It is now clear that mechanisms of sex determination are extraordinarily labile, with considerable variation across all taxonomic levels. This variation is often expressed through differences in the genetic system (XX-XY, XX-XO, haplodiploidy, and so on). Why there is so much variation in such a seemingly fundamental process has attracted much attention, with recent ideas concentrating on the possible role of genomic conflicts of interest. Here we consider the role of inter- and intra-genomic conflicts in one large insect taxon: the scale insects. Scale insects exhibit a dizzying array of genetic systems, and their biology promotes conflicts of interest over transmission and sex ratio between male- and female-expressed genes, parental- and offspring-expressed genes (both examples of intra-genomic conflict) and between scale insects and their endosymbionts (inter-genomic conflict). We first review the wide range of genetic systems found in scale insects and the possible evolutionary transitions between them. We then outline the theoretical opportunities for genomic conflicts in this group and how these might influence sex determination and sex ratio. We then consider the evidence for these conflicts in the evolution of sex determination in scale insects. Importantly, the evolution of novel genetic systems in scale insects has itself helped create new conflicts of interest, for instance over sex ratio. As a result, a major obstacle to our understanding of the role of conflict in the evolution of sex-determination and genetic systems will be the difficulty in identifying the direction of causal relationships. We conclude by outlining possible experimental and comparative approaches to test more effectively how important genomic conflicts have been.© 2010 The Authors. Biological Reviews © 2010 Cambridge Philosophical Society.

<p><strong>Purpose</strong>: We present a systematic review of the literature concerning major aspects of science mapping to serve two primary purposes: First, to demonstrate the use of a science mapping approach to perform the review so that researchers may apply the procedure to the review of a scientific domain of their own interest, and second, to identify major areas of research activities concerning science mapping, intellectual milestones in the development of key specialties, evolutionary stages of major specialties involved, and the dynamics of transitions from one specialty to another.</p><p><strong>Design/methodology/approach</strong>: We first introduce a theoretical framework of the evolution of a scientific specialty. Then we demonstrate a generic search strategy that can be used to construct a representative dataset of bibliographic records of a domain of research. Next, progressively synthesized co-citation networks are constructed and visualized to aid visual analytic studies of the domain&rsquo;s structural and dynamic patterns and trends. Finally, trajectories of citations made by particular types of authors and articles are presented to illustrate the predictive potential of the analytic approach.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong>: The evolution of the science mapping research involves the development of a number of interrelated specialties. Four major specialties are discussed in detail in terms of four evolutionary stages: conceptualization, tool construction, application, and codification. Underlying connections between major specialties are also explored. The predictive analysis demonstrates citations trajectories of potentially transformative contributions.</p><p><strong>Research limitations</strong>: The systematic review is primarily guided by citation patterns in the dataset retrieved from the literature. The scope of the data is limited by the source of the retrieval, i.e. the Web of Science, and the composite query used. An iterative query refinement is possible if one would like to improve the data quality, although the current approach serves our purpose adequately. More in-depth analyses of each specialty would be more revealing by incorporating additional methods such as citation context analysis and studies of other aspects of scholarly publications.</p><p><strong>Practical implications</strong>: The underlying analytic process of science mapping serves many practical needs, notably bibliometric mapping, knowledge domain visualization, and visualization of scientific literature. In order to master such a complex process of science mapping, researchers often need to develop a diverse set of skills and knowledge that may span multiple disciplines. The approach demonstrated in this article provides a generic method for conducting a systematic review.</p><p><strong>Originality/value</strong>: Incorporating the evolutionary stages of a specialty into the visual analytic study of a research domain is innovative. It provides a systematic methodology for researchers to achieve a good understanding of how scientific fields evolve, to recognize potentially insightful patterns from visually encoded signs, and to synthesize various information so as to capture the state of the art of the domain.</p>

We present VOSviewer, a freely available computer program that we have developed for constructing and viewing bibliometric maps. Unlike most computer programs that are used for bibliometric mapping, VOSviewer pays special attention to the graphical representation of bibliometric maps. The functionality of VOSviewer is especially useful for displaying large bibliometric maps in an easy-to-interpret way. The paper consists of three parts. In the first part, an overview of VOSviewer's functionality for displaying bibliometric maps is provided. In the second part, the technical implementation of specific parts of the program is discussed. Finally, in the third part, VOSviewer's ability to handle large maps is demonstrated by using the program to construct and display a co-citation map of 5,000 major scientific journals.

