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Research Progress on Role of Glycine-rich Proteins in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress
HUANGJinli, HUOJiaohan, QIURongwei, LINFang, LUCaiyun, XUWeifeng, LIUJianping
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2) : 57-64.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Research Progress on Role of Glycine-rich Proteins in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress
Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) are a family of proteins containing a high proportion of Glycine (20%-70%), which are widely present in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and are important regulatory factors for plants to respond to abiotic stresses (high salt, drought, high and low temperatures, etc.). They regulates plant growth, development and stress resistance response through RNA binding, protein interaction and other means. This article reviews the structural characteristics, classification system, biological functions and the mechanism of action under abiotic stress of plant GRPs. The results show that, structurally, all contain GR domains, and different subcategories also contain specific domains such as RNA recognition motif (RRM), cold shock domain (CSD), and CCHC zinc finger. It can be classified into five categories. Among them, category IV (GR-RBPs) contains RNA binding functions and is the most abundant in plants. Functionally, GRPs have obvious tissue specificity and can participate in plant growth and development by promoting cell elongation and regulating stomatal opening and closing. The role of GRPs in the response to abiotic stress is emphasized: under low-temperature stress, AtGRP2 of Arabidopsis thaliana, a GRPs of the Ⅳc subfamily, enhances the plant's frost resistance through RNA chaperone activity. Under high-temperature stress, the expression of OsGRP3/OsGRP162 in rice and BcGRP1 in non-head-forming Chinese cabbage is induced by heat, maintaining the heat tolerance of plants. In salt stress and osmotic stress, the Limonium bicolor LbGRP1 enhances salt tolerance by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Under drought stress, Arabidopsis AtGRP2/AtGRP7 and rice OsGRP3 enhance drought resistance by regulating stomatal movement, ROS metabolism and lignin synthesis. Finally, the future research directions are discussed, and it is proposed that multi-mics and genetic techniques should be combined to analyze the upstream regulatory network of GRPs and the collaborative response mechanism under multiple stresses, providing a theoretical basis for breeding stress-resistant crop varieties.
plant / glycine-rich proteins / abiotic stress / growth and development / stress resistance
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Drought tolerance (DT) and drought avoidance (DA) are two major mechanisms in drought resistance of higher plants. In this study, the genetic bases of DT and DA at reproductive stage in rice were analyzed using a recombinant inbred line population from a cross between an indica lowland and a tropical japonica upland cultivar. The plants were grown individually in PVC pipes and two cycles of drought stress were applied to individual plants with unstressed plants as the control. A total of 21 traits measuring fitness, yield, and the root system were investigated. Little correlation of relative yield traits with potential yield, plant size, and root traits was detected, suggesting that DT and DA were well separated in the experiment. A genetic linkage map consisting of 245 SSR markers was constructed for mapping QTL for these traits. A total of 27 QTL were resolved for 7 traits of relative performance of fitness and yield, 36 QTL for 5 root traits under control, and 38 for 7 root traits under drought stress conditions, suggesting the complexity of the genetic bases of both DT and DA. Only a small portion of QTL for fitness- and yield-related traits overlapped with QTL for root traits, indicating that DT and DA had distinct genetic bases.
