自然条件下的土壤酸化是一个非常缓慢的过程。近几十年来，在人类活动的影响下，原本缓慢的自然酸化过程不断加快。土壤酸化加速带来的一系列负面效应正迫使人们必须对土壤酸化加以重视。本文首先介绍了土壤酸化的自然过程和人为因素引起的土壤酸化，阐述了土壤盐基饱和度、土壤酸缓冲体系、酸沉降、化学肥料、植物、土地利用方式等对土壤酸化的影响；然后总结了土壤酸化带来的一系列生态效应，如植物生长受到抑制、土壤生物群落结构改变、土壤重金属有效性升高、水体质量下降等；最后从施用酸性土壤改良剂和种植耐逆高效优质植物两个方面，论述了酸性土壤的可持续利用策略，并对土壤酸化将来的研究方向进行了展望。

There is increased interest by the agricultural industry in microbial amendments that leverage natural beneficial interactions between plants and soil microbes to improve crop production. However, translating fundamental knowledge from laboratory experiments into efficient field application often has mixed results, and there is less clarity about the interaction between added microbes and the native microbial community, where microorganisms belonging to the same phylogenic clades often reside. In this study, four commercially available microbial amendments were examined in two greenhouse experiments using field soil to assess their impact on tomato plant growth and the native soil microbial communities. The amendments contained different formulations of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Lactobacilli, Rhizobia, etc.), yeasts, and mycorrhizal fungi. The application of the tested amendments in greenhouse conditions resulted in no significant impact on plant growth. A deeper statistical analysis detected variations in the microbial communities that accounted only for 0.25% of the total species, particularly in native taxa not related to the inoculated species and represented less than 1% of the total variance. This suggests that under commercial field conditions, additional confounding variables may play a role in the efficacy of soil microbial amendments. This study confirms the necessity of more in-depth validation requirements for the formulations of soil microbial amendments before delivery to the agricultural market in order to leverage their benefits for the producers, the consumers, and the environment.

. Accurately quantifying soil base cation pool sizes is\nessential to interpreting the sustainability of forest harvests from element\nmass-balance studies. The soil-exchangeable pool is classically viewed as\nthe bank of “available” base cations in the soil, withdrawn upon by plant\nuptake and leaching and refilled by litter decomposition, atmospheric\ndeposition and mineral weathering. The operational definition of this soil\nbank as the exchangeable (salt-extractable) pools ignores the potential role\nof “other” soil nutrient pools, including microbial biomass, clay\ninterlayer absorbed elements, and calcium oxalate. These pools can be large\nrelative to “exchangeable” pools. Thus neglecting these other pools in\nstudies examining the sustainability of biomass extractions, or need for\nnutrient return, limits our ability to gauge the threat or risk of\nunsustainable biomass removals. We examine a set of chemical extraction data\nfrom a mature Norway spruce forest in central Sweden and compare this\ndataset to ecosystem flux data gathered from the site in previous research.\nThe 0.2 M HCl extraction released large pools of Ca, K, Mg, and Na,\nconsiderably larger than the exchangeable pools. Where net losses of base\ncations are predicted from biomass harvest, exchangeable pools may not be\nsufficient to support more than a single 65-year forest rotation, but\nacid-extractable pools are sufficient to support many rotations of\nnet-ecosystem losses. We examine elemental ratios, soil clay and carbon\ncontents, and pool depth trends to identify the likely origin\nof the HCl-extractable pool. No single candidate compound class emerges, as very strongly supported by the data, as being the major constituent of the HCl-extractable fraction. A combination of microbial biomass, fine\ngrain, potentially shielded, easily weatherable minerals, and non-structural\nclay interlayer bound potassium may explain the size and distribution of the\nacid-extractable base cation pool. Sequential extraction techniques and\nisotope-exchange measurements should be further developed and, if possible,\ncomplemented with spectroscopic techniques to illuminate the identity of and\nflux rates through these important, and commonly overlooked, nutrient pools.