利用C#编程技术基于.NET平台设计开发出文献题录信息统计分析工具软件SATI，可导入处理EndNote格式、NoteExpress格式及NoteFirst格式的国内文献题录数据和HTML格式的WoS国际文献题录数据，进行数据格式的转换、字段信息的抽取、词条频次的统计和知识单元共现矩阵、词条频率逐年分布矩阵及文档词条矩阵的构建，以辅助生成聚类图、多维尺度图谱、网络知识图谱、策略坐标图等可视化结果。以2006~2010年中外图书情报学各十种具有代表性的核心期刊刊载的17440篇论文数据为实例，基于聚类与多维尺度分析结果，呈现出中外图书情报学三大主要研究领域，并结合共词分析与社会网络分析方法，通过绘制共现网络知识图谱与策略坐标图，进一步揭示研究领域结构的内部联系及其特征。

【目的】核心著者遴选与评价一直是情报研究的重要内容。为科学遴选期刊的核心著者,客观评价著者的学术影 响力,展示期刊核心著者的传承和迁徙情况。【方法】以《中国科技期刊研究》为例,依据普赖斯定律和综合指数法测评该刊 2006—2015年的核心著者,并与1998—2006年遴选出的核心著者进行对比。【结果】《中国科技期刊研究》2006—2015年遴 选出核心著者31位;北京地区核心著者比例为48. 4T ;高达74. 2T的核心著者来自于杂志社或期刊编辑部;有8位同时入 选1998—2006年核心著者。【结论】利用综合指数法测评核心著者,与其他方法相比更具合理性;核心著者的地区分布随时 间的推移变化不大,但核心著者群发生了变化,写作动机是核心著者群发生变化的决定因素,具有内在写作动机的著者才是 期刊稳定的著者队伍'北京地区作为政治、文化的中心仍然是最活跃的地区'杂志社和期刊编辑部仍然是该刊核心著者最重 要的来源机构。

【目的】甘草胭脂蚧 Porphyrophora sophorae Arch.是一种典型的土栖性蚧虫。本研究旨在了解该虫触角的结构及其对土栖环境的适应性。【方法】利用光学显微镜、扫描和透射电子显微镜对甘草胭脂蚧雌成虫触角以及触角感受器进行了观察。【结果】甘草胭脂蚧雌成虫触角由9节组成，各触角节粗而短，各节间连接紧密，使触角形态呈现出较为粗壮的特点。在触角上分布着4种感受器29~48个，包括2~5个B&ouml;hm氏鬃毛，5~12个无孔毛形感受器，10~15个腔锥形感受器和11~22个多孔钉形感受器。根据各感受器的结构特点，判断它们分别具有自体感受、触觉感受、温湿度感受和嗅觉感受的功能。触角感受器主要分布在触角的3个节上，分别是：柄节，具2~4个B&ouml;hm氏鬃毛；第3鞭节，分布有6~10个腔锥形感受器；第7鞭节（即顶节），大多数的感受器都分布在这一节的端部，包括3~8个腔锥形感受器，4~11个无孔毛形感受器和11~22个多孔钉形感受器。而在触角的其他节上几乎没有感受器分布。【结论】甘草胭脂蚧雌成虫触角有着许多不同于其他蚧虫触角的特点，这些特点是与其土栖性的生活方式相适应的。

蚧虫（半翅目：蚧总科）是农林果树和花卉的一类重要害虫。作者综述了寄生蚧虫的虫生真菌及其在生物防治中的潜力。总结了昆虫病原真菌作为生物杀虫剂的研究历史，并将其划分为3个发展阶段，即开创阶段、缓慢发展阶段和快速发展阶段。讨论了该领域在中国的研究现状。列出了世界上目前已记录的蚧虫病原真菌，包括55属140种，及其寄主蚧虫的名录。对虫生真菌未来的研究和开发提出了4点建议。

The smallest reported bacterial genome belongs to Tremblaya princeps, a symbiont of Planococcus citri mealybugs (PCIT). Tremblaya PCIT not only has a 139 kb genome, but possesses its own bacterial endosymbiont, Moranella endobia. Genome and transcriptome sequencing, including genome sequencing from a Tremblaya lineage lacking intracellular bacteria, reveals that the extreme genomic degeneracy of Tremblaya PCIT likely resulted from acquiring Moranella as an endosymbiont. In addition, at least 22 expressed horizontally transferred genes from multiple diverse bacteria to the mealybug genome likely complement missing symbiont genes. However, none of these horizontally transferred genes are from Tremblaya, showing that genome reduction in this symbiont has not been enabled by gene transfer to the host nucleus. Our results thus indicate that the functioning of this three-way symbiosis is dependent on genes from at least six lineages of organisms and reveal a path to intimate endosymbiosis distinct from that followed by organelles. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

益生菌产品对维护肠道健康的重要性不断被揭示,但无论是加工、贮藏、运输中的物理损伤还是摄入之后胃酸、胆汁盐等的胁迫,都会导致益生菌活力损失。为解决这些问题,利用微胶囊技术对益生菌进行包埋已经成为重要议题。该研究借助CiteSpace6.1.R6、VOSviewer1.6.19和Bibliometrix等文献计量工具,对1 438篇中英文文献进行了分布特征分析。结果显示,益生菌微胶囊化研究正处于高速发展期,中国发文量领先,展现了未来发展的巨大潜力。包埋材料正在从壳聚糖与藻酸盐为主走向多元化发展,喷雾干燥技术取代冷冻干燥技术成为最常使用的微胶囊化手段。同时,各类生物活性材料的应用愈发频繁,多酚与人工酶将助力高自由度纳米封装。此外,益生菌与益生元的共封装或成为研究热点。结合关键词演变知识图谱,可以推测该领域未来研究热点,为研究者提供参考。