颗粒物不仅对养殖对象有直接影响，也会影响到其它水处理单元的效率，是水产养殖水体重复利用和排放的限制性指标。本文概述了水产养殖水体中固体物质性质的描述指标，根据水产养殖活动的特点对养殖过程中颗粒物的来源途径进行了分析，可以根据水体的投饲量估算需要去除的颗粒产生量；介绍了使用双排管将残饵和粪便尽快地排出养殖池的方法；根据颗粒物的粒径、沉降速率等特征，总结了几种常见的固液分离技术。选择固液分离技术时，需要考虑去除的粒径、水头损失、水力负荷以及总体去除效率，还要考虑是否可能在去除的过程中会把大粒径颗粒碎成小粒径颗粒因而增加总体去除难度。

为增强砂滤池过滤性能，探究散水滴滤式砂滤池水力特性，掌握其过水规律，以石英砂为滤池填充滤料，通过物理模型试验，研究饱和砂层散水滴滤模式下滤料粒径、滤层厚度对砂滤池过水流量的影响，建立了关系曲线及函数表达式。结果显示，滤层厚度为0~4 cm时，砂滤池中出水量约由100 cm3/s增加到600 cm3/s；砂滤池过水流量与滤层厚度呈单调递增关系，滤料粒径越大，流量增长越快；砂滤池过水流量与滤料粒径呈二次函数递增关系；滤层厚度大于40 cm，以粒径为5~6 mm石英砂作为滤料的砂滤池，过水流量约稳定在410~420 cm3/s；以粒径为7~8 mm石英砂作为滤料的砂滤池，过水流量稳定在640~650 cm3/s；粒径为1~2 mm与粒径为3~4 mm对应的流量曲线较为接近，且均随滤层厚度递增。在滤层厚度恒定条件下，增大石英砂粒径，滤池中的过水流量也逐渐增加，且不同滤层厚度对应的流量曲线平行递增。试验得出的砂滤池过水流量与滤料粒径、滤层厚度的拟合曲线可为砂滤池的设计、建造及滤料选择提供理论参考。

为研究微滤机过滤对循环水养殖系统水体细菌群落结构的影响，分别在试验第1天、第30天和第60天对无微滤机的池A及微滤机过滤的池B两个养殖红鳍东方鲀(Takifugu rubripes)的循环水养殖系统采集水样，平板计数法测定养殖水体弧菌、细菌总数后，以荧光原位杂交法(FISH)检测养殖水体弧菌属(Vibrio)、红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)的空间分布。同时，采用16S rDNA扩增子测序对养殖水体细菌群落组成进行分析。计数结果显示，池A养殖水体弧菌总数均高于池B。除试验第1天外，池A养殖水体异养细菌总数亦均高于池B；FISH检测结果显示，随养殖时间的推移，弧菌数量增长迅速，池A养殖水体中弧菌属聚集成点状，而红细菌科依然较均匀地分布于养殖水体中，池B养殖水体中弧菌属、红细菌科均较均匀地分布于养殖水体中；16S rDNA扩增子测序结果显示，池A和池B养殖水体的细菌组成存在差异，池A养殖水体的弧菌属所占细菌总量的比例均显著高于池B；除试验第30天存在波动外，池A养殖水体的红细菌科所占细菌总量的比例显著低于池B；除试验第1天外，池A与池B养殖水体细菌丰度和多样性均无显著变化。同时初步研究表明系统运行60 d左右，建议对微滤机滤膜进行更换或清洗。本研究初步揭示了微滤机使用与否对循环水养殖系统微生物种群结构的影响，可对循环水养殖系统的病害防控提供理论参考。

The removal of bacteria from rearing water and washing water in aquaculture systems, aquariums and fishing port facilities is the most important means of diminishing the risk of fish diseases, improving public health and ensuring high food quality. However, there are few methods of bacterial elimination, e.g., disinfection. Thus, it is necessary to develop a technology for bacterial removal from coastal seawater. In this study, the removal efficiency for several groups of bacteria by foam separation using dispersed bubbles and surface-active substances was determined using both batch equipment and a continuous-flow unit. By batch processing with only 1 mg/l milk casein added as a surface-active substance and by supplying bubbles, viable bacteria, enterococci, Vibrio, and Salmonella-like bacteria were removed effectively at removal efficiencies of 80% or greater. In addition, suspended solids were also removed from coastal seawater. However, fecal coliforms were difficult to remove by foam separation. The removal efficiency for viable bacteria was greater than 70% using a continuous system. Bacteria were concentrated in a very small amount of generated foam and removed from the water. The foam separation using dispersed bubbles and surface-active substances is a feasible convenient technology for seawater purification as a treatment prior to membrane filtration or ultraviolet irradiation.

