Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
To investigate the effects of four composite microbial inoculants on growth of watermelon and soil amelioration in continuous cropping sandy degraded land, root dipping and root irrigation methods were adopted in this study. High-throughput sequencing was further applied to characterize the influences of the inoculants on the structure and diversity of rhizosphere fungal communities of watermelon; soil physiochemical properties and plant growth indices were also quantified. The results revealed that the relative abundances of pathogenic genera including Fusarium, Gibberella, and Neocosmospora, were effectively inhibited by all four inoculant treatments, whereas the relative abundances of beneficial genera such as Penicillium and Talaromyces increased markedly. Physiochemical analysis demonstrated that all four inoculants significantly elevated soil total phosphorus, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium contents. Among all treatments, inoculant X4 exhibited the most pronounced improvement, with increases of 28.17% in total phosphorus, 46.15% in available nitrogen, 136.68% in available phosphorus, and 18.75% in available potassium. Moreover, all inoculants significantly promoted vine length, leaf number, branch number and single-fruit weight of watermelon plants. In conclusion, application of the four composite microbial inoculants optimizes rhizosphere fungal community composition, improves soil physiochemical traits, and exerts growth-promoting effects on watermelon. Comprehensive comparison indicates that inoculant X4 delivers the optimal regulatory performance, and can be deployed to facilitate high-quality watermelon production in continuously cropped sandy degraded land.
To elucidate the effects of microbial agent seedling-raising technology on rice yield and major agronomic traits, as well as its potential for chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement in rice production, multi-site and multi-year field experiments were conducted during the rice growing seasons from 2022 to 2025. The results showed that the application of microbial agent treatment consistently improved root fresh weight, effective panicle number, grain yield, and economic benefits. Compared with the control (T0), the microbial agent treatment (T1) increased root fresh weight by an average of 22.5% at the seedling stage and 10.9% at the tillering stage. Moreover, the number of effective panicles at harvest was increased by an average of more than 5%, grain yield was enhanced by an average of 7.9%, and economic benefits were increased by an average of 1453 yuan/hm2. In the chemical fertilizer reduction experiment, the treatment combining microbial agent application with 10% chemical fertilizer reduction (T2) increased grain yield by 6.7% relative to the control (T0). Collectively, application of microbial agent during rice seedling-raising promotes root growth, improves seedling robustness, and enhances tillering capacity and effective panicle number, thereby effectively boosting grain yield and economic benefits. Meanwhile, the study provides preliminarily evidence supporting the potential of this technology for chemical fertilizer reduction and efficiency enhancement in rice production.
To investigate the effects of microbial inoculants on the yield of fresh edible broad beans and their control efficacy against root rot, three cultivars, ‘Yudou 3’, ‘Yundou 2883’ and ‘Yundouzao16’, were used as test materials. A three-factor orthogonal experiment was designed with the L9(34) orthogonal array, and three levels were set for each factor (cultivar, application frequency of microbial inoculant, and application rate of microbial inoculant). The experiment consisted of 9 treatments with 3 replications, totaling 27 plots, to examine the impacts of different application frequencies and rates of microbial inoculants on fresh pod yield and root rot control across different broad bean cultivars. The results showed that extremely significant differences existed in economic traits including pods per plant, branch number, fresh weight of 100 pods, fresh weight of 100 seeds and productivity per plant among the three cultivars (P<0.01). Among them, ‘Yundouzao 16’ achieved the best root rot control efficacy after inoculation, reaching 49.09%-50.35% relative to the non-inoculated control. Based on the comprehensive performance of all treatment combinations, the regime of ‘Yundouzao 16’ with 2 applications of microbial inoculant at a single rate of 84 kg/hm2 delivered both favorable root rot control and the highest fresh pod yield among all tested treatments, and can serve as a reference combination for field production.
This study aims to explore the impact of inoculating arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the resistance of maize to banded leaf and sheath blight (BLSB), providing a basis for scientific prevention and control of BLSB and ensuring stable and high yield of maize. Taking the susceptible maize inbred line ‘B73’ as the test material, four treatments were set up, including single inoculation with the main pathogen of BLSB Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (R), single inoculation with AMF (A), double inoculation (AR), and no inoculation (CK). The phenotype, physicochemical indicators, and rhizosphere soil microbial community of maize under different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that inoculating with AMF significantly promoted the growth of maize; under pathogen stress, the dry weight of the aboveground and underground parts in the AR treatment increased by 87.11% and 51.17% respectively, compared to the non-inoculated R treatment. Inoculating with AMF also significantly inhibited the spread of BLSB, the lesion length in the AR treatment decreased by 55.39% and 49.24% at 3 days and 5 days after inoculation respectively, compared to the non-inoculated R treatment. Both inoculation with AMF and pathogenic bacteria could significantly increase the content of JA and SA, as well as the activities of SOD, POD, PAL, and PPO in maize leaf sheaths and roots; double inoculation further enhanced these levels. Inoculating with AMF significantly enhanced the diversity of rhizosphere soil bacterial communities, leading to notable changes in community composition and function. The abundance of beneficial bacterial groups such as Bacteroidota, Actinobacteriota, and Acidobacteriota increased significantly. In summary, inoculating with AMF enhanced the resistance of maize to BLSB by promoting maize growth, improving relevant physicochemical indicators, and optimizing the rhizosphere soil microbial community. The research results can provide theoretical basis for developing AMF-based biological control strategies against maize BLSB.
