ATAF, and CUC) transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth and development, as well as in responses to various abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aims to identify and analyze the NAC gene family in Andrographis paniculata. Using bioinformatics methods, NAC genes were identified from the A.paniculata genome, followed by analysis of their phylogenetic relationships, cis-acting elements, chromosome distribution, collinearity, and expression profiles under drought stress and MeJA treatment. A total of 91 NAC genes were identified in A.paniculata, with protein lengths ranging from 139 to 715 amino acids, unevenly distributed at both ends of the chromosomes. Subcellular localization predictions revealed that most of the genes were located in the nucleus. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the construction of a phylogenetic tree with Arabidopsis NAC proteins, divided these genes into 16 subfamilies. Intraspecies collinearity analysis identified 4 tandem duplication groups and 36 segmental duplication gene pairs within the A.paniculata NAC family. Based on the functional conservation of subfamilies, analysis of cis-acting elements, and transcriptome analysis under drought stress and MeJA treatment, NAC genes responsive to drought and andrographolide synthesis were identified. This study identified and analyzed the NAC gene family in A.paniculata, predicting genes related to drought response and andrographolide synthesis, laying the foundation for further functional research on NAC genes.

In order to provide reference for rational fertilization and green disease prevention and control in flue-cured tobacco, the effects of boron and silicon nutrient elements on the diseases prevention and control and the physiological mechanism were discussed. The field experiment was conducted to study the effects of different boron and silicon application levels on the incidence of potato virus Y (PVY) disease and defense enzyme activity of flue-cured tobacco named ‘Yunyan 100’. The results showed that the application of boron and silicon reduced the incidence and disease index of PVY in flue-cured tobacco. Compared with the treatment of spraying water (CK), the incidence and disease index of PVY under 9.0 kg/hm² boron+ 6.0 kg/hm² silicon treatment decreased by 32.5% and 22%, respectively. Meanwhile, reasonable application of boron and silicon fertilizer significantly improved the defense enzymes activities of tobacco leaves, and the phenylalanine degradation enzyme activity and proline content were significantly increased by 121.4%-426.5% and 30.0%-74.3%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that the incidence of PVY was significantly negatively correlated with proline content, while phenylalanine degradation enzyme activity was significantly positively correlated with proline content. The combined application of 9.0 kg/hm² boron+ 6.0 kg/hm² silicon could reduce the occurrence of diseases and induce the increase of defense enzyme activity.

The cultivation area of Astragalus membranaceus was expanding year by year. However, due to the continuous cropping obstacles, the problems of pests and diseases are becoming more and more serious year by year. In order to provide a basis for the identification and integrated prevention and control of diseases in the planting process of A. membranaceus, this paper reviews the occurrence patterns, pathogen species and prevention and control measures of the main diseases of A. membranaceus. The common diseases of A. membranaceus mainly include root rot, verticillium wilt, powdery mildew, downy mildew, damping-off and leaf spot, etc. Among these diseases, root rot and powdery mildew are particularly harmful to A. membranaceus. For these diseases, traditional prevention and control measures mainly rely on chemical agents, such as carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl and fludioxonil, etc. However, long-term dependence on chemical agents may not only have a negative impact on A. membranaceus itself, but also cause environmental pollution. The use of microorganisms such as Bacillus, Trichoderma and Streptomyces can effectively control the occurrence of diseases, while reducing the impact on the environment. In addition to the above methods, the cultivation of A. membranaceus varieties with strong resistance can fundamentally reduce the occurrence of diseases. Moreover, optimizing cultivation methods and strengthening field management, such as rational crop rotation, improving soil structure, controlling irrigation and fertilization, are also key measures to prevent diseases. In summary, the prevention and control of A. membranaceus diseases should adopt a comprehensive management strategy, including biological control, breeding of disease-resistant varieties, optimization of cultivation techniques and strengthening of field management, so as to achieve efficient and environmentally friendly disease control.

The aim of this study was to design a low-cost, efficient and non-destructive method for identifying and classifying common bean seeds based on machine vision (MV). In this study, image information of 2751 seeds of six varieties of common beans was collected, and based on image processing such as binarization, color extraction and morphological operations, nine features including color features, texture features and geometric features were extracted as the basis of classification, and K-nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM) classification models were established to classify the varieties of bean seeds. After comparing the confusion matrix, accuracy and F₁ value of the three classification models, it was found that the SVM model outperformed the other two classification models, with a classification accuracy and F₁ value of 97.7% and 0.977, respectively. The results of the study show that accurate identification and classification of common bean seeds can be achieved using MV.