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<p>The RNA-binding glycine-rich protein (RB-GRP) family is characterized by the presence of a glycine-rich domain arranged in (Gly)n-X repeats and an RNA-recognition motif (RRM). <em>RB-GRPs</em> participate in varied physiological and biochemical processes especially in the stress response of plants. In this study, a total of 23 <em>RB-GRPs</em> distributed on 10 chromosomes were identified in maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.), and they were divided into four subgroups according to their conserved domain architecture. Five pairs of paralogs were identified, while none of them was located on the same chromosomal region, suggesting that segmental duplication is predominant in the duplication events of the <em>RB-GRPs</em> in maize. Comparative analysis of <em>RB-GRPs</em> in maize, <em>Arabidopsis</em> (<em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> L.), rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.), and wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em>) revealed that two exclusive subgroups were only identified in maize. Expression of eight <em>ZmRB-GRPs</em> was significantly regulated by at least two kinds of stresses. In addition, <em>cis</em>-elements predicted in the promoter regions of the <em>ZmRB-GRPs</em> also indicated that these <em>ZmRB-GRPs</em> would be involved in stress response of maize. The preliminary genome-wide analysis of the <em>RB</em>-<em>GRPs</em> in maize would provide useful information for further study on the function of the <em>ZmRB-GRPs</em>.</p><p> </p><p>Zhang J, Zhao Y, Xiao H, Zheng Y, Yue B (2014) Genome‐wide identification, evolution, and expression analysis of RNA‐binding glycine‐rich protein family in maize. <strong>J Integr Plant Biol</strong> 56: 1020–1031. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12210</p>
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RNA-binding glycine-rich (RBG) proteins play diverse roles in plant growth, development, protection and genome organization. An overly broad definition for class IV glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), namely RNA-binding activity and a glycine-rich C-terminus, has resulted in many distantly related and/or non-related proteins being grouped into this class of RBGs. This definition has hampered the study of RBG evolution. In this study, we used a comparative genomic approach consisting of ortholog, homolog, synteny and phylogenetic analyses to legitimately exclude all distantly/non-related proteins from class IV GRPs and to identify 15, 22, 12 and 18 RBG proteins in Arabidopsis, Chinese cabbage, rice and maize genomes, respectively. All identified RBGs could be divided into three subclasses, namely RBGA, RBGB and RBGD, which may be derived from a common ancestor. We assigned RBGs excluded from class IV GRPs to a separate RBG superfamily. RBGs have evolved and diversified in different species via different mechanisms; segmental duplication and recombination have had major effects, with tandem duplication, intron addition/deletion and domain recombination/deletion playing minor roles. Loss and retention of duplicated RBGs after polyploidization has been species and subclass specific. For example, following recent whole-genome duplication and triplication in maize and Chinese cabbage, respectively, most duplicated copies of RBGA have been lost in maize while RBGD duplicates have been retained; in Chinese cabbage, in contrast, RBGA duplicates have been retained while RBGD duplicates have been lost. Our findings reveal fundamental information and shed new light on the structural characteristics and evolutionary dynamics of RBGs.
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The timing of floral initiation is a tightly controlled process in plants. The circadian clock regulated glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (RBP) AtGRP7, a known regulator of splicing, was previously shown to regulate flowering time mainly by affecting the MADS-box repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Loss of AtGRP7 leads to elevated FLC expression and late flowering in the atgrp7-1 mutant. Here, we analyze genetic interactions of AtGRP7 with key regulators of the autonomous and the thermosensory pathway of floral induction. RNA interference- mediated reduction of the level of the paralogous AtGRP8 in atgrp7-1 further delays floral transition compared of with atgrp7-1. AtGRP7 acts in parallel to FCA, FPA and FLK in the branch of the autonomous pathway (AP) comprised of RBPs. It acts in the same branch as FLOWERING LOCUS D, and AtGRP7 loss-of-function mutants show elevated levels of dimethylated lysine 4 of histone H3, a mark for active transcription. In addition to its role in the AP, AtGRP7 acts in the thermosensory pathway of flowering time control by regulating alternative splicing of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM). Overexpression of AtGRP7 selectively favors the formation of the repressive isoform FLM-β. Our results suggest that the RBPs AtGRP7 and AtGRP8 influence MADS-Box transcription factors in at least two different pathways of flowering time control. This highlights the importance of RBPs to fine-tune the integration of varying cues into flowering time control and further strengthens the view that the different pathways, although genetically separable, constitute a tightly interwoven network to ensure plant reproductive success under changing environmental conditions.