The aim of this study is to explore the growth-promoting potential of endophytic bacteria in Chinese cabbage, and to provide excellent strain resources for the development of efficient plant growth-promoting agents. In this study, 20 varieties of Chinese cabbage were used as experimental materials. Endophytic bacteria were isolated and purified using the plate streaking method. Their plant growth-promoting traits were assessed using the CAS assay, the PKO medium assay, and the Salkowski colorimetric method. Two endophytic bacterial strains exhibiting the strongest promoting effects were selected for 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and their effects on seed germination and plant growth were further validated. The results showed that 158 endophytic bacterial were isolated from two tissue parts of Chinese cabbage. Two strains with superior plant growth-promoting capabilities, Br11TL-3 and Br18RR-3, were selected. They were identified as Agrobacterium arsenijevicii and Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca, respectively. Both strains enhanced Chinese cabbage seed germination; the Br11TL-3-treated group showed the greatest increase in fresh weight and significantly improved root-to-shoot ratio; the Br18RR-3 strain produced the most pronounced improvement in chlorophyll content (2.21 mg/g). This study demonstrates that both strains promote Chinese cabbage growth, with Br11TL-3 showing particularly strong promotion and promising potential for agricultural application.
To enable efficient prevention and control of brown spot of peach pulp, this study investigated its field occurrence patterns and key influencing factors. Using varieties such as ‘Jinxiu’ yellow peach and ‘Olecranon’ peach as subjects, fruit samples were collected from various types of peach orchards. Observations were conducted on symptom manifestation, time of occurrence, and disease location. By comparing the fruit incidence rate, disease index, and coloration coefficient, the effects of factors including cultivar, inter-annual variation, soil type, tree age, slope position, and aspect on the occurrence of brown spot were analyzed. The results indicated that: in the initial stage of brown spot of peach pulp, the fruit epidermis showed no abnormalities; in the mid-to-late stages, it appeared dark green and sunken. Independent lesions were nearly circular, with a diameter of 3 mm to 6 mm; the color progressed from white to brown, and in the mid-to-late stages, the sunken areas presented a honeycomb-like appearance. The occurrence process was divided into the initial stage (25 days before maturity), the rapid stage (18 days before maturity), the peak stage (11 days before maturity), and the severe stage (3 days before maturity). The disease location developed from the fruit apex towards the fruit shoulder, and from the shallow flesh to the stone. This symptom primarily occurred in mid-to-late ripening, hard-melting or non-melting varieties maturing from mid-July onward; it did not occur or occurred lightly in trees aged 1 to 3 years, but intensified year by year after the 4th year. Regarding soil types, the severity was lightest in terraced loam soil and most severe in mountainous sandy soil; the order of severity by slope segment was: upper slope segment>middle slope segment>lower slope segment>flat ground at the slope bottom; regarding aspect, west-facing slopes were more severely affected. In conclusion, brown spot of peach pulp is closely related to variety, tree age, soil type, slope segment, and aspect, and can be effectively controlled through rational orchard establishment; and its trend of annual aggravation suggests the potential existence of a dominant inducing factor, which requires further investigation.
As a major double-cropping rice production base in China, optimizing local planting patterns in Jiangxi Province is of great significance for ensuring national food security and improving production efficiency. This paper systematically summarizes the technical characteristics, regional adaptability and application advantages of four major rice planting patterns in Jiangxi double-cropping rice areas, namely double-rice direct seeding, no-tillage direct seeding, single-variety double cropping, and ratoon rice cultivation. The double-rice direct seeding pattern has simple farming procedures and high mechanical compatibility, and is suitable for large-scale rice cultivation in plain production areas. The no-tillage direct seeding pattern enables direct sowing on rice stubble fields without tillage operation, which can reduce production costs, preserve soil fertility, adapt to rice-oilseed rotation systems, and comply with the development concept of green and low-carbon agriculture. The single-variety double cropping pattern adopts early-maturing and widely adaptable rice varieties for continuous cropping of early and late rice, which simplifies field management, reduces planting costs, and is applicable to small and medium-sized rice cultivation operations. The ratoon rice pattern realizes two harvests from one-time planting, with high resource utilization efficiency and prominent economic benefits, and is suitable for popularization in double-cropping rice areas with sufficient light and heat resources. This study provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for promoting the transformation and upgrading of rice planting patterns and consolidating regional food security capacity in Jiangxi Province.
