桑黄的药用记载源自两千多年前的《神农本草经》中的「桑耳」,桑黄名称最早出自唐初甄权所著《药性论》。桑黄异于其他药用真菌之处是外观相似的种类多。两千年来多本古籍所记载之桑黄,乃不同人对于不同真菌种类的阐述,因为古代无能力研究显微特征以区分种类,亦无分子手段进行种类鉴定。现代桑黄的研究起于1968年日本学者发现桑黄的卓越抗癌能力。日、韩过去普遍以Phellinus linteus当作桑黄的拉丁学名。然而,中国学者在1998年发现P. linteus是中美洲的种类,亚洲并无分布。2012年发表真正的桑黄为新种Inonotus sanghuang,只长在桑树上。2016年发表桑黄及其相近种类属于新属：桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus,桑黄的拉丁学名因此改为Sanghuangporus sanghuang。桑黄孔菌属目前所知有14种,与生长的树种常具有专一性,只有桑树桑黄这一种长在桑树上。桑树桑黄的药理活性优于市售常见的杨树桑黄S. vaninii及暴马桑黄S. baumii。在中、日、韩广泛栽培的所谓桑黄子实体并非桑树桑黄,而是杨树桑黄（简称杨黄）。有鉴于桑树桑黄及杨树桑黄的优良保健功效及安全性,建议政府部门应尽早研究将这两种药用真菌收录于中国药典,纳入食品原料以及中药品,以促进民众健康和桑黄产业发展;并且应该明确规范这两种药用真菌产品的正确拉丁学名及中文名称。

桑黄是最早收录于我国中药古籍中的一类大型珍稀药用真菌的总称，具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化和降尿酸等多种功效作用。现代分类学研究结果表明，桑黄具有丰富的物种多样性，广泛分布于我国及北半球不同地区，并生长在桑树、杨树、丁香、忍冬、栎树、锦带花、水曲柳、枣树和核桃楸等多种阔叶树上。自20世纪90年代以来，我国开始了桑黄人工驯化，目前主要用于桑黄产业的种类有桑树桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang、瓦尼桑黄(又称杨树桑黄) Sanghuangporus vaninii、鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporus baumii和粗毛纤孔菌Inonotus hispidus等，产业规模正在逐年扩大，形成具有广阔发展潜力的健康产业，产生了较高的经济价值和社会效益。本文从桑黄的历史记载、分类地位的演变、功效研究、产业发展进程及面临的瓶颈等问题进行了分析与总结，提出了促进桑黄产业健康发展的建议，并对产业发展愿景进行了展望。

【目的】 分离、筛选瓦尼桑黄（Sanghuangporus vaninii）子实体中具有良好抗肿瘤活性的多酚组分，并对其抗肿瘤活性和潜在作用机制进行解析。【方法】 采用超声辅助提取法提取乙酸乙酯部位的组分，通过对肝癌细胞HepG-2的抑制活性筛选出具有良好抗肿瘤作用的多酚组分，基于超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）技术鉴定其主要成分，利用网络药理学策略阐释其潜在抗肿瘤作用机制。【结果】 分离制备获得了5种（SVa-SVe）多酚组分，其中SVe多酚组分表现出独特的抗肿瘤活性，100 µg/mL浓度下对HepG-2细胞抑制率为76.54%。SVe可以显著地促进HepG-2细胞凋亡和诱导其细胞周期阻滞，并呈现剂量依赖性。成分分析显示，SVe主要由31种化合物组成，基于网络药理学分析表明，SVe中的osmundacetone、hispolon、phellibaumin A、davallialactone等关键化合物通过与多个靶点蛋白作用（STAT3、mTOR、VEGFA、SRC、ERBB2和HSP90AA），发挥抗肿瘤活性。【结论】 来源于桑黄的多酚提取物SVe通过诱导细胞凋亡和细胞周期阻滞对HepG-2细胞具有独特的抑制活性，其中的多酚化合物通过多靶点发挥作用。

Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized by inflammation of the lung tissue and oxidative injury caused by excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Studies have suggested that anti-inflammatory or antioxidant agents could be used for the treatment of ALI with a good outcome. Therefore, our study aimed to test whether the mycelium extract of Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS-1), believed to exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could be used against the excessive inflammatory response associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced ALI in mice and to investigate its possible mechanism of action. The experimental results showed that the administration of SS-1 could inhibit LPS-induced inflammation. SS-1 could reduce the number of inflammatory cells, inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, regulate the TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and the signal transduction of NF-κB and MAPK pathways in the lung tissue, and inhibit high mobility group box-1 protein 1 (HNGB1) activity in BALF. In addition, SS-1 could affect the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) in the lung tissue and regulate signal transduction in the KRAB-associated protein-1 (KAP1)/nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor Nrf2/Kelch Like ECH associated Protein 1 (Keap1) pathway. Histological results showed that administration of SS-1 prior to induction could inhibit the large-scale LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration of the lung tissue. Therefore, based on all experimental results, we propose that SS-1 exhibits a protective effect against LPS-induced ALI in mice. The mycelium of S. sanghuang can potentially be used for the treatment or prevention of inflammation-related diseases.