为了探讨臭氧对循环水系统养殖水体水质的净化效果及作用机理，开展3种不同臭氧投加量对水体中有机污染物和氨氮、亚硝酸盐等作用影响的试验，并在此基础上对净化机理进行分析。结果显示：臭氧优先与有机污染物发生反应，其次为亚硝酸盐，然后才是氧化氨氮；臭氧对有机物的去除是选择性的，优先降低UV254和水色，对于COD和DOC处理效果不明显，但能显著提高养殖水的可生化性；15 mg/L的臭氧投加量可取得较经济适宜的净化效果，对于UV254、亚硝酸盐、水色、COD分别可降低73.86%、92.35%、37.52%和16.43%，并将DOC /UV254比值升高到448.86 (cm·mg)/L，显著提高养殖水的可生化性。研究表明：臭氧氧化技术在养殖水体净化处理中发挥了良好作用，针对不同情况选择适宜的臭氧投加量对于提高净化处理效率有重要意义。

为了研究臭氧对循环水养殖系统中悬浮颗粒物的净化效果,探讨臭氧对悬浮颗粒物的影响机理,在养殖水体投加不同量的臭氧进行实验室小规模模拟实验,对水体的TSS、浊度等指标进行检测,并对悬浮颗粒物进行粒度分析。结果表明投加臭氧有助于降低水体浊度,投加7.53mg/L臭氧可将浊度为(5.22±0.55)NTU的原水降低浊度12.47%,投加15.05mg/L和22.58mg/L 臭氧则可提高到25.31%和30.20%。投加臭氧将影响悬浮颗粒物的物理特性,在投加22.58mg/L臭氧时对颗粒物助凝效果显著,将悬浮颗粒物粒径大多分布在48-68um范围的原水转变成99.22%数量的颗粒物粒径>64um,有利于后续物理过滤处理。本研究明确了臭氧对悬浮颗粒物的净化效果是通过氧化有机物产生络合沉淀和胶体絮凝物等改变颗粒物的粒径大小分布的途径来实际的,为臭氧在循环水养殖系统中的应用提供理论支撑。

This paper utilizes a unique dataset of competitive outcomes from intercollegiate track and field competition to identify the relationship between recent ambient pollution exposure histories and human performance among a young and fit population in a diverse range of physically demanding "tasks". I find that higher contemporaneous ozone levels are associated with poorer performances in events that heavily tax the respiratory system. This is the case despite the low exposure levels observed in the studied sample, which are similar to those regularly experienced across the developed world. Such negative performance effects imply that observed ozone exposures are leading to physiological harm, which can be expected to negatively impact economic outcomes through both health and productivity channels. Leveraging the unique structure of the data- which includes location information for competitions and home institutions- I also identify an acclimatization effect whereby recent exposure to higher ozone levels serves to reduce the negative effects of contemporaneous exposure. This finding underscores the importance of regulating peak ozone levels rather than only mean concentrations, as spikes in ambient ozone levels can be particularly damaging to exposed populations.Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

针对规模化网箱养殖的自身污染问题，在东山湾八尺门鱼类养殖海区开展海马齿（Sesuvium portulacastrum）生态浮床原位修复研究。经过一年的生长，八尺门修复区海马齿平均茎长1.28 m，平均根须长0.52 m，生物量达152.5×103 g/m2，通过生长吸收对C、N、P的积累量分别为5 214.0、378.5、22.9 g/m2。经过两年的原位修复，浮床修复区海水的DO比对照区高11.9%；浮床对石油类、悬浮物和COD的去除率分别为42.3%、14.9%和10.0%，对TN的去除率为11.7%，对NH4-N、NO3-N和PO4-P的去除率分别为19.9%、16.4%和9.2%；由于海水的流动性和影响因素的复杂性，浮床对TOC、NO2-N和TP的去除效果不理想。综上，海马齿生态浮床能够在一定程度上改善修复区海水水质，减轻网箱养殖水体的营养负荷。

人工填料强化生态浮床是近年来发展起来的一种新兴生态工程修复技术。选取3种不同类型的人工填料与挺水植物组合,分析其对高磷浓度养殖水体和上海市养殖池塘水体的净化效果。结果表明,在高磷浓度(2.36~3.42 mg/L)养殖水体中,人工填料强化生态浮床对TN、TP、COD的平均去除率分别为34.9%,12.2%,26.1%,且3组系统之间差异不明显。在上海市养殖水体平均浓度条件下,3组系统对TN和TP的去除能力为:立体弹性填料强化生态浮床＞组合填料强化生态浮床＞生物绳填料强化生态浮床,立体弹性填料强化生态浮床对TN和TP的去除率分别为83.9%和69.3%;3组系统对COD和NH₄⁺-N的去除率均在70%以上。因此,立体弹性填料强化生态浮床可以考虑应用于上海市淡水养殖池塘水体的生态修复工程。