To explore the influence of agronomic and quality traits on the glycemic index (GI) of rice and to screen ideal parents with low-GI breeding potential, field experiments and laboratory determinations were conducted to analyze the differences in rice agronomic, quality traits and starch characteristics and their correlations with GI using thirteen rice varieties as experimental materials. The results showed that potential positive correlation was observed between amylose content and basic seedling density (r=0.524, P=0.066), and resistant starch content was significantly positively correlated with brown rice rate (r=0.568, P<0.05). Based on agronomic traits, starch characteristics and quality indicators, two varieties, ‘Zhongzao 88’ and ‘Zaoxian 617’ were selected. ‘Zhongzao 88’ had the highest resistant starch content (7.94%), a relatively high amylose content (24.91%), and a high brown rice rate; ‘Zaoxian 617’ had the second highest amylose content (31.03%) and good stability, with a high and stable yield (10.4 kg/13.3 m²). Based on the above research, two low-GI candidate parent lines were successfully screened, laying a foundation for local low-GI rice breeding.
To screen out the suitable water and fertilizer management mode for spring wheat production in arid years in Hetao Irrigation District, the field water and fertilizer control experiment of spring wheat was carried out in Bayannaoer Agrometeorological Experimental Station of Inner Mongolia, with the main cultivar ‘Yongliang 4’ as the main test material. The experiment set up 6 treatments: 3 waters and low fertilizer (tillering water+jointing water+milky water, jointing topdressing urea 300 kg/hm2), 3 waters and high fertilizer (tillering water+jointing water+milky water, jointing topdressing urea 450 kg/hm2), 5 waters and low fertilizer (tillering water+jointing water+flowering water+grouting water+milky water, jointing topdressing urea 300 kg/hm2), 5 waters and high fertilizer (tillering water+jointing water+flowering water+grouting water+milky water, jointing topdressing urea 450 kg/hm2), rain-fed and low fertilizer (jointing topdressing urea 300 kg/hm2) and rain-fed without topdressing (CK). The results showed that the effect of 5 waters irrigation on the growth, grain filling and yield of spring wheat was significantly better than these of 3 waters and rain-fed modes, and the effect of nitrogen application at jointing stage was highly dependent on water. The rapid weight gain period of spring wheat was 10-20 days after anthesis during grain filling, high fertilizer promoted early grain filling, low fertilizer prolonged middle and late grain filling. The actual yield of 5 waters and low fertilizer reached 7135.0 kg/hm2, which was the optimal combination of water and fertilizer in the experiment, and the yield increased by 69.8% compared with the control.
In order to solve the problem of low absorption and utilization efficiency of base fertilizer in fresh corn, ‘Nongkeyu 336’ was used as the experimental material, and three treatments were set up, including basal application of ternary compound fertilizer (T1, 15-15-15) 500 kg/hm2, amino acid compound fertilizer 865.4 kg/hm2 (T2), and slow-release mixed fertilizer 865.4 kg/hm2 (T3). The effect of base fertilizer selection on the yield and quality of fresh corn was studied. The results showed that compared with the conventional basal application of ternary compound fertilizer (T1), basal application of amino acid-containing compound fertilizer (T2) and slow-release mixed fertilizer (T3) could improve ear traits, reduce bald tip and improve ear commodity. Compared with T1, the yield of fresh corn under T2 and T3 treatments increased by 3.05% and 8.01%, respectively. The harvest indexes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased by 25%, 36%, 0% and 31.25%, 32%, 20%, respectively. The contents of crude protein, crude fat and crude starch in grains increased by 1.98%, 1.98%, 4.99% and 0.56%, 3.93%, 2.77%, respectively. The contents of water-soluble sugar and sucrose in grains under T3 treatment were 1.18 % and 19.48 % higher than those under T1 treatment, respectively. In summary, in the actual production, the part that focuses on the nutritional quality of grain can give priority to the application of amino acid-containing compound fertilizer as the base fertilizer, and the part that focuses on the comprehensive effects of yield, fertilizer effect and grain taste can give priority to the application of slow-release mixed fertilizer as the base fertilizer.
To address the issues of soil salinization in facilities and low efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, pot experiments were conducted with eight treatments, including T1 (conventional nitrogen application), T2 (conventional nitrogen application with 15% reduction), T3 (conventional nitrogen application with 30% reduction), T4 (conventional nitrogen application with 100% reduction), T5 (biostimulant + conventional nitrogen application), T6 (biostimulant + conventional nitrogen application with 15% reduction), T7 (biostimulant + conventional nitrogen application with 30% reduction), and T8 (biostimulant + conventional nitrogen application with 100% reduction). The combined effects of biostimulants and nitrogen reduction on the salt tolerance traits and nitrogen utilization efficiency of rapeseed were studied. The research results demonstrated that the combination of biostimulants and nitrogen reduction significantly enhanced rapeseed salt tolerance and nitrogen utilization efficiency. The T6 treatment (biostimulant + 15% nitrogen reduction) showed optimal performance, with rapeseed superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reaching 519.66 U/g, while yield, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen uptake were the highest among all treatments (202.90 g/pot, 60.87 g/pot, and 1.51 g/pot, respectively). This treatment also exhibited the highest nitrogen productivity (533.95 g/g) and agronomic efficiency (103.68 g/g), achieving the goal of “nitrogen reduction without yield loss”. No significant difference was observed between treatments with and without biostimulants in soil salinity. Compared to nitrogen reduction alone, biostimulants enhanced nitrogen utilization by strengthening the antioxidant enzyme system and optimizing soil carbon-nitrogen balance. These findings provide a scientific basis for nitrogen efficiency improvement in saline-affected protected farmland and promote the green, sustainable development of greenhouse agriculture.
