中国有1.0×10⁸ ha盐碱地资源，其中0.33×10⁸ ha有开发利用潜力。修复、利用盐碱地有重要的经济、生态和社会效益。经过10多年的研究，华中农业大学选育出耐盐碱甘蓝型油菜“华油杂62”等品种，在中国滨海盐碱地和内陆盐碱地均能生长良好，可收获青鲜油菜4.5×10⁴~7.5×10⁴ kg/ha，也可翻耕作绿肥。耐盐碱油菜具有“利用”与“改良”盐碱地相结合的特色，是改良利用盐碱地最有优势的大田作物。利用耐盐碱油菜、农牧结合等综合措施，是修复、利用盐碱地经济有效、可持续发展的途径。

【目的】 揭示迟播对油菜光合源（叶、角果壳）演替、源载荷及产量品质的调控机制。【方法】 于2022—2023年在江苏盐城大丰和南京试点各设裂区试验，主因素设6个播期：10月17日（SD1）、10月23日（SD2）、10月29日（SD3）、11月4日（SD4）、11月10日（SD5）和11月16日（SD6），副因素设常规种甘蓝型油菜南农油4号（抗寒性强）和浙油51（抗寒性中等）2个品种，研究不同播期对油菜叶面积指数（LAI）、角果壳面积指数（PAI）动态变化特征和演替特征，以及源载荷和油菜籽产量品质的影响。【结果】 （1）播期越迟，油菜冬前苗龄越小，越冬存活率越低，长江下游油菜最迟安全播期为10月底，冬前苗龄5叶以上。播期推迟至11月，油菜叶龄下降至1.2—3.6叶，平均越冬存活率低于30%。南农油4号11月播种越冬率平均为30.9%，较浙油51高14.5%。（2）最迟安全播期内，随着播期推迟，油菜产量显著下降，单株角果数、千粒重的下降是造成产量下降的最直接因素；对油菜籽脂肪含量和蛋白质含量影响不显著。随着播期的推迟，SD2、SD3较SD1，产量分别下降9.6%、29.0%，单株角果数分别下降6.1%、23.9%，千粒重分别下降4.4%、6.5%。南农油4号籽粒脂肪、蛋白质含量平均为42.9%和25.0%，浙油51分别为47.9%和22.7%。（3）油菜最大LAI、PAI随播期推迟显著下降，LAI达峰值前的缓慢增长速率、达峰值后的快速下降速率皆随播期的推迟而下降；PAI快速增长速率随播期呈减缓趋势；播期越迟，LAI、PAI演替点越早（即有效积温少）和越低（即演替点LAI和PAI都比较低）。南农油4号LAI、PAI动态变化特征值、演替特征值普遍优于浙油51。（4）随播期推迟，叶面积下降幅度快于籽粒产量和角果壳面积下降幅度，造成叶源载荷逐渐增加，壳源载荷逐渐下降。叶源不足和籽粒库不足，是迟播减产的主要原因。南农油4号叶和壳载荷均高于浙油51。【结论】 长江下游油菜最迟安全播期内，宜选用叶和角果壳光合源演替点适宜、源载荷较高的耐寒性强、高产高油品种，以减少迟播导致的产量损失。

为探索播期和播量对冬油菜农艺性状和产量的影响，于2022—2023年在石家庄市农林科学研究院鹿泉试验基地进行试验，以白菜型冬油菜‘天油1358’和‘衡油8号’为材料，设置5个播期和4个播量，裂区设计，播期为主区，播量为副区，3次重复，分析2种因素对冬油菜生育期、群体密度形成、农艺性状和产量的影响。结果表明，随着播期推迟，冬油菜成苗密度、分枝高度显著增加，越冬率、株高、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、千粒重、产量显著降低。随着播量增加，冬油菜成苗密度、分枝高度显著增加，株高、单株有效角果数、越冬率显著降低，一次有效分枝、每角粒数、千粒重变化不显著，产量先增后减。同一品种各处理间返青期一致，但随播期推迟现蕾期、初花期、盛花期也相应推迟且较明显，终花期和成熟期推迟但推迟时间减少。‘天油1358’、‘衡油8号’最大产量对应播量为6 kg/hm²、4.5 kg/hm²，对应播期为9月10日。研究发现，石家庄地区适宜播期在9月10—30日，在茬口允许情况下应适期早播，播量控制在4.5~6 kg/hm²。研究总结出合理的栽培技术，旨在为冀中南地区冬油菜生产提供科学依据。

研究不同播期下对北方旱寒区5个白菜型冬油菜品种的越冬率、生长发育、根冠比及产量构成因素的变化，分析了播期对白菜型冬油菜生长发育和产量的影响。结果表明，随着播期的推迟，白菜型冬油菜越冬率下降，播期与越冬率呈显著负相关；播期推迟7d，品种的出苗所需天数增加，出苗期推迟，全生育期缩短4～7d，干物质积累、根冠比下降，株高、主花序长、单株角果数、千粒重、产量以及含油率均随着播期的推迟相应降低；试验表明适期早播对促进白菜型冬油菜的生长发育，提高越冬率，增加产量有重要作用。

Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass is widely used for the production of charcoal, pyroligneous liquid, and noncondensable gases. All three are value-added products that are exploited in several fields. However, this review focuses on three main areas: wood vinegar production methods, its physicochemical properties, and the use of wood vinegar or pyroligneous acid in agriculture and the environment. Wood vinegar is a liquid derived from wood by the condensation of gases and vapors released during the carbonization process, which is the transformation of wood into charcoal. It is mainly composed of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons and other oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, furans, acids, phenols, and ethers. Wood vinegar has antioxidant and free-radical-scavenging properties and is used in agriculture as an antimicrobial, antifungal, insecticide, and plant germination and growth agent. It is also used in food preservation, in medicine, and in the ecological preservation of wood. This review also examines the state of the art in pyroligneous liquid production techniques and factors that could potentially affect its quality.