The newly identified Sanghuangporus alpinus species of the Sanghuang mushroom genus has been found to possess significant medical benefits. However, the current artificial cultivation technology has not reached the requisite maturity. The response-surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the Sanghuangporus alpinus culture medium formulation and evaluate the functional activity of S. alpinus exopolysaccharides. First, a single-factor experiment was conducted to screen for optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for S. alpinus. Then, using Box–Behnken’s central composite design, a response-surface experiment was conducted to determine optimal culture parameters. Finally, the rationality of those parameters was assessed in a shaking flask experiment. The optimal culture parameters, determined through regression analysis, were 20.20 ± 0.17 g/L fructose (carbon source), 7.29 ± 0.10 g/L yeast extract (nitrogen source), and 0.99 ± 0.01 g/L dandelion. With optimization, the S. alpinus yield increased to 12.79 ± 1.41 g/L, twice that obtained from the initial culture medium. The S. alpinus exopolysaccharide exhibited an excellent antioxidant capacity, with the strongest scavenging effect noted on ABTS free radicals (lowest half-inhibitory concentration: 0.039 mg/mL). Additionally, this exopolysaccharide effectively inhibited various cancer cells, exhibiting the strongest activity against human glioma cells U251 (half-inhibitory concentration: 0.91 mg/mL). The RSM used to optimize the fermentation culture parameters of S. alpinus significantly increased the mycelial biomass. The improvement of Sanghuangporus alpinus yield through liquid fermentation and optimizing the fermentation medium could fill the existing gap in the cultivation of Sanghuangporus alpinus, as well as provide valuable data for the large-scale production of S. alpinus.

研究桑黄发酵菌丝体次级代谢产物及活性与子实体的差异性,探讨其替代子实体的可能性。研究通过高效液相色谱分析和化学法比较菌丝体和子实体石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇4个萃取相中的成分差异,以二苯基三硝基苯肼自由基（DPPH）清除率和Trolox当量抗氧化能力（TEAC）作为抗氧化活性的指标、HepG2和MCF-7癌细胞的抑制率作为抑制肿瘤细胞生长的指标,比较其活性差异。结果表明,菌丝体和子实体4个萃取相在化学成分上存在差异;在活性方面,菌丝体各萃取相的抗氧化活性高于子实体,而子实体抗肿瘤活性优于菌丝体。菌丝体醇提取的总黄酮含量高于子实体醇提物,抗氧化活性和总黄酮含量有显著相关性,发酵菌丝体在抗氧化活性方面具有替代子实体的可行性。

为进一步开发和利用桑黄（Phellinus igniarius），通过发酵获得桑黄菌丝体，并对桑黄子实体和菌丝体的一般营养成分及主要功能成分含量进行分析比较，利用1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl，DPPH）自由基清除率和对SW620、HepG2肿瘤细胞的抑制率进行主要成分活性的比较。结果表明，桑黄菌丝体和子实体均含有蛋白质、多糖、氨基酸、脂肪、纤维、矿物元素等多种营养成分，其组成基本一致。主要营养成分中，桑黄菌丝体中水分、灰分含量显著低于桑黄子实体（P＜0.05），粗纤维含量极显著低于桑黄子实体（P＜0.01），而粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量极显著高于子实体（P＜0.01）；在所测定的17 种氨基酸中，二者氨基酸种类一致，菌丝体氨基酸总量为25.11%，子实体氨基酸总量为4.69%；多糖、黄酮、三萜3 种活性成分在桑黄子实体中含量极显著高于菌丝体（P＜0.01），其中子实体多糖、黄酮、三萜DPPH自由基最高清除率分别为77.14%、61.37%、49.97%；桑黄菌丝体、子实体多糖对结肠癌SW620细胞的抑制率最高可达21.45%和32.86%，对肝癌HepG2细胞的抑制率最高可达37.91%和51.29%。这些结果进一步说明桑黄菌丝体和子实体营养成分组成基本一致，含量丰富，液体发酵所得菌丝体可以缓解野生桑黄子实体匮乏的局面，具有同样的应用价值和开发前景。

Functional raw materials rich in various effective nutrients and active ingredients that are of stable quality can be obtained from the liquid fermentation of edible and medicinal fungi. In this review, we systematically summarize the main findings of this comparative study that compared the components and efficacy of liquid fermented products from edible and medicinal fungi with those from cultivated fruiting bodies. Additionally, we present the methods used in the study to obtain and analyze the liquid fermented products. The application of these liquid fermented products in the food industry is also discussed. With the potential breakthrough of liquid fermentation technology and the continued development of these products, our findings can serve as a reference for further utilization of liquid fermented products derived from edible and medicinal fungi. Further exploration of liquid fermentation technology is necessary to optimize the production of functional components from edible and medicinal fungi, and to enhance their bioactivity and safety. Investigation of the potential synergistic effects of combining liquid fermented products with other food ingredients is also necessary to enhance their nutritional values and health benefits.