This study investigated the effects of different pretreatments on seed germination and seedling growth of sugar beet, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for selecting a reasonable pre-sowing pretreatment method. The sugar beet monogerm cultivar ‘NT39106’ was used as the test material, and seeds were pretreated by washing with five solutions: H2O, 1%NaClO, 5%H2O2, 3 g/L thiram, and 1 g/L seed activator (YJ). Seed electrical conductivity, germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and seedling growth indicators were measured. The results showed that compared with CK, all pretreatments significantly reduced electrical conductivity by 67.82%-69.08% (P<0.05), although no significant differences were observed among most treatments. Specifically, all pretreatments significantly increased germination potential, germination rate, germination index, and vigor index of seeds by 21.67-27.78 percentage points, 6.11-8.44 percentage points, 20.12%-28.95%, and 16.42%-30.69% (P<0.05), respectively, relative to CK. Among them, the 1 g/L YJ treatment demonstrated the most pronounced effect, with the above four indicators reaching 83.44%, 93.00%, 34.37, and 192.11, respectively, followed by 5% H2O2 treatment. Regarding seedling growth, only the 1 g/L YJ and 5% H2O2 treatments exhibited higher average bud length (5.59 cm and 5.61 cm, respectively) and seedling fresh weight (0.400 g and 0.391 g, respectively) than CK, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05); other treatments did not promote seedling growth. In conclusion, pretreatment with 1 g/L YJ and 5% H2O2 can effectively promote sugar beet seed germination and exert a beneficial influence on seedling growth, suggesting that these two pretreatments are recommended as suitable options for sugar beet seeds.
To promote the artificial cultivation of Hyssopus cuspidatus Boriss., a characteristic medicinal herb in Xinjiang, and to expand the supply of raw medicinal materials, this study aimed to explore the optimal conditions for its seed germination. Using seeds of H. cuspidatus as experimental materials, their morphological characteristics, purity, moisture content, and thousand-seed weight were measured. The effects of low-temperature treatment time, seed soaking temperature, germination medium, pH, and exogenous chemical concentrations on seed germination were examined separately. The results showed that H. cuspidatus seed length, width, and thickness were (2.26±0.69)mm, (1.21±0.48)mm, and (0.72±0.65)mm, respectively; the thousand-seed weight was (0.47±0.11)g; seed purity was (92.90±0.17)%; and seed moisture content was (5.80±0.69)%. Under different treatments, the germination rates after low-temperature freezing for 5 days, soaking in 40℃ water, double-layer gauze medium, and pH 8 solution were 72.0%, 66.0%, 68.0%, and 68.0%, respectively. Among the exogenous chemical treatments, the highest germination rates after treatment were achieved with 0.2 mg/mL gibberellic acid and 0.2 mg/mL polyethylene glycol, which were 74.0% and 72.0%, respectively. This study identified the optimal conditions for seed germination of H. cuspidatus, providing a scientific basis for its artificial cultivation. This will help promote large-scale planting and alleviate reliance on wild resources.
This paper explores the evolution path of smart agriculture in China and its implications for the development of smart tobacco, aiming to advance the full-process intelligent transformation of the tobacco industry. It systematically sorts out the integrated application and development context of key technologies such as the Internet of Things, multi-source sensors and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).The research shows that China has achieved remarkable results in the infrastructure construction of smart agriculture. As of June 2025, the internet penetration rate in rural areas reached 69.2%. Nevertheless, the sector still faced bottlenecks including insufficient detection accuracy of core sensors and poor generalization ability of intelligent decision-making models. With the deployment of agricultural large models such as Hongnong and Shennong 2.0, as well as the popularization of intelligent water and fertilizer systems, agricultural productivity has been greatly improved. The migration of these cutting-edge technologies to tobacco production has delivered prominent outcomes: multi-spectral monitoring via UAVs has cut the response time for tobacco field disease prevention and control by more than 30%, and the recognition accuracy of intelligent curing technology has exceeded 90%.On this basis, this paper constructs a framework for an integrated management and control platform for smart tobacco covering the whole industrial chain of seedling raising, field cultivation and curing, and establishes a supporting traceability system for tobacco leaf quality and safety. It is expected to provide theoretical references and technical approaches for the high-quality development of modern tobacco agriculture.
