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Effect of Machine-Transplanting Synchronized with Side-deep Fertilization on Rice Yield, Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization and Soil Nitrogen Content
SHANGXiaolan, LIDan, FANGWenying, XUZhu, WANGQiang, CHENZhaoming
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (7) : 1-7.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Effect of Machine-Transplanting Synchronized with Side-deep Fertilization on Rice Yield, Nitrogen Fertilizer Utilization and Soil Nitrogen Content
In-depth studies on the effects of machine-transplanting synchronized with side-deep fertilization on grain yield, nitrogen (N) uptake and N use efficiency of rice, and soil N contents will provide a theoretical basis for N efficient use with reduced application rate in machine-transplanting rice. Six treatments were established in Yuhang District, Hangzhou City of Zhejiang Province during 2018 to 2020, including no N fertilizer (N0), conventional fertilization (N1), conventional fertilization with 10% N reduction and side-deep fertilization (N2), slow-released fertilizer (SF) with 15% N reduction (N3), SF with 15% N reduction and side-deep fertilization (N4) and SF with 15% N reduction and one-time side-deep fertilization (N5). The characteristics of dry matter accumulation, grain yield, N concentration, N uptake, N use efficiency of rice, as well as soil available N were determined. The results showed that when reducing conventional N application rate by 15%, side-deep fertilization with SF (N4 and N5) would still have similar dry matter accumulation and N accumulation compared with N1 treatment. The results of three-year average indicated that the yield of N3 treatment was the lowest among all N application treatments, which was significantly lower than those of other N treatments. The SF with side-deep fertilization treatments (N4 and N5) had similar N concentration in rice plant and N uptake by rice compared with N1 treatment. No significant difference in N apparent use efficiency was observed among N4, N5 and N1 treatment. However, compared with N1 treatment, the SF with side-deep fertilization treatments (N4 and N5) increased the N agronomy efficiency and N partial factor productivity by 24.1% and 19.1%, respectively, in 2018; and by 21.8%-35.7% and 18.3%-21.0%, respectively, in 2019; and by 0.6%-24.8% and 13.9%-19.0%, respectively, in 2020. Despite a 15% reduction in N application rate, the SF with side-deep fertilization did not decrease the soil available N concentration compared with N1 treatment. To sum up, slow-released fertilizer with side-deep fertilization effectively reduces N input and maintains yield in machine-transplanted rice, and improves N use efficiency, making it worthy of active promotion and application.
machine-transplanting rice / side-deep fertilization / rice yield / nitrogen reduction / nitrogen use efficiency