The sowing date and density are considered to be the main factors affecting crop yield. The determination of the sowing date and sowing density, however, is fraught with uncertainty due to the influence of climatic conditions, topography, variety and other factors. Therefore, it is necessary to find a comprehensive consideration of these factors to guide the production of winter rapeseed. A reliable crop model could be a crucial tool to investigate the response of rapeseed growth to changes in the sowing date and density. At present, few studies related to rapeseed model simulation have been reported, especially in the comprehensive evaluation of the effects of sowing date and density factors on rapeseed development and production. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the AquaCrop model for winter rapeseed development and yield simulation under various sowing dates and densities, and to optimize the sowing date and density for agricultural high-efficient production in the Jianghuai Plain. Two years of experiments were carried out in the rapeseed growing season in 2020 and 2021. The model parameters were fully calibrated and the simulation performances in different treatments of sowing dates and densities were evaluated. The results indicated that the capability of the AquaCrop model to interpret crop development for different sowing dates was superior to that of sowing densities. For rapeseed canopy development, the RMSE for three sowing dates and densities scenarios were 7–22% and 16–23%, respectively. The simulated biomass and grain yield for different sowing dates treatments (RMSE: 0.8–2.1 t·ha−1, Pe: 0–35.3%) were generally better than those of different densities treatments (RMSE: 0.7–3.9 t·ha−1, Pe: 8.2–90%). Compared with other sowing densities, higher overestimation errors of the biomass and yield were observed for the low-density treatment. Adequate agreement for crop evapotranspiration simulation was achieved, with an R2 of 0.79 and RMSE of 26 mm. Combining the simulation results and field data, the optimal sowing scheme for achieving a steadily high yield in the Jianghuai Plain of east China was determined to be sowing in October and a sowing density of 25.0–37.5 plant·m−2. The study demonstrates the great potential of the AquaCrop model to optimize rapeseed sowing patterns and provides a technical means guidance for the formulation of local winter rapeseed production.

为恰当使用木醋液增产，盆栽和大田种植甘蓝型油菜杂交品种华油杂9号，调查木醋液不同叶面喷施次数、不同施用间隔时间以及不同播期条件下，木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响。盆栽结果表明，连续和间隔喷施2~4次的木醋液显著提高油菜的总干重29.63%~74.07%。同时连续与间隔喷施4次的木醋液可显著提高油菜的叶面积81.58%~85.65%。大田试验结果表明，苗期、蕾薹期、花期分别喷施1次、2次、3次处理的油菜，最终籽粒产量分别显著提高3.30%、9.52%、11.38%，蛋白含量分别降低2.62%、4.02%、4.68%。3个不同播期喷施木醋液处理的大田产量较对照分别显著提高20.13%、23.25%、13.97%，单株有效角果数分别提高47.29%、61.87%、72.90%。综合分析表明，在油菜生长期间喷施木醋液2~4次，每次间隔5 d以上的促进效果更好。不同播期条件下，木醋液对油菜生长与产量的影响以适期（即10月9日）播种效应更显著。

Wood vinegar is formed by the condensation of smoke produced during the production of biochar. It mainly contains acetic acid, butyric acid, catechol, and phenol. Wood vinegar has a compound effect of promoting crop growth similar to plant growth regulators and is environmentally friendly. Moreover, it can enhance the biological and abiotic resistance of crops. In this study, foliar spraying was carried out systematically in the field with the hybrid variety of Huayouza 9 for two years to study the effects of wood vinegar and its compounds on the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). We applied four treatments with tap water as a control (CK), namely wood vinegar diluted 400-fold (M), M mixed with gibberellin (T1), M mixed with sodium D-gluconate (T2), and M mixed with melatonin (T3). They were sprayed in the seedling stage and overwintering stage, respectively. The results showed that the seed yield, the leaf area index, and the number of pods per plant of rapeseed treated with M increased by an average of 9.58%, 23.45%, and 23.80% in two years as compared to the CK, respectively. Compared with M, the seed yield of rapeseed treated with T1, T2, and T3 increased by an average of 7.88%, 6.90%, and 1.32% in two years, respectively. The treatments also improved the quality of rapeseed. In particular, the glucosinolate content of rapeseed treated with T2 and T3 decreased by an average of 12.83% and 6.72% in two years compared to the CK, respectively. The four treatments selected in the current study improved the resistance of rapeseed at the low temperature of 2–6 °C by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and proline and soluble protein contents, as compared to the CK. Besides, all treatments containing M reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in rapeseed. More specifically, the T3 treatment significantly decreased the infection rate of these two diseases mentioned above by an average of 17.33% and 12.14% in two years compared to the CK, respectively. Therefore, the study and application of wood vinegar due to its compound effects on crop growth and yield is of great importance to sustainable agriculture, crop ecology, and environmental protection.