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Personalized interventions are deemed vital given the intricate characteristics, advancement, inherent genetic composition, and diversity of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The appropriate utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methodologies can yield novel understandings of CVDs, enabling improved personalized treatments through predictive analysis and deep phenotyping. In this study, we proposed and employed a novel approach combining traditional statistics and a nexus of cutting-edge AI/ML techniques to identify significant biomarkers for our predictive engine by analyzing the complete transcriptome of CVD patients. After robust gene expression data pre-processing, we utilized three statistical tests (Pearson correlation, Chi-square test, and ANOVA) to assess the differences in transcriptomic expression and clinical characteristics between healthy individuals and CVD patients. Next, the recursive feature elimination classifier assigned rankings to transcriptomic features based on their relation to the case–control variable. The top ten percent of commonly observed significant biomarkers were evaluated using four unique ML classifiers (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Xtreme Gradient Boosting Decision Trees, and k-Nearest Neighbors). After optimizing hyperparameters, the ensembled models, which were implemented using a soft voting classifier, accurately differentiated between patients and healthy individuals. We have uncovered 18 transcriptomic biomarkers that are highly significant in the CVD population that were used to predict disease with up to 96% accuracy. Additionally, we cross-validated our results with clinical records collected from patients in our cohort. The identified biomarkers served as potential indicators for early detection of CVDs. With its successful implementation, our newly developed predictive engine provides a valuable framework for identifying patients with CVDs based on their biomarker profiles.
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Zinc-finger proteins, a superfamily of proteins with a typical structural domain that coordinates a zinc ion and binds nucleic acids, participate in the regulation of growth, development, and stress adaptation in plants. Most zinc fingers are C2H2-type or CCCC-type, named after the configuration of cysteine (C) and histidine (H); the less-common CCCH zinc-finger proteins are important in the regulation of plant stress responses. In this review, we introduce the domain structures, classification, and subcellular localization of CCCH zinc-finger proteins in plants and discuss their functions in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation via interactions with DNA, RNA, and other proteins. We describe the functions of CCCH zinc-finger proteins in plant development and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salt, drought, flooding, cold temperatures and oxidative stress. Finally, we summarize the signal transduction pathways and regulatory networks of CCCH zinc-finger proteins in their responses to abiotic stress. CCCH zinc-finger proteins regulate the adaptation of plants to abiotic stress in various ways, but the specific molecular mechanisms need to be further explored, along with other mechanisms such as cytoplasm-to-nucleus shuttling and post-transcriptional regulation. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms by which CCCH zinc-finger proteins improve stress tolerance will facilitate the breeding and genetic engineering of crops with improved traits.
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Nonhost resistance is defined as the immunity of a plant species to all nonadapted pathogen species. Arabidopsis () ecotype Columbia-0 is nonhost to the oomycete plant pathogen and the fungal plant pathogen that are pathogenic to soybean (). Previously, we reported generating the mutation in the genetic background as well as genetic mapping and characterization of the Arabidopsis nonhost resistance -susceptible gene locus, In this study, we identified six candidate genes by comparing single-nucleotide polymorphisms of (1) the bulked DNA sample of seven F families homozygous for the allele and (2) the mutant with Columbia-0. Analyses of T-DNA insertion mutants for each of these candidate genes identified the gene encoding a glycine-rich protein as the putative gene. Later, complementation analysis confirmed the identity of as the gene. is induced following infection as well as expressed in an organ-specific manner. Coexpression analysis of the available transcriptomic data followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction suggested that is coregulated with (), a core gene in autophagy. PSS1 contains a predicted single membrane-spanning domain. Subcellular localization study indicated that it is an integral plasma membrane protein. Sequence analysis suggested that soybean is unlikely to contain a PSS1-like defense function. Following the introduction of into the soybean cultivar Williams 82, the transgenic plants exhibited enhanced resistance to, the pathogen that causes sudden death syndrome.© 2018 American Society of Plant Biologists. All Rights Reserved.