This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the agronomic traits, productivity and yield stability of the nationally approved new cotton variety ‘Xinken M219’, so as to assess its production performance and popularization value in the inland cotton region of Northwest China. Microsoft Excel, Origin 2025 and SPSS 21.0 software were used to carry out productivity analysis, yield stability evaluation, correlation analysis and path analysis on the data of regional trials and production trials from 2021 to 2023. The yield potential, stable performance, adaptability and yield components of ‘Xinken M219’ were systematically analyzed. The results showed that three-year average lint yield of ‘Xinken M219’ was 2618 kg/hm2, which was 9.4% higher than that of the control variety ‘Xinluzao 61‘, with a yield-increasing site rate of 93.33% and a maximum lint yield of 3300 kg/hm2, showing prominent productivity performance. Its average high stability coefficient reached 95.83%, significantly superior to the control, with a coefficient of variation of 12.45%. All relative superiority deviation values were kept at low levels, reflecting excellent yield stability and adaptability. Among major agronomic traits, lint percentage had the minimum coefficient of variation (0.75%) and the best trait stability. Lint yield was positively correlated with lint percentage, boll number per plant and pre-frost lint percentage. Path analysis indicated that lint percentage contributed the most directly to lint yield with a direct path coefficient of 0.649, followed by fruit branch number (0.279), pre-frost lint percentage (0.269) and first fruit node position (0.264). In summary, ‘Xinken M219’ has excellent comprehensive performance and is suitable for the ecological environment of the inland cotton region of Northwest China, and has a good prospect of popularization and application. In practical production, optimized cultivation measures should be adopted to improve the stability of lint percentage, balance fruit branch number and boll number per plant, and fully realize its productivity potential.
In order to explore the genetic diversity among different tree peony germplasm resources and identify molecular markers associated with key ornamental traits, this study was conducted by using 79 wild tree peony germplasm resources and cultivated varieties as test materials. 30 pairs of SSR molecular markers were employed for whole-genome scanning to systematically evaluate their genetic diversity and population genetic structure, and a whole-genome association analysis of ornamental traits was conducted. The results showed that 869 allelic variations were detected across the 30 SSR markers, with a range of 13 to 49 variations. The gene diversity index ranged from 0.7182 to 0.9462, with an average value of 0.8737, the polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.7047 to 0.9436, and the genetic similarity coefficient (GS) ranged from 0.3583 to 0.9500, with an average value of 0.6542, indicating that the tested population possessed a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. Both cluster analysis based on genetic distance and population genetic structure analysis classified the germplasm resources into four genetic groups, revealing significant subpopulation differentiation characteristics. According to the generalized linear model (GLM) association analysis, 13 markers were found to be highly significantly associated (P<0.01) with 10 phenotypic traits, including plant shape, length of current year branches, flower type, and number of pistils. The explanatory power of phenotypic variation ranged from 0.3735 to 0.7254, with the marker Ps067 having the highest explanation rate of 0.7254, which was related to the color of stamen anthers; and the marker Ps029 with the lowest explanation rate of 0.3735, related to number of pistils. This study conducted an association analysis between phenotypic traits and molecular markers of wild and cultivated tree peony varieties for the first time, and identified 13 molecular markers that are highly significantly associated with 10 phenotypic traits. These findings can provide theoretical support for parental selection in hybridization, allele mining, and molecular marker-assisted breeding, thereby facilitating the targeted cultivation of new tree peony cultivars with ornamental characteristics.
This study was carried out to investigate the patterns of plant growth and fruit development of papaya and to establish mathematical model for high-quality and efficient cultivation and promotion of new varieties. Tissue-cultured seedlings of new papaya cultivars ‘Zihui’ and ‘Huanghuayou’ were planted in March. Growth parameters such as plant height, stem perimeter, longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of fruit were measured periodically as dependent variables. Logistic growth models were established and the independent variable was growth time. Derived functions of models were growth rate equations. Partial correlation analysis was conducted between dependent variables and independent variables such as growth time, effective accumulated temperature, cumulative sunshine duration, and cumulative relative humidity in order to choose more independent variables for multi-factor growth models. The results showed that the patterns of plants growth and fruits of papaya were “S”-shaped curves and were divided into early, fast-growth and late stage. The Logistic models demonstrated high fitting accuracy (coefficient of determination R2≥0.959). The inflection points of plant and fruit occurred in late June and early July. ‘Huanghuayou’ exhibited higher growth rate than ‘Zihui’ at first, with earlier inflection point and higher maximum growth rate (vm). vm of plant height, stem perimeter, fruit longitudinal diameter, and transverse diameter of ‘Huanghuayou’ were 1.77, 0.33, 0.26, and 0.14 cm/d, which were 1.20, 1.03, 1.04, and 1.27 times of ‘Zihui’. However, the growth rates of all parameters of ‘Zihui’ surpassed ‘Huanghuayou’ at different time after inflection points. The duration of the fast-growth stage of plant height, stem perimeter, fruit longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter of ‘Zihui’ were 113.05, 90.51, 54.09, and 65.52 days, which were 1.17, 0.97, 1.12, and 1.21 times of ‘Huanghuayou’. ‘Huanghuayou’ exhibited greater growth amount of plant height, stem perimeter, and fruit transverse diameter. ‘Zihui’ exhibited greater growth amount of fruit longitudinal diameter due to longer fast-growth stage and the earliest speed-surpassing ‘Huanghuayou’. Cumulative sunshine duration showed more highly significant influence on growth parameters (maximum partial correlation coefficient of 0.948), followed by effective accumulated temperature. Cumulative relative humidity showed little significant effect. Multi-factor models with added meteorological factors demonstrated superior fitting performance (R2≥0.992). In summary, the Logistic growth curve equations and its derivative functions could be used to simulate the growth process of plant and fruit of papaya. Growth parameters are slightly different between ‘Zihui’ and ‘Huanghuayou’. Cumulative sunshine duration and effective accumulated temperature are identified as key meteorological factors. Multi-factor growth models exhibit much better fitting performance.