为了扭转茶园土壤酸化及土壤肥力下降对茶叶生产带来的不利影响,于2017—2019年,以浙江松阳茶园严重酸化土壤为研究对象,通过每年施用以芽孢杆菌和木霉菌为主要成分的微生物菌剂(90 kg·hm^-2),跟踪测定微生物菌剂处理对山地、梯田和水田等不同茶园土壤理化性质的影响。结果发现,微生物菌剂施用后,试验区山地茶园土壤pH从2017年的4.21提高到2019年的4.62,梯田茶园土壤pH从2017年的3.58提高到2019年的3.94,水田茶园土壤pH从2017年的3.47提高到2019年的3.76,对照区茶园土壤pH无显著变化;有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾等土壤养分指标显著提高,土壤重金属铅含量显著下降。连续施用微生物菌剂可有效阻控松阳茶园土壤酸化,对土壤肥力具有显著的提升效果。

科学知识图谱的概念和CiteSpace工具自引入国内学术界，就迅速得到了大量关注，相关文献犹如雨后春笋般见诸于国内各种情报学期刊。但我们通过阅读国内500多篇应用CiteSpace工具的论文，发现存在知识可视化工具“滥用”和“误用”的现象，这显示出学界对于该工具的方法论功能认识不足。本文从CiteSpace工具的设计理念、理论基础、使用流程和功能应用四个方面进行较为深入的阐释，以期国内学者能加深对该工具的理解，并能将其更有效地灵活应用于科学研究工作中。

通过两年田间裂区设计试验,研究了不同土壤耕作方式(常规耕作、深耕、深松)与秸秆还田(秸秆还田、秸秆不还田)对冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟农田土壤微生物数量、酶活性和作物产量的影响.结果表明: 深松(耕)和秸秆还田不仅降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤有机碳含量,而且增加了土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性和作物产量,且二者对夏玉米季的影响大于冬小麦季.与常规耕作+无秸秆还田相比,深耕+秸秆还田、深松+秸秆还田处理的20～30 cm土壤容重分别降低8.5%和6.6%,土壤有机碳含量分别提高14.8%和12.4%,土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性分别提高45.9%、33.9%和34.1%、25.2%,作物产量分别提高18.0%和19.3%,且两处理间无显著差异.说明土壤深松(耕)结合秸秆还田有利于作物产量、土壤微生物数量和酶活性的提高.

为应对黄褐土农田土壤已经存在的酸化问题，探究合适的调控方法，以酸化黄褐土农田土壤为研究对象，设置不施肥（CK）、传统施肥(CT)、微生物菌肥(WJ)、高量（T₂₀，炭∶土=1∶20）和低量(T₂₀₀，炭∶土=1∶200)生物质炭添加5种处理，采用桶栽试验开展玉米季土壤酸化调控研究。结果表明，与CK相比，CT处理在玉米收获后土壤pH值和土壤有机质（SOM）、交换性钙离子、交换性镁离子、交换性钠离子含量均无显著变化(P>0.05)，说明常规施肥方式不利于酸化黄褐土土壤改良。而WJ、T₂₀、T₂₀₀处理土壤pH值和SOM含量均较CK显著提升，其中pH值在玉米收获后分别达到4.80、6.45、5.92，SOM含量分别达到14.5、26.5、17.3 g/kg,说明生物质炭和微生物菌肥添加可以显著缓解酸化，改善黄褐土土壤质量。同时，WJ、T₂₀和T₂₀₀处理土壤交换性钾离子、交换性钠离子、交换性钙离子和交换性镁离子含量显著高于CK和CT处理，说明添加微生物菌肥和生物质炭可有效固持黄褐土土壤中关键盐基离子。不同处理玉米关键生长期的光合指标显示，WJ、T₂₀和T₂₀₀处理玉米大喇叭口期叶片光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和灌浆期叶片Pn、Gs、Tr均显著高于CK和CT处理，说明添加微生物菌肥和生物质炭不仅改善了黄褐土土壤酸化问题，而且提升了玉米的光合生理指标。且T₂₀处理玉米生长季光合指标（Pn、Gs、Ci和Tr）、土壤pH值、玉米地上部干质量和根干质量等指标均较T₂₀₀处理显著提升，说明加大生物质炭施用量可能更有益于黄褐土土壤酸化的缓解。综上，添加生物质炭和微生物菌肥是改良酸化黄褐土农田土壤的有效手段，而加大生物质炭用量可以进一步提升改良效果。

土壤-植物系统是生物圈的基本结构单元,土壤与植物之间存在密切的相互反馈。土壤退化导致植物面临各种非生物胁迫,植物的生理代谢遭到干扰,养分获取受到抑制。蚯蚓被称为“生态系统的工程师”。蚯蚓能够通过调控土壤物理-化学-生物学特性,改良退化土壤(盐碱土、重金属和有机污染物污染土壤),缓解植物所受胁迫,增加土壤养分有效性,促进植物生长,并通过自身分泌的信号物质提高植物的抗逆性。蚯蚓对土壤-植物系统的生态修复作用,对于改善植物生长环境、维持土壤生态系统健康和稳定具有重要意义。