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【目的】水稻机插同步侧深施肥是一项新兴的技术,正在迅速发展。深入探究不同类型氮肥机械侧深施用对机插水稻产量及氮素利用效率的影响,有利于提高水稻机械化种植水平,为机插水稻节本增效提供理论依据。【方法】2017年和2018年开展大田试验,采用完全随机区组试验设计,设置5种施氮处理,即不施氮肥（N0）、尿素撒施（CUB）、尿素机械侧深施（CUM）、控释尿素撒施（CRUB）和控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）,测定水稻物质生产特性、氮素积累分配、氮素利用效率、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】2年各施氮处理对水稻产量形成、氮素利用的影响基本一致。与尿素相比,控释尿素可以显著提高水稻干物质积累量、氮素积累量、氮肥利用率以及稻谷产量;2017年成熟期干物质积累量和氮素积累量、氮肥吸收利用率（NRE）、氮肥农学效率（NAE）和稻谷产量分别增加3.22%、17.50%、46.00%、17.79%和3.72%,2018年相应增幅分别为8.77%、13.27%、32.07%、12.74%和3.32%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施可以显著提高氮肥利用率,2017年NRE和NAE分别增加17.91%—43.14%和19.61%—37.39%;2018年NRE和NAE分别增加53.80%—54.10%和21.11%—35.11%。与人工撒施相比,机械侧深施肥处理的产量分别增加4.46%—6.95%（2017年）、5.55%—8.11%（2018年）;增产的主要原因是其具有更多有效穗数和颖花总量。齐穗至成熟期,CRUM处理茎叶鞘氮素积累量和茎叶氮素表观转移量（TNT）均显著高于其他施氮处理。此外,在穗分化期和齐穗期,相比其他施氮处理,CRUM处理的氮素积累量、SPAD值、干物质积累量均显著增加。【结论】控释尿素机械侧深施（CRUM）是一种能提高机插水稻产量和氮素利用的有效施肥方法。
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为了解缓混肥侧深减氮施用对水稻氮肥利用效率及产量品质的影响，以2个不同熟期类型的水稻为材料，设置空白(N<sub>0</sub>)处理，常规施肥处理（施氮量240 kg/hm<sup>2</sup>）为对照(CFM)，侧深施肥分别设置氮肥不减量(FM<sub>1</sub>)、减量7% (FM<sub>2</sub>)、减量14% (FM<sub>3</sub>)和减量21% (FM<sub>4</sub>) 4个处理，研究旨在为大面积机插缓混肥使用提供理论和技术指导。结果表明：不同施肥方式影响不同生育阶段水稻干物质积累，生育中前期（拔节—抽穗期），常规施氮量处理(CFM)干物质积累量显著高于其他处理，孕穗后直至成熟期侧深施肥处理FM<sub>1</sub>显著高于其他处理；水稻植株氮含量亦因不同生育阶段而已，分蘖—拔节期植株氮含量均表现为CFM>FM<sub>1</sub>>FM<sub>2</sub>>FM<sub>3</sub>>FM<sub>4</sub>>N<sub>0</sub>，孕穗—成熟期表现为FM<sub>1</sub>、FM<sub>2</sub>>CFM>FM<sub>3</sub>>FM<sub>4</sub>>N<sub>0</sub>；侧深施肥下适度减氮对穗数影响不大，每穗粒数以FM<sub>1</sub>或FM<sub>2</sub>最多，侧深施肥处理的结实率高于对照，千粒重和籽粒产量表现为FM<sub>1</sub>或FM<sub>2</sub>较高，不同类型品种间存在差异；与对照相比，侧深施肥处理提高水稻吸氮量，氮肥农学利用率表现为FM<sub>2</sub>>FM<sub>1</sub>、FM<sub>3</sub>>CFM>FM<sub>4</sub>，氮肥生理利用率CFM最低，FM<sub>2</sub>或FM<sub>3</sub>最高，氮肥吸收利用效率均表现为FM<sub>2</sub>>FM<sub>1</sub>>FM<sub>3</sub>>CFM>FM<sub>4</sub>，稻谷生产力表现为FM<sub>4</sub>>FM<sub>3</sub>>FM<sub>2</sub>>FM<sub>1</sub>>CFM。侧深施肥处理有利于降低垩白粒率、垩白度和消碱值，增加整精米率、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、胶稠度和崩解值，适量减施氮肥可以调优米质。生产上建议采用减氮7%~14%的缓混肥侧深施肥技术有利于实现减氮节本和优质丰产。
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【目的】研究不同类型缓释氮肥一次性施肥的单季稻氮肥减施和稳产效应,筛选适宜于单季稻一次性施肥的缓释氮肥类型。【方法】2013—2016年在浙江省长兴县林城镇、太湖新城和金华市蒋堂镇分别布置11个缓释氮肥一次性施肥田间小区试验,比较树脂包膜尿素（RCU）、聚氨酯包膜尿素（PCU）和稳定性肥料（NIU）等缓释氮肥一次性施肥处理（氮肥用量225 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>）与常规分次施肥处理（尿素Urea,种植大户常规施肥,270 kg·hm<sup>-2</sup>）在单季稻产量、土壤氮素供应特征和水稻氮素吸收特征、氮肥利用率等方面的差异。【结果】（1）多点试验汇总结果表明不施氮肥处理（N0）的水稻产量为Urea处理的83.9%,3个试验点Urea处理的平均氮肥利用率为19.2%—20.1%。3种缓释氮肥一次性施肥处理单季稻平均产量与Urea处理间没有显著差异。（2）RCU和PCU处理在林城和太湖新城试验中地上部氮含量、氮素吸收量与Urea处理间没有显著差异,NIU处理在太湖新城试验中地上部氮含量著低于Urea处理。金华试验点籼粳杂交稻品种试验中3种缓释氮肥处理稻谷中氮含量都明显下降。（3）RCU处理单季稻平均产量显著高于PCU和NIU处理,多点试验中产量变异系数较小,水稻生长后期土壤铵态氮含量和植株氮素吸收强度都高于Urea处理,氮肥利用率比Urea处理提高了2.8—9.0个百分点。【结论】基于现阶段土壤基础肥力和常规施肥量,采用RCU、PCU或NIU一次性基施,氮肥用量比现阶段常规施肥量减少16.7%时,可以满足单季稻一次性施肥要求。
