采集龙牙百合（Lilium brownii var. viridulum）枯萎病典型症状的鳞茎进行病原物分离、纯化和致病性测定,结合病原菌形态学观察及其 rDNA-ITS、EF-1α、mtSSU和IGS基因的序列分析,确定病原菌为共享镰孢菌Fusarium commune。测定了光照、温度、pH、碳源和氮源等处理对该病原菌生长和产孢的影响,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定其对5 种杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,最适菌丝生长的条件包括温度为25 ~ 30 ℃、pH 8.0、碳源为乳糖、氮源为蛋白胨;最适产孢条件包括24 h黑暗、温度为30 ℃、pH 10.0、碳源为乳糖、氮源为蛋白胨;另外,24 h光照、24 h黑暗和12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件均适宜该菌的菌丝生长。在5种参试杀菌剂中,肟菌·戊唑醇抑制作用最强,EC₅₀值为0.294 mg·L^-1,噁霉灵的效果最差,EC₅₀为39.359 mg·L^-1。

Pineapple lily (Eucomis vandermerwei) is grown for its exotic-looking flower spike that looks like a small pineapple. It is used as an accent plant in the garden or for its long-lasting cut flowers. In late November 2007, plant foliage was submitted to the California State Diagnostic Laboratory by a commercial grower for phytosanitary inspection before shipment of bulbs to Europe. Leaves had wet, brown, elliptical spots of 1 to 2 cm long, some with yellow halos. The interior of the older spots was pale brown and papery. Conidiophores typical of Botrytis spp. were observed on the abaxial side of the leaf in the interior of the older spots. Isolations on half-strength acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA) yielded a grayish mycelium with conidiophores developing on the plant tissue only. The agar was grayish yellow, especially when viewed from the underside. Conidiophores measured 275 to 650 μm × 15 to 20 μm (411.2 × 15.5 μm average). Conidia were light brown, subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal, and measuring 10 to 15 × 13 to 20 μm (11.8 × 16.2 μm average). Scattered, black sclerotia measuring 335 to 1,007 × 518 to 1,079 μm (668.9 × 743.9 μm average) formed on the medium after approximately 7 days. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating four Eucomis spp. plants with one inoculation per leaf, four leaves per plant. Each leaf was wounded with a sterile pushpin and three agar plugs from 4-day-old cultures were placed in a plastic screw-cap lid filled with sterile water and clipped onto each wound. Plants were misted with water, covered with a plastic bag, and placed in a growth chamber at 16°C (12-h photoperiod) for 48 h after which the agar plugs and caps were removed. An equal number of plants were wounded and mock inoculated with APDA. Pathogenicity experiments were repeated. After 14 days, all inoculated leaves had lesions and the fungus was reisolated. No Botrytis spp. were isolated from the mock-inoculated plants. Our sequence of the intergenic spacer regions of one isolate, GenBank FJ10809, matched Botrytis hyacinthi sequence AJ716297 with 99.8% identity. Using molecular (3) and morphological characters (1,4), the pathogen was identified as B. hyacinthi, the cause of fire disease in hyacinths. This pathogen was described previously on hyacinths in Washington State (2), the Netherlands (4), and the United Kingdom (2). The importance and economic impact of this disease appears to be limited because it has only been observed on mature or senescing foliage and not bulbs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. hyacinthi causing a leaf spot on pineapple lily. References: (1) C. J. Gould et al. Plant Dis. Rep. 42:534, 1958. (2) W. C. Moore. Page 14 in: Diseases of Bulbs. Bull. No. 117. Minist. Agric. Fish. London, 1939. (3) M. Staats et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22:333, 2005. (4) J. Westerdijk and F. H. Van Beyma Thoe Kingma. Meded. Phytopathol. Lab. "Willie Commelin Scholten" 12:15, 1928.

