Magnaporthe oryzae, one of the most notorious plant pathogens in the agronomic ecosystem, causes a destructive rice blast disease around the world. The blast fungus infects wide arrays of cultivated and non-cultivated plants within the Poaceae. Studies have shown that host speciation exerts selection pressure that drives the evolution and divergence of the M. oryzae population. Population genetic relationship deducted by genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms showed that M. oryzae differentiation is highly consistent with the host speciation process. In particular, the rice-infecting population of M. oryzae is distinct from populations from other hosts. However, how genome regions prone to host-mediated selection pressures associated with speciation in M. oryzae, especially at a large-scale population level, has not been extensively characterized. Here, we detected strong evidence of sweep selection throughout the genomes of rice and non-rice pathotypes of M. oryzae population using integrated haplotype score (iHS), cross population extended haplotype homozygosity (XPEHH), and cross population composite likelihood ratio (XPCLR) tests. Functional annotation analyses of the genes associated with host-mediated selection pressure showed that 14 pathogenicity-related genes are under positive selection pressure. Additionally, we showed that 17 candidate effector proteins are under positive and divergent selection among the blast fungus population through sweep selection analysis. Specifically, we find that a divergent selective gene, MGG_13871, is experiencing host-directed mutation in two amino acid residues in rice and non-rice infecting populations. These results provide a crucial insight into the impact of selective sweeping on the differentiation of M. oryzae populations and the dynamic influences of genomic regions in promoting host adaptation and speciation among M. oryzae species.

农业生物灾害是一类重要的自然灾害,它是指有害生物（包括病毒、细菌、菌物、有害植物、有害动物等）种群数量大暴发对农业生产、农业生态环境以及人类经济活动造成严重威胁或重大危害,主要包括农作物病、虫、草、鼠害等。四川丘区农作物生物灾害种类多、发生范围广、危害程度重,严重影响农产品产量和品质。通过结合四川丘区旱作农业的发展现状,本研究开展了生物灾害的灾害种类、为害情况、为害趋势、为害加重原因等几方面的大量资料分析研究。文章总结了丘区旱作生物灾害发生的种类和其为害情况,提出防治策略“植物检疫为前提,农业措施防治为基础,物理措施为支撑,生物措施为重点,化学防治为保障”。掌握丘区生物灾害的发生种类及为害规律,有利于对其采取针对性的防治方法,并为减少在丘区农业生产过程中的损失提供了研究方向。

稻瘟病是制约水稻安全生产的主要病害之一,稻瘟病抗性基因的发掘与利用一直是理论研究和育种应用的热点。从1999年克隆Pib开始,已经从17个位点克隆了50多个小种特异性抗稻瘟病基因,不均匀地分布在水稻染色体上。绝大多数抗稻瘟病基因编码NLR(nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat)结构域蛋白,单独或成对介导抗性。在抗稻瘟病基因位点中,存在丰富的等位性变异,这些变异常常发生在识别效应因子的关键结构域中,从而识别同源或序列无相似性的效应因子,使变异的基因具备新的小种特异性抗性。本文综述了水稻小种特异性抗稻瘟病基因的研究进展,讨论了等位性变异在抗稻瘟病基因的应用中的潜力。

Nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors perceive pathogen effectors and trigger plant immunity. However, the mechanisms underlying NLR-triggered defense responses remain obscure. The recently discovered Pigm locus in rice encodes a cluster of NLRs, including PigmR, which confers broad-spectrum resistance to blast fungus. Here, we identify PIBP1 (PigmR-INTERACTING and BLAST RESISTANCE PROTEIN 1), an RRM (RNA-recognition motif) protein that specifically interacts with PigmR and other similar NLRs to trigger blast resistance. PigmR-promoted nuclear accumulation of PIBP1 ensures full blast resistance. We find that PIBP1 and a homolog, Os06 g02240, bind DNA and function as unconventional transcription factors at the promoters of the defense genes OsWAK14 and OsPAL1, activating their expression. Knockout of PIBP1 and Os06 g02240 greatly attenuated blast resistance. Collectively, our study discovers previously unappreciated RRM transcription factors that directly interact with NLRs to activate plant defense, establishing a direct link between transcriptional activation of immune responses with NLR-mediated pathogen perception.Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Rice blast is one of the most destructive diseases affecting rice production worldwide. The development and rational use of resistant varieties has been the most effective and economical measure to control blast. In this review, we summarized the cloning and utilization of rice blast resistance genes, such as Pi1, Pi2, Pi9, Pi54, Pigm and Piz-t. We concluded that three main problems in the current breeding of rice blast resistance are: availability of few R (resistance) genes that confer resistance to both seedling and panicle blast, the resistance effect of pyramided lines is not the result of a simple accumulation of resistance spectrum, and only a few R genes have been successfully used for molecular breeding. Therefore, novel utilization strategies for rice blast R genes in molecular breeding were proposed, such as accurately understanding the utilization of R genes in main modern rice varieties, creating a core resistant germplasm with excellent comprehensive traits, screening and utilizing broad- spectrum and durable resistance gene combinations. Lastly, the trends and possible development direction of blast resistance improvement were also discussed, including new genes regulating resistance identified via GWAS (genome-wide association study) and improving rice blast resistance using genetic editing.

【目的】 稻瘟病严重威胁吉林省水稻的安全生产，选育和利用抗瘟品种是防控稻瘟病最经济、安全的措施。在明晰稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）生理小种类型、分布与致病力的基础上，进行吉林省主要粳稻品种的抗瘟性评价和品种组合利用价值分析，为品种合理布局和高效利用抗病品种提供理论依据。【方法】2021年秋季在吉林省主要稻区采集分离的115份稻瘟病菌菌株中筛选出62个优势单孢菌株，利用7个中国稻瘟病菌生理小种鉴别寄主品种（Chinese differential variety，CDV）对其进行稻瘟病菌生理小种构成和致病力分析；对吉林省主要粳稻品种进行苗期单菌株和田间异地自然诱发抗瘟性鉴定评价；苗期与田间鉴定结果相结合，运用联合抗病性系数（resistance association coefficient，RAC）和联合毒力系数（virulence association coefficient，VAC）分析品种组合的抗病效果。【结果】通过CDV抗性表型可将62个稻瘟病菌菌株划分为7群22个生理小种，优势种群为ZG和ZA，出现频率分别为35.48%和32.26%；优势生理小种依次是ZG1、ZA1和ZA17，出现频率为35.48%、9.68%和8.06%；致病率在40%以上的中等致病力小种为ZA49、ZA1、ZB15、ZB23和ZC15。吉林省主要粳稻品种的苗期单菌株接种鉴定结果表明，抗性频率在80%以上的品种占比为48.89%；田间异地自然诱发抗瘟性鉴定评价结果表明，表现为中抗（MR）以上的品种有14个，占鉴定品种总数的15.56%；中感（MS）品种27个，占比为30%；感病（S）品种35个，占比为38.88%；高感（HS）品种14个，占比为15.56%。通过品种组合联合抗性分析，RAC值高且VAC值低的品种组合具有较好的应用前景。【结论】吉林省62个稻瘟病菌的生理小种结构复杂、多样，不同稻区优势生理小种不同。吉林省主要粳稻品种的抗性较好、抗谱较宽，部分品种间组合具有较高的应用价值。

小麦条锈病是由条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)引起的典型气传病害,严重威胁着小麦安全生产。明确条锈病的菌源中心与传播路径对病害防控策略的制定具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了近70年来,我国4代锈病工作者通过田间调查、群体遗传学分析和气流轨迹模拟等方法,在小麦条锈病菌源中心及传播路径方面取得的进展,提出了“以田间调查为基础,群体遗传学分析为核心,气流轨迹模拟为验证”的综合研究方法体系,指出尚需进一步验证的路径,探讨未来融合前沿技术实现传播路径修正与细化的可能性,提出由定性研究向定量研究的发展设想,为实现条锈病可持续防控策略的制定奠定基础。