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Determination of the optimal fertilization method is crucial to maximize nitrogen use efficiency and yield of different rice cultivars. Side-deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen, in conjunction with machine transplanting and subsequent topdressing, was applied to Indica–japonica hybrid rice ‘Yongyou1540’ (YY1540) and indica hybrid rice ‘Tianyouhuazhan’ (TYHZ). Four nitrogen treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019: traditional nitrogen application with quick-release nitrogen (T1), single-dose deep fertilization at transplanting with 100% controlled-release nitrogen (T2), and deep fertilization of 70% controlled-release nitrogen and topdressing of 30% quick nitrogen at tillering (T3), or at panicle initiation (T4). Side-deep fertilization reduced the fertilizer application frequency without causing yield loss, T4 enhanced the yield of YY1540 by increasing the number of productive tillers and number of spikelets per panicle compared with T1, T2 and T3. The yield of TYHZ showed no significant difference among treatments. The T4 treatment decreased the number of tillers at the tilling peak stage and increased the percentage productive tillers and number of differentiated spikelets. Compared with the other treatments, T4 increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index during panicle initiation and grain ripening, and contributed to enhanced nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization in YY1540. On average, nitrogen uptake and utilization in YY1540 were highest in T4, but no significant differences among treatments were observed in TYHZ. Dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake from panicle initiation to heading of YY1540 were correlated with number of spikelets per panicle, but no significant correlations were observed for TYHZ. Supplementary topdressing with quick-release nitrogen at the panicle initiation stage was required to increase yield of indica–japonica hybrid rice, whereas single-dose deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen is satisfactory for the indica hybrid cultivar.
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水稻机插侧深施肥是一种高效、优质、安全的栽培技术。深入研究侧深施肥条件下不同施肥方式对水稻产量及氮素利用效率的影响, 有利于完善水稻侧深施肥技术体系。本研究以江苏优质食味水稻代表性品种南粳9108和南粳5718为材料, 设置4种不同的侧深施施肥方式, 分别为: 100%基肥侧深施FM1 (fertilization method 1)、70%基肥侧深施+30%分蘖肥FM2 (fertilization method 2)、70%基肥侧深施+30%穗肥FM3 (fertilization method 3)、35%基肥侧深施+35%分蘖肥+30%穗肥FM4 (fertilization method 4), 并设置常规施肥对照CFM (conventional fertilization method)和不施氮处理0N (no nitrogen)。研究了不同施肥方式 (处理)对水稻产量及构成因素、茎蘖动态、叶面积指数、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长率、氮素利用效率等方面的影响。结果表明, 与其他处理相比, FM3和FM4在稳定穗数的基础上, 显著提高了群体颖花量和千粒重, 经济产量最高。FM3生育中、后期的叶面积指数和干物质积累量尤其是抽穗至成熟期的干物质积累显著高于其他处理, 拔节后的氮素积累量和全生育期总吸氮量、氮素农学利用率、氮素生理利用率、氮素吸收利用率、和氮素偏生产力也均显著高于其他处理。同时, FM3比CFM及FM4减少施肥次数1~2次, 节省了用工及成本, 利于规模化生产, 是一种兼具高产、轻简与高效的水稻施肥方式。
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