Ergothioneine (EGT), a natural thiol compound with potent antioxidant properties, exhibits diverse biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Despite its promising health and food applications, current production methods, such as mushroom-based liquid fermentation, are hindered by low yields and complex processes. Advances in biosynthetic fermentation, including heterologous expression of key pathway genes and optimization of cultivation conditions, offer promising solutions to these challenges. Recent discoveries, such as the catalytic efficiency of mononuclear non-heme iron enzymes like Egt1 and EgtB, have streamlined EGT biosynthetic pathways, reducing steps and increasing yield. The compound’s active transport via the OCTN1 protein facilitates its distribution across tissues, enhancing its therapeutic efficacy and potential in functional foods. Currently employed as an antioxidant and antimelanogenic agent in aquatic products, EGT holds vast potential for broader applications in food systems. This review explores the advancements in EGT production and biosynthesis while emphasizing its prospects as a safe, versatile, and effective natural ingredient for health and industrial applications.

Camellia fascicularis has important ornamental, medicinal, and food values, which also have tremendous potential for exploiting bioactivities. We performed the bioactivity-guided (antioxidant and antimicrobial) screening of eight fractions obtained from the ethyl acetate phase of C. fascicularis. The antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, and the antibacterial activity was measured by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The results of bioactivity-guided isolation indicated that the major antioxidant compounds in the ethanolic extracts of C. fascicularis may be present in fractions (Fr.) (A–G, obtained after silica gel column chromatography). Fr. (D–I, obtained after silica gel column chromatography) is a fraction of C. fascicularis with antimicrobial activity. The structures of compounds were determined by spectral analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with the available literature on secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis leaves. In this study, 17 compounds were identified, including four phenolics (1, 3–4, and 14), a phenylpropane (2), five terpenoids (5–7, 12, and 15), four flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides (8–10 and 16), and two lignins (13 and 17). Compounds 4–7, 13–15, and 17 were isolated from the genus Camellia for first time. The remaining compounds were also isolated from C. fascicularis for first time. The evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities revealed that compounds 1, 3, 9, 11, and 17 exhibited higher antioxidant activity than the positive control drug (ascorbic acid), and compounds 4, 8, 10, and 13 showed similar activity to ascorbic acid. The other compounds had weaker or no significant antioxidant activities. The MIC of antibacterial activity for compounds 4, 7, and 11–13 against P. aeruginosa was comparable to that of the positive control drug tetracycline at 125 µg/mL, and other secondary metabolites inhibited E. coli and S. aureus at 250–500 µg/mL. This is also the first report of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of compounds 5–7, 13–15, and 17. The results of the study enriched the variety of secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis and laid the foundation for further research on the pharmacological efficacy and biological activity of this plant.

利用超声波辅助提取技术对河西走廊沙棘榨汁提油后的果渣下脚料总黄酮提取工艺进行优化，同时考察果渣黄酮提取液的还原力和清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。通过单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验，得到影响黄酮得率的主要因素及其影响力大小为乙醇体积分数＞提取时间＞料液比；确定最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数60%、提取时间40 min、料液比1∶50（g/mL）；此条件下，河西走廊沙棘果渣中总黄酮提取率为2.55%，果皮渣中总黄酮提取率为0.651%，沙棘籽粕中总黄酮提取率为1.901%。当质量浓度大于0.151 4 mg/mL时，沙棘果渣黄酮提取液的还原力大于VC的还原力；沙棘果渣黄酮提取液对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均有一定的清除作用，其对羟自由基的清除率为39.07%～42.01%，大于同等质量浓度VC的清除作用，而对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为47.17%～60.38%，小于同等质量浓度VC的清除作用，说明沙棘果渣黄酮提取液对羟自由基有更强的清除能力。

The MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay is based on the conversion of MTT into formazan crystals by living cells, which determines mitochondrial activity. Since for most cell populations the total mitochondrial activity is related to the number of viable cells, this assay is broadly used to measure the in vitro cytotoxic effects of drugs on cell lines or primary patient cells. In this chapter the protocol of the assay is described including important considerations relevant for each step of the assay as well as its limitations and possible applications.

A method for the screening of antioxidant activity is reported as a decolorization assay applicable to both lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants, including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamates, carotenoids, and plasma antioxidants. The pre-formed radical monocation of 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS*+) is generated by oxidation of ABTS with potassium persulfate and is reduced in the presence of such hydrogen-donating antioxidants. The influences of both the concentration of antioxidant and duration of reaction on the inhibition of the radical cation absorption are taken into account when determining the antioxidant activity. This assay clearly improves the original TEAC assay (the ferryl myoglobin/ABTS assay) for the determination of antioxidant activity in a number of ways. First, the chemistry involves the direct generation of the ABTS radical monocation with no involvement of an intermediary radical. Second, it is a decolorization assay; thus the radical cation is pre-formed prior to addition of antioxidant test systems, rather than the generation of the radical taking place continually in the presence of the antioxidant. Hence the results obtained with the improved system may not always be directly comparable with those obtained using the original TEAC assay. Third, it is applicable to both aqueous and lipophilic systems.