【目的】了解中国小麦条锈病西北重要越夏菌源区甘肃陇东和陇南近20年育成小麦品种（系）中抗条锈病基因的利用情况，为陇南小麦条锈病遗传多样性控制，持久抗病品种的培育和可持续绿色健康生态农业奠定基础。【方法】于2019—2020年和2020—2021年种植季对117份冬小麦品种（系）甘肃清水县和四川郫都区进行成株期抗条锈病鉴定，2021年分别用条锈菌CYR33和CYR34对117份品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病鉴定，并利用分子标记对15个抗条锈病基因进行检测。【结果】田间成株期对条锈菌主要流行致病性混合小种抗病的品种（系）占29.1%，其中，25.6%为陇南区域品种（系），3.4%为陇东区域品种（系），另有25.6%陇南区域感病品种（系）表现慢病性（严重度<20%）。有70.1%品种（系）苗期对CYR33表现抗病，其中，57.3%为陇南区域品种（系），12.8%为陇东区域品种（系）；仅6.0%品种（系）苗期对CYR34具有抗病性，为陇南区域的兰天131等7个品种（系）。苗期和成株期抗病品种（系）以2010年后育成的兰天、中梁、天选、兰航选系列品种为主。分子标记检测结合系谱分析，发现抗条锈病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr17、Yr18、Yr26、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr41、Yr46、YrZH22和YrZH84在所有检测品种（系）中的频率分别为49.6%、1.7%、12.8%、7.7%、12.8%、20.5%、10.3%、34.2%、2.6%、16.2%、15.4%和27.4%，且多以基因聚合体形式存在于品种（系）中，62.4%品种（系）中聚合了2—5个抗条锈病基因，YrZH84、YrZH22和Yr17中的一个或多个基因与其他抗条锈病基因聚合后，品种（系）的条锈病抗性明显高于其他基因组合。此外，在陇南菌源区，以种植小麦为主的山旱地区域（条锈菌越夏区）所推广的品种（系）中，含有Yr10、Yr17、Yr18、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr41和Yr46的频率较高，越冬区（川水地）推广品种（系）中主要有Yr26、Yr30、YrZH22和YrZH84，越夏区和越冬区品种（系）的抗性遗传背景差异明显，且越夏区品种（系）含有的抗病基因类型多样性高于越冬区。【结论】在越夏菌源区甘肃陇南、陇东的品种（系）中，抗条锈病基因分布频率、抗病基因类型及数量均有明显提高，避免了品种抗病遗传背景单一化问题，实现了品种（系）中的抗病基因较为复杂多样，部分品种的抗病性保持时间长，表明陇南地区利用小麦品种遗传多样性控制条锈病策略的实施已初显成效。

Crop breeding aims to balance disease resistance with yield; however, single resistance (R) genes can lead to resistance breakdown, and R gene pyramiding may affect growth fitness. Here we report that the rice locus contains a cluster of genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) receptors that confer durable resistance to the fungus without yield penalty. Among these NLR receptors, PigmR confers broad-spectrum resistance, whereas PigmS competitively attenuates PigmR homodimerization to suppress resistance. expression, and thus -mediated resistance, are subjected to tight epigenetic regulation. increases seed production to counteract the yield cost induced by Therefore, our study reveals a mechanism balancing high disease resistance and yield through epigenetic regulation of paired antagonistic NLR receptors, providing a tool to develop elite crop varieties.Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Rice feeds half the world's population, and rice blast is often a destructive disease that results in significant crop loss. Non-race-specific resistance has been more effective in controlling crop diseases than race-specific resistance because of its broad spectrum and durability. Through a genome-wide association study, we report the identification of a natural allele of a CH-type transcription factor in rice that confers non-race-specific resistance to blast. A survey of 3,000 sequenced rice genomes reveals that this allele exists in 10% of rice, suggesting that this favorable trait has been selected through breeding. This allele causes a single nucleotide change in the promoter of the bsr-d1 gene, which results in reduced expression of the gene through the binding of the repressive MYB transcription factor and, consequently, an inhibition of HO degradation and enhanced disease resistance. Our discovery highlights this novel allele as a strategy for breeding durable resistance in rice.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