龙牙百合为湖南省邵阳市的特色经济作物之一，随着栽培面积不断扩大，其病害发生日趋严重，尤其在田间生长后期鳞茎易出现褐变、腐烂、植株枯死等症状，严重影响百合生长，已成为遏制龙牙百合生产的重要因素之一。

1991年在浙江湖州市和杭州市采集得百合(Lilium brownii F. E. Brown var. viridulum Baker)鳞茎有褐色斑点的标本104份,分离出纯菌株108个。鉴定为2个镰刀菌种:Fusarium solani(Mart.)Sacc. 和F. oxysporum Schlecht. F. solani出现频率84.3%,占优势.田间调查和接种试验证明F.solani是百合鳞茎褐色斑点病主要致病菌。在20种植物上接种试验结果表明:F.solani对百合有专化性,因此鉴定其病原菌为茄病镰孢一个新专化型:Fusarium solajni f. sp.lilii Wang.

For centuries, plants have been used for a wide variety of purposes, from treating infectious diseases to food preservation and perfume production. Presently, the increasing resistance of microorganisms to currently used antimicrobials in combination with the appearance of emerging diseases requires the urgent development of new, more effective drugs. Plants, due to the large biological and structural diversity of their components, constitute a unique and renewable source for the discovery of new antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic compounds. In the present paper, the history, composition, and antimicrobial activities of the basil, oregano, and thyme essential oils are reviewed.

为实现当归废弃物的资源化利用,探讨当归茎叶精油的化学组分及抑真菌活性,采用二倍稀释法确定了当归茎叶精油对4种常见采后病原真菌[互隔交链孢(Alternaria alternata)、硫色镰刀菌(Fusarium sulphureum)、粉红单端孢(Trichothecium roseum)和扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)]最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最低杀菌浓度(minimum fungicidal concentration,MFC),并用滤纸片熏蒸法和雾化熏蒸法分别研究了当归茎叶精油对4种真菌菌丝生长的体外抑制作用和体内条件下对T.roseum的抑制效果。结果表明,当归茎叶精油的提取得率为0.057%。在当归茎叶精油中共鉴定出了51种化合物,2, 4, 5-三甲基苯甲醛(22.7%)含量最高,其次是α-蒎烯(11.1%)、十氢-3-甲基-7-亚甲基-1-(1-甲基乙基)(6.69%)、α-法呢烯(6.44%)、反式-蛇床内酯(5.84%)和β-蒎烯(5.16%)。当归茎叶精油对F.sulphureum、A.alternata和P.expansum的MIC均为2.34 μL/mL,MFC均为9.37 μL/mL,对T.roseum的MIC、MFC分别是1.17、9.37 μL/mL。当归茎叶精油熏蒸处理对4种菌的菌丝生长抑制率从高到低依次为T.roseum、F.sulphureum、A.alternata和P.expansum。体内试验发现当归茎叶精油处理能有效抑制T.roseum在樱桃番茄上的扩展,第7天时60、90 μL/mL当归茎叶精油处理组的病斑直径分别比对照组降低了51%、69%。

Chitosan films incorporated with various concentrations of the complex of β-cyclodextrin and essential oils (β-CD/EO) were prepared and investigated for antimicrobial, mechanical, and physical properties. Four bacterial strains that commonly contaminate food products were chosen as target bacteria to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the prepared films. The incorporation of β-CD/EO significantly increased the antimicrobial activities of the chitosan films against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. It was also found that tensile strength (TS) of chitosan film was significantly increased with the incorporation of the β-cyclodextrin and 0.75% essential oils complex. The elongation at break (EB) decreased with the increasing concentrations of essential oils. Inclusion of the complex of β-cyclodextrin and 0.25% essential oils also significantly decreased water vapor permeability (WVP) of chitosan films. Our results suggest that chitosan films containing β-CD/EO could be used as active food-packaging material.

This work aims to explore the inclusion mechanism and structure of cinnamaldehyde (CNMA) and cyclodextrins (CDs), and to provide some theoretical information for the application of CNMA and its inclusion. In this study, we prepared three kinds of inclusion and investigated the mechanism and structure by theory and experiment. Molecular docking and dynamical simulations presented a stable 1:1 inclusion complex and the visual structure model. The structural features indicated that the benzene ring of CNMA was enclosed in the hydrophobic cavity of CDs, which were consistent with the results of H NMR, 2D-ROESY, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The inclusion mechanism studies showed that the inclusion process was driven mainly by enthalpy with the binding constant following the order of DM (dimethyl) > HP (hydroxypropyl) > β-CD. Moreover, the inclusion complex showed an advantageous water solubility and dissolution rate compared with CNMA.Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.