The large-scale generation of high-fiber agricultural waste poses significant environmental and resource challenges, necessitating breakthroughs in efficient resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the sources and properties of agricultural high-fiber waste, as well as recent advances in its biological and abiotic degradation technologies, with a focus on analyzing the strengths and limitations of resource utilization strategies and exploring future directions within a multidisciplinary context. Through extensive retrieval and analysis of relevant domestic and international literature, the mechanisms of action, application outcomes, and existing bottlenecks of biological degradation (particularly microbial degradation) and abiotic degradation technologies are summarized, emphasizing both progress and shortcomings in current research. Analysis indicates that biological degradation is widely regarded as the most promising approach due to its environmental friendliness and economic potential. The integration of molecular biology and synthetic biology, such as gene editing and engineered strain construction, has significantly enhanced the efficiency of degradative enzymes and product conversion rates. However, challenges remain in the application of new technologies, including high pretreatment costs, inconsistent enzymatic efficiency, and potential safety risks associated with the large-scale use of engineered strains. Future research should focus on developing low-energy consumption pretreatment combined technologies, strengthening multi-disciplinary integration and innovation, and establishing a comprehensive biosafety evaluation system for genetically engineered strains, so as to promote the efficient, safe, and sustainable utilization of agricultural high-fiber waste.