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of organic fertilizer substitution for chemical fertilizer on carbon accumulation of purple soil and maize. The experiment comprised four treatments, including no nitrogen fertilization (CK), conventional chemical fertilizer (CT), 50% organic N substitution (HR), and 100% organic N substitution (FR). Soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil organic matter (SOM) content, biomass of maize organs, and carbon concentration were measured to elucidate the impact on soil carbon fractions and maize carbon accumulation and partitioning. The results indicated that the HR treatment significantly increased soil DOC to 541.0 mg/kg. However, increasing the substitution rate to 100% (FR) led to a significant reduction in soil DOC by 17.70% (P<0.05). Conversely, SOM content increased significantly with the proportion of organic substitution, peaking at 39.0 g/kg under the FR treatment, which was approximately 7.6 g/kg higher than that under the HR treatment. Organic substitution effectively enhanced maize yield, with the HR treatment exhibiting the most pronounced effect, achieving a grain yield of 12.7 t/hm2. Furthermore, organic substitution significantly influenced maize carbon concentration, accumulation, and distribution (P<0.05). Although the HR treatment resulted in a significantly higher grain carbon accumulation compared to FR, no significant difference in carbon concentration was observed between these treatments. Notably, the HR treatment achieved the highest carbon allocation to grains (59.2%), whereas the CT treatment primarily allocated carbon to leaves, and the FR treatment favored carbon allocation to root stubble. In summary, while organic substitution increases SOM, excessive substitution may inhibit soil DOC availability. The HR treatment demonstrated the optimal balance, enhancing soil organic carbon and maximizing the translocation of photosynthates to grains, thereby achieving the highest yield. Therefore, we recommend a 50% organic nitrogen substitution rate for maize production in southwestern calcareous purple soils.
Based on the relevant literature published from 2010 to 2025 on soil humus and organic matter in rocky desertification areas retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) databases, this study employed the bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace to examine the research progress, evolution of research hotspots, and future directions regarding soil humus and its related organic matter components in rocky desertification areas. The findings aim to provide reference for soil quality improvement and ecological restoration in rocky desertification areas. The results indicated that this field had transitioned from being domestically dominated to achieving an internationally balanced development model, with the proportion of English-language publications soaring from 12.3% in the early stage to 44.4%. Author collaboration patterns exhibited a structural characteristic of domestic aggregation and international dispersion, with Xiong Kangning emerged as a core author across both major bibliographic databases. The research focus had evolved from soil erosion diagnosis in early stage, through engineering remediation and carbon pool assessment, to an advanced stage of emphasizing microbial omics and ecosystem resilience. Research in both Chinese and English suffered from the problem of being “effective at the macro level but unclear at the micro level”: Chinese-language studies excelled in practical governance assessments, but the mechanism analysis was insufficient; conversely, English-language research was adept at dissecting micro-mechanisms but tended to overlook the unique characteristics of karst environments. In the future, a multi-scale integration framework needs to be established to couple the macroscopic vegetation restoration effect with the microscopic humus-micro-environment interaction mechanism.
