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Effects of Different Selenium Application Levels on Antioxidant and Detoxification of Rice
LAIXiaofeng, SUNJingwen, LIYanfang, DAIYangshuo, XIAOHanxiang, YUANLongyu
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (17) : 152-159.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Effects of Different Selenium Application Levels on Antioxidant and Detoxification of Rice
This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying selenium (Se) concentrations on the antioxidant and detoxification responses in rice, and to provide a basis for subsequent research on Se-enriched rice. Using the rice cultivar ‘Meixiangzhan 2’ as the experimental material, a hydroponic experiment was conducted. Four Se concentration treatments (0, 0.01, 0.025, and 0.05 mg/L) were established by adding sodium selenite. Plant height, photosynthetic pigment content, selenium and nutrient (N, P, K) contents were determined, and changes in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, CAT) activities, detoxification enzyme (GST, CarE) activities, and the expression level of rice selenium-binding protein 1 (OsSBP1) were analyzed. The results showed that appropriate Se application promoted rice growth, while excessive Se inhibited growth and caused dwarfing. The plant height was reduced by 21.8%-32.9% when increased Se concentration from 0.01 to 0.05 mg/L. Low Se concentrations had no effect on leaf photosynthetic pigment content, but the content decreased significantly at 0.05 mg/L. With increasing Se concentration, the Se content in rice roots, stems, and leaves continuously increased, reaching 236-, 163-, and 64-fold that of the control at 0.05 mg/L, respectively. However, the absorption and accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in rice were not inhibited. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in roots stems and leaves decreased significantly with increasing Se levels. The lowest MDA values were observed at 0.05 mg/L (roots), 0.025 mg/L (stems), and 0.01 mg/L (leaves), with reductions of 79.5%, 65.7%, and 53.7%, respectively. Within the Se concentration range of 0.01-0.05 mg/L, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and carboxylesterase (CarE) in roots, stems and leaves increased significantly. In contrast, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) in roots and stems initially increased and then decreased. The relative expression of OsSBP1 also showed a similar trend, decreasing to 0.5- and 0.3-fold the control level in stems and leaves at 0.05 mg/L, respectively. In summary, appropriate Se application increased the Se content, reduced MDA content, enhanced the activities of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes, and upregulated OsSBP1 expression in rice, thereby promoting antioxidant capacity and alleviating Se toxicity symptoms. However, excessive Se application inhibited antioxidant activity, exerted toxic effects, reduced photosynthetic pigment content, and suppressed the growth and development of rice. This study provides a theoretical reference for the rational application of Se fertilizer in rice cultivation.
rice / selenium / antioxidant enzymes / detoxification enzymes / sodium selenite / selenium binding protein
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Selenium is an essential trace element in the human body. However, its intake is generally low. Therefore, the production and utilisation of selenium-enriched foods is currently a research hotspot. In this study, the effects of low (0.2 mg·kg−1), medium (1.0 mg·kg−1), and high (5.0 mg·kg−1) concentrations of selenium on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice were investigated to develop selenium-enriched rice. High concentrations of selenium have been found to inhibit the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of rice, while low concentrations of selenium promote its growth. The height of mature rice plants exposed to high concentrations of selenium was reduced by 7.20% compared with the height of control rice. Selenium decreased the proline content of rice during the growth period except in mature rice treated with medium and high concentrations of selenium. Excluding high concentrations, selenium treatment increased the soluble sugar content of rice from the tillering to the mature stages. The peroxidase activity of rice at the heading stage treated with medium levels of selenium was significantly higher than that of the control rice, while the superoxide dismutase activity of rice exposed to selenium was significantly enhanced at the mature stage. The malondialdehyde levels of mature rice treated with medium and high levels of selenium were significantly lower than those of the control rice. The selenium content of each plant part was significantly correlated with the soil selenium level. An increase in the soil selenium level facilitated the production of selenium-enriched rice.
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In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the putative selenium-binding protein (SBP) gene family is composed of three members (SBP1-SBP3). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that SBP1 expression was ubiquitous. SBP2 was expressed at a lower level in flowers and roots, whereas SBP3 transcripts were only detected in young seedling tissues. In cadmium (Cd)-treated seedlings, SBP1 level of expression was rapidly increased in roots. In shoots, SBP1 transcripts accumulated later and for higher Cd doses. SBP2 and SBP3 expression showed delayed or no responsiveness to Cd. In addition, luciferase (LUC) activity recorded on Arabidopsis lines expressing the LUC gene under the control of the SBP1 promoter further showed dynamic regulation of SBP1 expression during development and in response to Cd stress. Western-blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies raised against SBP1 showed that SBP1 protein accumulated in Cd-exposed tissues in correlation with SBP1 transcript amount. The sbp1 null mutant displayed no visible phenotype under normal and stress conditions that was explained by the up-regulation of SBP2 expression. SBP1 overexpression enhanced Cd accumulation in roots and reduced sensitivity to Cd in wild type and, more significantly, in Cd-hypersensitive cad mutants that lack phytochelatins. Similarly, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SBP1 expression led to increased Cd tolerance of the Cd-hypersensitive ycf1 mutant. In vitro experiments showed that SBP1 has the ability to bind Cd. These data highlight the importance of maintaining the adequate SBP protein level under healthy and stress conditions and suggest that, during Cd stress, SBP1 accumulation efficiently helps to detoxify Cd potentially through direct binding.
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The function of selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1), present in almost all organisms, has not yet been established. In mammals, SBP1 is known to bind the essential element selenium but the binding site has not been identified. In addition, the SBP family has numerous potential metal-binding sites that may play a role in detoxification pathways in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, AtSBP1 over-expression increases tolerance to two toxic compounds for plants, selenium and cadmium, often found as soil pollutants. For a better understanding of AtSBP1 function in detoxification mechanisms, we investigated the chelating properties of the protein toward different ligands with a focus on selenium using biochemical and biophysical techniques. Thermal shift assays together with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that AtSBP1 binds selenium after incubation with selenite (SeO3(2-)) with a ligand to protein molar ratio of 1:1. Isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the 1:1 stoichiometry and revealed an unexpectedly large value of binding enthalpy suggesting a covalent bond between selenium and AtSBP1. Titration of reduced Cys residues and comparative mass spectrometry on AtSBP1 and the purified selenium-AtSBP1 complex identified Cys(21) and Cys(22) as being responsible for the binding of one selenium. These results were validated by site-directed mutagenesis. Selenium K-edge x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy performed on the selenium-AtSBP1 complex demonstrated that AtSBP1 reduced SeO3(2-) to form a R-S-Se(II)-S-R-type complex. The capacity of AtSBP1 to bind different metals and selenium is discussed with respect to the potential function of AtSBP1 in detoxification mechanisms and selenium metabolism.© 2014 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
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