【目的】稻瘟病和纹枯病是水稻两大重要病害，严重影响稻米的产量和品质。培育抗病品种是降低其危害最经济有效的措施。【方法】本研究结合分子标记辅助选择技术，将广谱抗稻瘟病基因Pigm和抗纹枯病数量性状基因qSB-9^TQ、qSB-11^HJX导入优良食味粳稻品种南粳9108中，构建不同抗性基因/基因组合的株系，并评价这些株系的稻瘟病和纹枯病抗性，考查其主要农艺性状和品质性状。【结果】导入Pigm能显著提高南粳9108对苗瘟和穗颈瘟的抗性；分别导入qSB-9^TQ、qSB-11^HJX均能提高南粳9108的纹枯病抗性，且两个抗性基因聚合时呈现一定的抗性累加效应。其中，导入Pigm的株系穗长和每穗粒数显著增加，导入qSB-11^HJX的株系千粒重显著增加，其他农艺及品质性状与南粳9108无明显差异。【结论】这些抗性基因导入/聚合能在不降低农艺及品质性状的同时，显著提高纹枯病和稻瘟病的抗性水平，为粳稻抗病育种提供新的种质资源。

With the development of information technology, Internet-of-Things (IoT) and low-altitude remote-sensing technology represented by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in environmental monitoring fields. In agricultural modernization, IoT and UAV can monitor the incidence of crop diseases and pests from the ground micro and air macro perspectives, respectively. IoT technology can collect real-time weather parameters of the crop growth by means of numerous inexpensive sensor nodes. While depending on spectral camera technology, UAVs can capture the images of farmland, and these images can be utilize for analyzing the occurrence of pests and diseases of crops. In this work, we attempt to design an agriculture framework for providing profound insights into the specific relationship between the occurrence of pests/diseases and weather parameters. Firstly, considering that most farms are usually located in remote areas and far away from infrastructure, making it hard to deploy agricultural IoT devices due to limited energy supplement, a sun tracker device is designed to adjust the angle automatically between the solar panel and the sunlight for improving the energy-harvesting rate. Secondly, for resolving the problem of short flight time of UAV, a flight mode is introduced to ensure the maximum utilization of wind force and prolong the fight time. Thirdly, the images captured by UAV are transmitted to the cloud data center for analyzing the degree of damage of pests and diseases based on spectrum analysis technology. Finally, the agriculture framework is deployed in the Yangtze River Zone of China and the results demonstrate that wheat is susceptible to disease when the temperature is between 14 °C and 16 °C, and high rainfall decreases the spread of wheat powdery mildew.

Rice is an important food crop in China, and diseases and pests are the main factors threatening its safety, ecology, and efficient production. The development of remote sensing technology provides an important means for non-destructive and rapid monitoring of diseases and pests that threaten rice crops. This paper aims to provide insights into current and future trends in remote sensing for rice crop monitoring. First, we expound the mechanism of remote sensing monitoring of rice diseases and pests and introduce the applications of different commonly data sources (hyperspectral data, multispectral data, thermal infrared data, fluorescence, and multi-source data fusion) in remote sensing monitoring of rice diseases and pests. Secondly, we summarize current methods for monitoring rice diseases and pests, including statistical discriminant type, machine learning, and deep learning algorithm. Finally, we provide a general framework to facilitate the monitoring of rice diseases or pests, which provides ideas and technical guidance for remote sensing monitoring of unknown diseases and pests, and we point out the challenges and future development directions of rice disease and pest remote sensing monitoring. This work provides new ideas and references for the subsequent monitoring of rice diseases and pests using remote sensing.

