To explore the effect of graphene oxide (GO) treatment on rice seed germination under salt stress, this experiment used the rice variety 'Harbin Japonica Rice 15' as the experimental material. Under normal conditions and salt stress (0.05 mol/L NaCl), GO was induced at different mass concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100 mg/L) to detect the changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, malondialdehyde, and osmotic regulator content of rice seeds after different treatments. The results show that: (1) low concentrations of GO (25 mg/L) can promote the germination of rice seeds, while high concentrations of GO (50, 100 mg/L) significantly inhibit their germination. 25 mg/L GO can increase seed vitality and improve germination rate under salt stress; (2) high concentrations of GO and NaCl combined treatment can further exacerbate the inhibitory effect of salt stress on rice seed growth, increase antioxidant enzyme activity, reduce malondialdehyde content, and alleviate oxidative stress response; (3) GO treatment promotes the synthesis and accumulation of osmotic regulators, increases the osmotic regulation ability and salt resistance of rice seeds, strengthens the salt tolerance of seedlings, and significantly improves their emergence and seedling efficiency in salt environments. Low concentration GO can promote rice germination, while high concentration GO has certain harm to rice growth. Especially under salt stress, high concentrations of GO can increase the toxicity of salt stress on rice growth. It is suggested that high concentration GO related fertilizers should be used with caution in rice production practice in saline alkali areas.