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Although several glycine-rich protein (GRP) genes were isolated and characterized, very little is known about their function. The primary structure of AtGRP5 from Arabidopsis thaliana has a signal peptide followed by a region with high glycine content. In this work, green fluorescent protein fusions were obtained in order to characterize the sub-cellular localization of the AtGRP5 protein. The results indicated that this protein is the first described vacuolar GRP. Sense, antisense and RNAi transgenic A. thaliana plants were generated and analyzed phenotypically. Plants overexpressing AtGRP5 showed longer roots and an enhanced elongation of the inflorescence axis, while antisense and RNAi plants demonstrated the opposite phenotype. The analysis of a knockout T-DNA line corroborates the phenotypes obtained with the antisense and RNAi plants. Altogether, these results suggest that this vacuolar GRP could be involved in organ growth by promoting cell elongation processes.
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The Arabidopsis RNA-binding protein AtGRP8 undergoes negative autoregulation at the post-transcriptional level. An elevated AtGRP8 protein level promotes the use of a cryptic 5' splice site to generate an alternatively spliced transcript, as_AtGRP8, retaining the 5' half of the intron with a premature termination codon. In mutants defective in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) abundance of as_AtGRP8 but not its pre-mRNA is elevated, indicating that as_AtGRP8 is a direct NMD target, thus limiting the production of functional AtGRP8 protein. In addition to its own pre-mRNA, AtGRP8 negatively regulates the AtGRP7 transcript through promoting the formation of the equivalent alternatively spliced as_AtGRP7 transcript, leading to a decrease in AtGRP7 abundance. Recombinant AtGRP8 binds to its own and the AtGRP7 pre-mRNA, suggesting that this interaction is relevant for the splicing decision in vivo. AtGRP7 itself is part of a negative autoregulatory circuit that influences circadian oscillations of its own and the AtGRP8 transcript through alternative splicing linked to NMD. Thus, we identify an interlocked feedback loop through which two RNA-binding proteins autoregulate and reciprocally crossregulate by coupling unproductive splicing to NMD. A high degree of evolutionary sequence conservation in the introns retained in as_AtGRP8 or as_AtGRP7 points to an important function of these sequences.
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\n Virulent\n Escherichia coli\n strains that cause infections outside the intestinal tract—extraintestinal pathogenic\n E. coli\n (ExPEC)—constitute a major clinical problem worldwide. They are involved in several distinct conditions, including urinary tract infections, newborn meningitis, and sepsis.\n
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胡华冉, 杜磊, 张芮豪, 等. 辣椒适应非生物胁迫的研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2022, 38(12):58-72.
非生物胁迫是危害当今全球农业区域的主要因素之一，对蔬菜作物的生长和产量有显著影响，如何提高蔬菜的抗逆性成为当前的研究热点。辣椒作为国内种植面积跃居第一位的大宗蔬菜，具有较高的营养价值和经济价值，培育具有较强抗逆能力的辣椒品种具有重大的社会效益。基于此，本文重点综述了辣椒响应温度胁迫、盐碱胁迫、水分胁迫及重金属胁迫在形态、生理生化及分子层面的研究近况，整合了各胁迫下的改良措施，并提出今后的研究方向，为辣椒资源的开发利用和抗逆品种培育提供理论参考。
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production is threatened by global warming associated with extreme high temperatures, and rice heat sensitivity is differed when stress occurs between daytime and nighttime. However, the underlying molecular mechanism are largely unknown. We show here that two glycine-rich RNA binding proteins, OsGRP3 and OsGRP162, are required for thermotolerance in rice, especially at nighttime. The rhythmic expression of OsGRP3/OsGRP162 peaks at midnight, and at these coincident times, is increased by heat stress. This is largely dependent on the evening complex component OsELF3-2. We next found that the double mutant of OsGRP3/OsGRP162 is strikingly more sensitive to heat stress in terms of survival rate and seed setting rate when comparing to the wild-type plants. Interestingly, the defect in thermotolerance is more evident when heat stress occurred in nighttime than that in daytime. Upon heat stress, the double mutant of OsGRP3/OsGRP162 displays globally reduced expression of heat-stress responsive genes, and increases of mRNA alternative splicing dominated by exon-skipping. This study thus reveals the important role of OsGRP3/OsGRP162 in thermotolerance in rice, and unravels the mechanism on how OsGRP3/OsGRP162 regulate thermotolerance in a diurnal manner.Copyright © 2023 Science China Press. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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汪影, 张昌伟, 侯喜林. 不结球白菜富含甘氨酸RNA结合蛋白基因(BcGRP1)的克隆与分析[J]. 分子植物育种, 2018, 16(23):7598-7605.