Sugarcane pokkah boeng disease is a fungal disease caused by multiple species of Fusarium. In order to clarify the pathogen species of sugarcane pokkah boeng disease in Yunnan, thirty-three samples of sugarcane pokkah boeng disease were collected from Kaiyuan and Menglian in Yunnan, and strains FS1 and FS2 were isolated and purified, and their DNA was extracted; the primers of transcription elongation factor (EF-1α), tubulin gene (TUB2), polymerase gene (RPB2) were used for PCR amplification of the isolated strains. The result was that a clear and bright band consistent with the target band was obtained, and the products were sequenced and analyzed by BLAST on the NCBI website, the EF-1α, TUB2 and RPB2 sequences of strains FS1 and FS2 were compared with EF-1α (accession number: MK609907.1), TUB2 (accession number: MT011039.1) and RPB2 (accession number: MW238849.1) of Fusarium sacchari with 100% similarity and coverage. Phylogenetic trees of strains FS1 and FS2 were constructed by maximum likelihood method with MEGA6.0 software, and the results showed that FS1 and FS2 clustered on the same branch with F. sacchari. Therefore, based on the morphological characteristics of strains FS1 and FS2 and the results of molecular biological identification, the pathogen of sugarcane pokkah boeng disease was identified as F. sacchari. F. sacchari spores were inoculated with ‘Yunzhe 08-1609’, and the symptoms of leaf regression and leaf yellowing appeared on the 7^th day of inoculation, the infected leaves were isolated and sequenced again. The sequence similarity and coverage between EF-1α of the isolated strain and EF-1α of F. sacchari (accession number: MK609907.1) were 100%. F. sacchari was shown to be the causal agent of sugarcane pokkah boeng disease in Kaiyuan and Menglian.

To understand the research progress of colored rice and its related genes, the functions of colored rice were summarized, and the effects of Ra, Rc, Rd, OsC1 and OsB2 genes on the traits of colored rice were analyzed. These genes determine the red, black, and purple colors of rice grains by influencing the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. In this paper, we point out the limitations of related rice color genes in rice breeding. And the current research is not systematic enough to make full use of the diversity of these genes and prove the role of these genes in other rice traits. It is believed that genome-wide association analysis and population genetics method can be used to systematically analyze the variation and expression patterns of these genes in different rice varieties, and provide data support for rice genetic improvement. We can also use genetic methods and modern biotechnology methods to explore the functions of these genes in other traits of rice, to provide theoretical basis for the improvement of multiple traits of rice.

In order to carry out pear variety resource identification work more scientifically, quickly and accurately, the article reviewed the SSR fingerprinting ID technology, the research progress and application of this technology in pear variety identification, and analyzed in detail the current problems of this technology in terms of simplicity, expandability, and collection and analysis of tagged data, etc. To address the above problems, the article introduced the direction of improvement such as using more efficient coding methods, data expansion, and fluorescent labelling capillary electrophoresis detection technology, etc. The article also looked forward to the future of SSR fingerprint ID technology combined with the new generation of sequencing technology, to achieve faster, more accurate and more efficient identification of pear varieties.

In order to study the most suitable matrix composition for different cultivars of Bougainvillea spectabilis, the current-year and healthy ‘Yunnan Purple’, ‘Greenery Orange’, ‘Chaozhou Red’, ‘Leaflet Purple’, ‘Snow White’ and ‘California Yellow’ were selected as experimental materials to measure the ground diameter, main stem increment, longest branch increment, biomass, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic parameters. The results showed that the ground diameter increment, main stem increment, chlorophyll content, leaf biomass and photosynthetic parameters of different Bougainvillea varieties had significantly different variation trends under different substrate treatments. ‘Chaozhou Red’, ‘Leaflet Purple’ and ‘Greenery Orange’ under the garden soil: peat soil: perlite (1:1:1) substrate treatment showed a higher trunk length increase; the highest value of the ‘Greenery Orange’ on leaf biomass was under the garden soil: peat soil: chaff (1:1:1). The highest value of leaf biomass of ‘Greenery Orange’ appeared in the matrix treatment of garden soil: peat soil: rice husk (1:1:1). In addition, ‘Chaozhou Red’ and ‘Leaflet Purple’ showed higher stem biomass when treated with garden soil: peat soil: perlite (1:1:1). The chlorophyll a content of ‘Yunnan Purple’, ‘Chaozhou Red’, ‘Leaflet Purple’, ‘Snow White’ and ‘Greenery Orange’ showed the highest value in pure peat soil, and the change trend of chlorophyll b was similar to that of chlorophyll a. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of ‘Chaozhou Red’ and ‘Yunnan Purple’ had the highest value when garden soil: peat soil: rice husk (1:1:1). Therefore, there are great differences in the most suitable substrate composition among different cultivars of Bougainvillea spectabilis, ‘Chaozhou Red’, ‘Leaflet Purple’, ‘Snow White’ and ‘California Yellow’ are suitable for substrate composition of pure garden soil or garden soil: peat (1:1); ‘Yunnan Purple’ and ‘Greenery Orange’ are suitable for garden soil: peat soil: perlite (1:1:1) or garden soil: peat soil: chaff (1:1:1) matrix.

To investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers on the yield and quality of purple sweet potatoes, a field experiment was conducted in 2023 at the experimental base of Tai’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences using ‘Taizishu 1’ as the test sweet potato variety. Six treatments were designed, including no fertilization, single chemical fertilizer, and 50% reduced chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure, cow manure, sheep manure, and chicken manure. The study analyzed the impacts of these treatments on agronomic traits, dry matter distribution, yield, and quality of purple sweet potatoes. The results showed that the purple sweet potato stem treated with pig manure had the thickest diameter, at 14.95 cm, an increase of 15.71% compared to the single chemical fertilizer treatment; the aboveground dry weight of sheep manure treatment was the heaviest, at 197.62 g, 30.33% higher than the single chemical fertilizer treatment; the proportion of dry matter distribution in the tubers treated with cow manure was the highest, at 71.82%, which increased by 11.47% compared to the single chemical fertilizer treatment; the yield and commodity rate of purple sweet potato tubers treated with pig manure were the highest, which were 48607.95 kg/hm² and 79.25%, respectively; the soluble sugar content in purple sweet potato tubers treated with pig manure was the highest, at 38.75 mg/g, significantly higher than other treatments. Research has shown that the combination of pig manure and chemical fertilizers can promote the coordinated growth of the aboveground and underground parts of purple sweet potatoes, promote the rational distribution of dry matter, and thereby increase the quantity, rate, weight, yield, and soluble sugar content of commercial sweet potatoes. The effect is superior to the combination of other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers. This research provides a theoretical foundation for high-quality and high-yield cultivation techniques of purple sweet potatoes.

To screen out the better agents for controlling the eggs and larvae of Tuta absoluta, the leaf-dipping method was employed to assess the indoor toxicity of 11 agents, as well as the synergistic effects of mixtures of biopesticides and chemical pesticides. The findings revealed the following toxicity rankings of different agents on the eggs of T. absoluta in the laboratory: emamectin benzoate> abamectin> spinetoram> indoxacarb> rotenone> matrine> beta-cypermethrin·emamectin benzoate> azadirachtin> Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421> Bacillus thuringiensis> Beauveria bassiana ZJU435. Regarding the toxicity to the larvae of T. absoluta, the ranking was: emamectin benzoate> abamectin> spinetoram> matrine> rotenone> beta-cypermethrin·emamectin benzoate> indoxacarb> azadirachtin> Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421> Beauveria bassiana ZJU435> Bacillus thuringiensis. Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421, Beauveria bassiana ZJU435, and Bacillus thuringiensis were each blended with emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and indoxacarb at active-ingredient ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3, and 9:1 to evaluate the synergistic effects on the eggs of T. absoluta. When Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421and indoxacarb were combined at an active-ingredient ratio of 9:1, the co-toxicity coefficient reached its peak at 204.90, demonstrating the most pronounced synergistic effect. The tests indicated that emamectin benzoate, avermectin, and spinetoram exerted high toxicity on both the eggs and larvae of T. absoluta. The mixtures of Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421, Beauveria bassiana ZJU435, and Bacillus thuringiensis with emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, and indoxacarb manifested synergistic effects, thereby enhancing the control of T. absoluta and reducing the reliance on chemical pesticides.

China is a major agricultural country. With the rapid development of agricultural science and technology, agriculture has entered a new stage of development with high yield, high quality, and high efficiency. Achieving automation and intelligent observation of crop growth period recognition is a crucial part of agricultural modernization. This paper introduced the current research status of crop growth period recognition and presented two methods for automatic observation and identification of winter wheat growth period, one based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the other based on deep learning. Using winter wheat in Henan as an example, the results of automatic observation and identification from both methods were compared with manual observations. The results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of both identification methods, showing high accuracy and efficiency, thereby improving measurement efficiency and reliability. In terms of identification accuracy, the two methods had their own strengths at different growth periods and could complement each other. The deep learning-based identification method demonstrated better generalizability compared to the NDVI-based method. However, both methods required optimization and upgrading in the future to further enhance identification accuracy.

In order to further understand the genetic diversity of Syringa germplasm resources, using 118 germplasm resources of Syringa as experimental materials, and 9 quantitative traits and 28 qualitative traits were measured. The genetic diversity of phenotypic traits of Syringa germplasm resources were studied by diversity analysis, correlation analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed that a total of 81 variant types were observed for the 28 qualitative traits. Among them, shape of lobe, color of new shoots and shape of inflorescence had a large variation range. The Shannon-Wiener information index H' and genetic diversity index D of 28 qualitative traits respectively varied from 0 to 1.63 and 0 to 0.79. And the higher diversity indexes were observed in shape of lobe (H'=163, D=0.79) and color of new shoots (H'=1.23, D=0.67). The lowest coefficient of variation of leaf shape index was 15.78% in 9 quantitative traits and the highest coefficient of variation of length of inflorescence was 37.95%. Bud diameter was significantly correlated with bud length, leaf length and leaf width, the correlation coefficients were 0.748 and 0.833 (Sig.<0.01). The 118 Syringa germplasm resources were divided into 3 groups at the Euclidean distance of about 15 according to cluster analysis; the first group could be used for selecting large flower diameter and tightly inflorescence cultivars; group II could be used for selecting loose inflorescence cultivars; and group III could be used for selecting large inflorescence cultivars. Principal component analysis results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first four principal components reached to 73.885%. The samples based on the first two principal components value were selected as the preferred traits form the higher contribution traits, and the floret size factor and leaf size index were selected for correlation evaluation, which could improve the efficiency for evaluation and breeding selection of Syringa germplasm.