In recent years, neonicotinoid insecticides have been the fastest growing class of insecticides in modern crop protection, with widespread use against a broad spectrum of sucking and certain chewing pests. As potent agonists, they act selectively on insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), their molecular target site. The discovery of neonicotinoids can be considered as a milestone in insecticide research and greatly facilitates the understanding of functional properties of the insect nAChRs. In this context, the crystal structure of the acetylcholine-binding proteins provides the theoretical foundation for designing homology models of the corresponding receptor ligand binding domains within the nAChRs, a useful basis for virtual screening of chemical libraries and rational design of novel insecticides acting on these practically relevant channels. Because of the relatively low risk for nontarget organisms and the environment, the high target specificity of neonicotinoid insecticides, and their versatility in application methods, this important class has to be maintained globally for integrated pest management strategies and insect resistance management programs. Innovative concepts for life-cycle management, jointly with the introduction of generic products, have made neonicotinoids the most important chemical class for the insecticide market.

A number of species within the Culicidae family are responsible for the transmission of pathogens to animals and humans. The study of these species and the fight against these natural enemies represent a significant area of concern for scientists in the present era. An inventory of Culicidae in the M'chouneche region (34° 56' 59.99" N, 6° 00' 0.00" E) (Biskra, southeastern Algeria) was conducted in various breeding sites between November 2022 and May 2023. Four species of Culicidae were identified: Culiseta longiareolata, Culex pipiens, Culex theileri, and Anopheles multicolor. To assess the efficacy of three insect growth regulators (Lufenuron, Teflubenzuron, and Spirotetramat) on the fourth larval stage of Cs. longiareolata, control tests were conducted under experimental conditions. Lufenuron demonstrated a markedly higher toxic effect, with a mortality rate of 57% (ranging from 0 to 100%), compared to Spirotetramat, which exhibited an average mortality rate of 37.71% (ranging from 0 to 80%), and Teflubenzuron, which showed an average mortality rate of 12.08% (ranging from 0 to 45%). The mortality rates demonstrated an increase from one concentration to the next over time. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the two factors (time and concentration) and the mortality rates was found to be low at 30%. Individuals that were treated after reaching the adult stage exhibited a notable delay in their development. For concentrations of 20 mg/L and 40 mg/L, the delay duration was approximately two days ± 12 hours. In contrast, the third concentration (80 mg/l) resulted in a development delay of approximately three days±15 hours.

Agrochemical research over the last two decades has resulted in the discovery of chemically novel insecticides that mimic the action of the two insect growth and developmental hormones, the steroidal 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the sesquiterpenoid juvenile hormone (JH). Bisacylhydrazines are non-steroidal agonists of 20E and exhibit their insecticidal activity via interaction with the ecdysteroid receptor proteins. Interestingly, two of the bisacylhydrazine (tebufenozide and RH-2485) insecticides are very selectively toxic to lepidopteran pests. These insecticides are safe to beneficial insects and have a benign ecotoxicological profile. Aromatic non-terpenoidal insecticides (fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen) mimic the action of JHs. However, like the JHs, their exact mode of action is not well understood. These insecticides are toxic to a broad spectrum of insects during their embryonic, last larval, or reproductive stages. The insecticidal, ecotoxicological properties and the mode of action of the two groups of insecticides are reviewed in this article.

Kaplan-Meier estimate is one of the best options to be used to measure the fraction of subjects living for a certain amount of time after treatment. In clinical trials or community trials, the effect of an intervention is assessed by measuring the number of subjects survived or saved after that intervention over a period of time. The time starting from a defined point to the occurrence of a given event, for example death is called as survival time and the analysis of group data as survival analysis. This can be affected by subjects under study that are uncooperative and refused to be remained in the study or when some of the subjects may not experience the event or death before the end of the study, although they would have experienced or died if observation continued, or we lose touch with them midway in the study. We label these situations as censored observations. The Kaplan-Meier estimate is the simplest way of computing the survival over time in spite of all these difficulties associated with subjects or situations. The survival curve can be created assuming various situations. It involves computing of probabilities of occurrence of event at a certain point of time and multiplying these successive probabilities by any earlier computed probabilities to get the final estimate. This can be calculated for two groups of subjects and also their statistical difference in the survivals. This can be used in Ayurveda research when they are comparing two drugs and looking for survival of subjects.

目的:测定抑太保、卡死克、盖虫散、噻嗪酮、杀虫隆、RH-5992及抑食肼对德国小蠊和黑胸大蠊的生物活性。方法:采用药膜法和药饵法。结果:抗几丁质合成抑制剂类及蜕皮激素类化合物并非单一的胃毒剂,有的触杀毒力反高于胃毒毒力;盖虫散、RH-5992及抑食肼对黑胸大蠊具较高的生物活性;所用药剂除抑太保、卡死克外其他对德国小蠊均不敏感。结论:盖虫散、RH-5992、抑太保可用于防制黑胸大蠊,系统地筛选防制德国小蠊的IGRs药物很有必要。