为明确引起四川彭州莴笋病毒病的病毒种类,通过生物接种和电子显微镜方法,结合小RNA测序技术和反转录PCR对采集病样进行鉴定和分析。摩擦接种试验表明回接莴笋的发病症状与田间相似,矮牵牛叶片出现局部枯斑;利用电镜可观察到叶肉细胞中有大量病毒粒体聚集于内质网池,其形态特征与正番茄斑萎病毒属（Orthotospovirus）病毒相似;通过小RNA测序技术获得了番茄斑萎病毒（tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus,TSWV）接近全长的序列,表明侵染该批次莴笋样品的病原物可能是TSWV。利用RT-PCR方法确定田间和回接莴笋及枯斑寄主中均存在TSWV,进一步证明四川彭州莴笋病毒病是由TSWV侵染引起的,这是四川首次发现TSWV为害莴笋。对拼接序列和N基因序列分别构建系统发育树可知,彭州分离物TSWV-SCPZ分别与韩国分离物（YY和K）和美国分离物（MR-01）亲缘关系最近。

旨在对四川盆地主栽油菜品种抗菌核病性进行监测评价,为品种合理应用提供参考依据。于2018、2019连续两年在田间病圃内,对31个油菜市场品种采用人工菌丝块组织接种法接种核盘菌,调查油菜茎秆、分枝角果等组织菌核病发病程度,评价各品种菌核病抗（耐）病性。结果表明：有21个品种抗性稳定,即两年抗病性表现一致。其中‘德虹油1号’高抗（耐）菌核病,‘德名油100’和‘科乐油998’中抗（耐）菌核病;‘科源油2号’、‘宜油17’等10个品种低抗（耐）菌核病。‘油研11’、‘德油5号’等8个品种低感菌核病。‘德油9号’、‘宜油19’等10品种抗（耐）性菌核病性不稳定或丧失。综上,‘德虹油1号’、‘德名油100’和‘科乐油998’3个品种可作为抗病育种亲本或利用品种进行病害防控推广应用。

Viruses cause important yield losses in kiwifruit. Here, we studied the occurrence and population structure of the major kiwifruit viruses in the Sichuan province of China. RT-PCR results showed the presence of Actinidia virus A (AcVA), Actinidia virus B (AcVB), Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (AcCRaV), and the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). AcCRaV was widely distributed, followed by CMV. These two viruses were often detected in co-infection with AcVA and AcVB. The virus detection rate was positively correlated with vine age. Four phylogenetic groups of AcVA and AcVB were identified, with AcVA isolates clustering mainly in subgroup I, and AcVB isolates clustering mainly in subgroups II, III, and IV. All CMV isolates clustered in subgroup II, and AcCRaV isolates clustered in subgroup IA. The genome of AcVA and AcCRaV was under negative selection pressure, while the genome of AcVB and CMV was under positive selection pressure. All the viruses, except AcVB, were in a state of expansion. The full-length genome of the most widely distributed AcCRaV isolate in kiwifruits in the Sichuan province was characterized by sequencing. Unique eight-nucleotide (TTTTTGAT) repeats were found in the 5′-terminal non-coding region of the AcCRaV RNA3 in a possible association with reduced disease symptoms. This is the first study of kiwifruit viruses in Sichuan.

为明确油菜抗菌核病、根肿病育种和抗病品种利用现状，采用人工接种辅以自然病圃诱发方式，连续7年对西南区（云、贵、川、渝）油菜新品种/育种材料和主栽品种进行抗病性评价。结果表明近7年共获得OM109、华油杂706R、南油1958R、川农油2251和川农油2252共5份高抗根肿病新品种。其中，2023年获得3份高抗根肿病新品种和16份育种材料，抗根肿病育种进展最为显著。油菜菌核病抗病新品种选育尚无明显突破，抗病类型主要以低抗菌核病为主，达到43.69%，中高抗菌核病品种抗性不稳定，连续两年鉴定显示无高抗菌核病品种。主栽品种根肿病、菌核病跟踪监测发现，抗病品种应用少，无兼抗根肿病、菌核病品种。本研究结果直观解析了油菜抗病育种成效，将为油菜抗病育种及抗病品种利用、推广提供理论参考。