To investigate the effects of soil nutrient balance on the growth, development, and quality of flue-cured tobacco, and to improve plant growth and leaf quality, this experiment set up five treatments, including conventional fertilization, conventional fertilization + Englan microbial inoculant, conventional fertilization + soil conditioner + water-soluble trace and microelement fertilizer, conventional fertilization + Hailuo chitin, and conventional fertilization + “Kalimei” fertilizer. These were designated as CK, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively. The study assessed the effects of these treatments on flue-cured tobacco growth, agronomic and botanical traits, disease incidence, as well as post-curing indicators such as chemical composition, trace element content, and sensory quality of the tobacco leaves. Principal component analysis was conducted on the three indicators: agronomic traits, chemical composition, and trace element content. The results showed that there were no significant differences in growth periods among the treatments; however, treatment T3 exhibited the most optimal agronomic traits, with its field growth and maturity characteristics, along with those of treatments T4 and T5, significantly superior to those of treatments CK and T2. In terms of disease resistance, treatment T3 performed best. In terms of chemical composition, treatment T4 fell within the optimal range for chemical indicators such as potassium oxide, chlorine, starch, protein, and total nitrogen, demonstrating good chemical composition balance. Analysis of trace elements revealed that all treatments generally suffered from deficiencies in calcium, magnesium, silicon, and molybdenum. Principal component analysis indicated that the T3 treatment achieved the highest composite score for agronomic traits, the T4 treatment achieved the highest composite score for chemical composition, and the T5 treatment achieved the highest composite score for trace elements in tobacco leaves. This experiment demonstrates that treatment T3 (soil conditioner + water-soluble trace element fertilizer) promotes growth and enhances stress resistance, while treatment T4 (conch chitin) improves chemical quality. Together, these two treatments can serve as the core optimized fertilization scheme for the high-quality development of tobacco leaf raw materials in the Shuangjiang tobacco-growing area of Lincang.
This study conducted a site-specific analysis of the responses of peanut yield and agronomic traits to meteorological factors, thereby providing references for the introduction and cultivation of peanut varieties. In this study, 12 peanut varieties bred from Northern China were used as test materials, and field experiments were conducted at the same location in Ganzhou over six years. Variance analysis and correlation analysis were employed to investigate the effects of meteorological factors in different years on peanut agronomic traits and yield performance. The results show that the growth period of peanuts is primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. The main stem height is mainly affected by the average precipitation during the entire growth period, lateral branch length is primarily influenced by the average temperature difference between day and night throughout the growth period, and the number of branches is mainly affected by the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. Pod yield and kernel yield are primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. Among the yield components, the 100-kernel weight is significantly negatively correlated with the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period, while the 100-pod weight and shelling percentage are mainly affected by the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. The number of pods per plant and the number of full pods per plant are primarily influenced by the active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period. The active accumulated temperature ≥10℃ during the entire growth period has the greatest impact on yield, followed by average precipitation and the number of sunshine hours during the entire growth period. The yield performance of the 12 northern peanut varieties in this experiment in Ganzhou is adversely affected by high temperature and drought during the pegging stage and by high temperature and excessive rainfall during the pod-filling stages, which are unfavorable for improving pod yield, kernel yield, 100-kernel weight, and kernel percentage. To mitigate the adverse effects of unfavorable meteorological factors, when cultivating northern peanut varieties in Ganzhou, it is advisable to prioritize small-seeded or pearl-type peanut varieties, sow early at an appropriate time, adopt a reasonable planting density to avoid an overly dense canopy that may aggravate disease incidence, and irrigate promptly during the pegging stage if high temperatures and drought occur. This study may serve as a reference for the introduction of peanut varieties in Ganzhou and for the evaluation of cultivars in analogous agro-ecological zones.
To clarify the resistance distribution and resistance levels of Echinochloa crus-galli populations to quinclorac in different regions of Guangdong Province, the resistance frequencies of 71 E. crus-galli populations to quinclorac were determined using the whole-plant bioassay method, and the resistance levels of different resistant populations were characterized. The results showed that under the recommended dosage of quinclorac (375 g/hm2, active ingredient), the resistance frequency of 46 populations was 0, while the resistance frequencies of other 25 populations ranged from 10.7% to 100.0%, among which 13 populations exhibited a resistance frequency of 100.0%. Populations of E. crus-galli from Guangzhou, Foshan, Jiangmen, and Zhaoqing showed relatively high resistance frequencies to quinclorac, while most populations from Heyuan, Shaoguan, and Qingyuan remained susceptible. The resistance indices varied considerably among different resistant populations: six populations, such as 24-YD-2, showed resistance indices ranging from 6.9 to 18.6; five populations, such as 24-YN-2, showed resistance indices as high as 913.6 to 1438.6; and the other 14 populations showed resistance indices ranging from 26.8 to 380.8. This study provides the first systematic evidence that resistance to quinclorac in E. crus-galli from rice fields of Guangdong Province has become widespread, with significant variation among different geographic populations, and some populations have developed extremely high levels of resistance to quinclorac.
To enhance the control efficacy against fusarium head blight (FHB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins in wheat, field experiments were conducted in 2024 and 2025 by combined application of 24% Jinggangmycin A soluble concentrate (SL) and 37% bemystrobin·tebuconazole suspension concentrate (SC), and the control efficacy of different application frequencies and combined dosages on FHB and grain DON content were investigated. The results showed that two times of applications provided significantly higher control efficacy against both FHB and DON mycotoxins than one time, but no significant difference was observed between two and three times of applications. When applied alone at 375 mL/hm2 for 1-3 times, 37% bemystrobin·tebuconazole SC achieved a disease index control efficacy of 62.94%-89.89% against FHB and a DON mycotoxins control efficacy of 46.09%-72.26%. The control efficacy of 24% Jinggangmycin A SL against DON mycotoxins was significantly higher than its control efficacy against the disease index of FHB, demonstrating its potential to reduce DON accumulation in grains. After combined application of 24% Jinggangmycin A SL, both the disease index control efficacy and DON control efficacy were further improved, and the synergistic effect became more pronounced with the increase of Jinggangmycin A dosage. Reasonable combined application of 24% Jinggangmycin A SL and 37% bemystrobin·tebuconazole SC twice can effectively control FHB and DON contamination, providing technical support for improving wheat quality and safety.