为明确2011-2012年度云南、四川、青海、陕西、甘肃和河南小麦叶锈菌的毒性特点,用31个近等基因系或已知抗病基因品种为鉴别寄主,对从六省采集的180份小麦叶锈菌标样进行了苗期毒性分析,共鉴定出62个致病类型,主要包括SHJ(10%)、THT(8.9%)、PHK(6.1%)、SHN(5%)、PHT(4.4%)、SHD(4.4%)、PCH(3.9%)、THP(3.3%)和THK(3.3%)。其中对Lr2c、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr14b、Lr33和Lr36的毒性频率均超过75%,说明这些抗病基因的利用价值已经不大;对Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr25、Lr28、Lr29、Lr38和Lr42的毒性频率低于30%,说明其在生产中仍然有效;对Lr2a、Lr3、Lr3bg、Lr20、Lr30和Lr32的毒性频率在六省中差异较大。毒性多态性结果表明云南和四川的小麦叶锈菌群体毒性多态性较高,其次为河南、甘肃和陕西,青海的毒性多态性最低。

我国是水稻生产大国，也是消费大国。新中国成立70多年来，我国的水稻事业取得了显著发展，特别是杂交水稻的发明为我国的粮食安全提供了坚强保障。在当前粮食生产减少农药、化肥施用的&ldquo;双减&rdquo;目标新形式下，培育高产、优质、抗逆和广适应性的水稻新品种势在必行。笔者就高抗稻瘟病恢复系明恢63及几个抗飞虱恢复系的育种实践向大家做介绍。

条锈菌强毒性小种对小麦生产造成巨大威胁, 本研究通过评价295份国内外小麦品种(系)对中国当前条锈菌流行小种与致病类群在苗期和成株期的抗性水平, 分析其可能含有的已知抗条锈基因, 为选育持久抗条锈病新品种及抗病资源的有效利用提供参考。利用条锈菌流行小种CYR32和CYR34对品种(系)进行温室苗期抗性鉴定, 并于2023—2024年在新疆陆港和甘肃清水2个田间环境下, 利用由条锈菌流行小种(CYR32、CYR33、CYR34)、水源致病类群(Su11-4、Su11-5)、贵农22致病类群(G22-14)组成的混合菌进行成株期抗性鉴定。同时利用Yr9、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18、Yr28、Yr29、Yr30、Yr80、Yr81、Yr82、Yr86、YrZH22和YrZH84共13个已知抗条锈病基因紧密连锁的侧翼分子标记或功能标记进行检测。抗性鉴定结果表明, 70份品种(系)苗期对CYR32和CYR34均表现抗病性, Fr03733、矮抗58、济麦22和秦农151四个品种(系)对CYR32和CYR34均表现免疫; 154份品种(系)在2个田间环境中均表现成株期抗性, 43份品种(系)具有环境稳定高抗性; 13份品种(系)苗期对CYR32和CYR34表现抗病, 且成株期高抗CYR32、CYR33、CYR34、Su11-4、Su11-5、G22-14混合菌种。分子检测结果表明, 11份品种(系)聚合4个抗病基因, 39份品种(系)聚合3个抗病基因, 82份品种(系)聚合2个抗病基因, 115份品种(系)含有1个抗病基因, 48份品种(系)未检测到抗性基因, 推测可能携带其他已知或未知条锈病抗性基因。聚合不同Yr基因、抗性稳定的良好抗病性品种(系)可应用到抗病育种研究中。

小麦条锈病是危害我国小麦生产最为严重的病害之一,评价已知抗条锈病基因相对于当前主要流行小种的抗病性对开展预见性抗病育种工作具有重要的指导意义。本研究利用当前流行频率最高的2个小种(CYR32、CYR33)和1个对Yr26基因有毒性的新菌系V26/CM42对已知抗条锈病(Yr)基因的小麦材料分别进行苗期小种抗病性鉴定和成株期病圃抗病性调查,以评估各已知Yr基因在中国抗病育种中的有效性。结果表明,只有3个Yr基因(Yr5、Yr15和Yr61)对当前流行小种和贵22新菌系表现为全生育期抗病性;3个Yr基因(Yr32、YrTr1和YrTye)具有成株期抗病性;此外,Mega、Ibis、Hyak、Maris Huntsman、Hobbit、CarstensV、Express、Lee和Compair等9个含多个Yr基因组合的抗源品种表现出良好的成株期抗条锈性。