Actin is a type of structural protein that is ubiquitous and highly conserved in eukaryotes. As a major component of the cytoskeleton, it participates in fundamental biological processes such as cell division, cytokinesis, and endocytosis, and plays a critical role in stress resistance. To investigate the ThActin gene of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum from Huaiyu Mountain, we screened and cloned this gene based on transcriptome data, constructed the pCambia2301 overexpression vector, and performed a transient transformation subcellular localization assay in leaf epidermal cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum W38). Subsequently, the construct was transformed into tobacco to generate ThActin transgenic tobacco plants, and low-temperature stress treatment was applied to characterize the functions of the transgenic lines. The results showed that the full-length of ThActin gene was 1131 bp. Transient transformation subcellular localization analysis in tobacco leaf epidermal cells revealed that the ThActin protein localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus. Genetic transformation experiments in tobacco demonstrated that under low-temperature stress, compared with wild-type tobacco, ThActin-overexpressing tobacco exhibited significantly reduced contents of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and malondialdehyde, markedly increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD and CAT), and significantly elevated levels of osmotic adjustment substances (proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein). These findings indicated that overexpression of ThActin enhances plant cold tolerance. This study provides a reference for elucidating the low-temperature stress tolerance mechanism of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum from Huaiyu Mountain and breeding its cold-resistant cultivars.
Fusarium mycotoxins, a class of secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, pose a serious threat to global food and feed security. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically review their types, characteristics, detection techniques, and control measures. This article summarizes the research progress on major classes, biosynthetic pathways, and toxic effects of Fusarium mycotoxins, specifically trichothecenes, fumonisins, zearalenone, and emerging mycotoxins. It reviews the principles, advantages, and current applications of toxin detection techniques such as chromatography, immunological methods, and biosensors. Additionally, it analyzes the research progress and application characteristics of various control strategies, including host resistance enhancement, agricultural practices, chemical control, biological control, and physical removal. It further points out that current research on Fusarium mycotoxins still faces challenges such as insufficient risk assessment of emerging toxins, limited studies on co-contamination and synergistic toxicity of multiple toxins, lack of standardization in rapid detection methods, and restricted application of green and efficient control technologies. To address these issues, future efforts should focus on strengthening toxin database construction, advancing multi-toxin joint toxicology research, developing rapid and precise detection technologies, and building green and sustainable control systems, so as to provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the prevention and control of Fusarium mycotoxins contamination and the assurance of agricultural product safety.
To monitor the changes of water quality after wastewater treatment and screen evaluation indicators for wastewater treatment effectiveness in the hot season, water samples of Chinese soft shelled turtle breeding greenhouses from Dantu of Jiangsu and Xiejiaji of Anhui were used as research objects, and the study was conducted from June to October 2022. The water quality was tracked and monitored, and the dominant functional groups of phytoplankton and post planktonic animals were used to evaluate the health status of aquatic ecosystems. The results showed that the tail-water treatment system had a good effect on the CODMn of the Dantu greenhouse group and the TN, NH3-N, and CODMn of the Xiejiaji greenhouse group (but caused high TP). Although it improved water quality, it was still classified as Class V water before and after treatment. The number of phytoplankton species in the two greenhouse groups was 46 and 39, respectively (with 16 functional groups). The species, functional group density, and biomass of phytoplankton in the Dantu greenhouse group were higher than those in the Xiejiaji greenhouse group. The Shannon Wiener diversity index, Margalef richness index, and Pielou evenness index were opposite. The dominant functional groups were the M+MP functional group, which represented eutrophic/ultra eutrophic water bodies, replaced by the widely adaptable Lo functional group and the J functional group of eutrophic water bodies. The significant environmental impact factors of the two greenhouse groups were TN, CODMn and TP, respectively. The numbers of planktonic animal species in the two greenhouse groups were 51 and 76. The main dominant species of metazoan planktonic animals in two groups were rotifers, branchiopods, and copepods. The significant environmental factors related to the dominant functional groups of metazoan planktonic animals in the Xiejiaji greenhouse group were TSS and CODMn. The average humic index of the two groups of rotifers was 2.5 and 1.9. The community structure of phytoplankton and post planktonic animals can be used as water ecological health evaluation indicators for pond effluent treatment.
ISSN 1000-6850 (Print)
Started from 1984
Published by: China Association of Agricultural Science Societies