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Imposition of different biotic and abiotic stress conditions results in an increase in intracellular levels of Ca which is sensed by various sensor proteins. Calmodulin (CaM) is one of the best studied transducers of Ca signals. CaM undergoes conformational changes upon binding to Ca and interacts with different types of proteins, thereby, regulating their activities. The present study reports the cloning and characterization of a sorghum cDNA encoding a protein (SbGRBP) that shows homology to glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins. The expression of SbGRBP in the sorghum seedlings is modulated by heat stress. The SbGRBP protein is localized in the nucleus as well as in cytosol, and shows interaction with CaM that requires the presence of Ca. SbGRBP depicts binding to single- and also double-stranded DNA. Fluorescence spectroscopic analyses suggest that interaction of SbGRBP with nucleic acids may be modulated after binding with CaM. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence for interaction of a stress regulated glycine-rich RNA-binding protein with CaM.Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. and Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire (SFBBM). All rights reserved.
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Pinellia ternata is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The growth of P. ternata is sensitive to high temperatures. To gain a better understanding of heat stress responses in P. ternata, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis. P. ternata seedlings were subjected to a temperature of 38 °C and samples were collected 24 h after treatment. Increased relative ion leakage and lipid peroxidation suggested that oxidative stress was frequently generated in rice leaves exposed to high temperature. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used to analyze heat-responsive proteins. More than 600 protein spots were reproducibly detected on each gel; of these spots, 20 were up-regulated, and 7 were down-regulated. A total of 24 proteins and protein species were successfully identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. These proteins and protein species were found to be primarily small heat shock proteins (58%) as well as proteins involved in RNA processing (17%), photosynthesis (13%), chlorophyll biosynthetic processes (4%), protein degradation (4%) and defense (4%). Using 2-DE Western blot analysis, we confirmed the identities of the cytosolic class II small heat shock protein (sHSPs-CII) identified by MS. The expression levels of four different proteins [cytosolic class I small heat shock protein (sHSPs-CI), sHSPs-CII, mitochondrial small heat shock protein (sHSPs-MIT), glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (GRP)] were analyzed at the transcriptional level by quantitative real-time PCR. The mRNA levels of three sHSPs correlated with the corresponding protein levels. However, GRP was down-regulated at the beginning of heat stress but then increased substantially to reach a peak after 24 h of heat stress. Our study provides valuable new insight into the responses of P. ternata to heat stress.
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Glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GRPs) are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of genes, which have been found to play a role in stress response. However, whether GRPs can mediate some physiological responses related to salt stress tolerance is still not known. In the present study, we investigated the role of GRPs in salt stress-induced physiological responses by generating transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing a GRP (LbGRP1) gene from Limonium bicolor (Bunge) Kuntze. Compared with wild type (WT) tobacco, the transgenic plants showed significantly improved superoxide dismutase and catalase activities under salt stress conditions. Levels of proline in the transgenic plants were significantly higher than those in the WT plants grown under NaCl stress conditions. Furthermore, Na(+) content and Na(+)/K(+) ratio in the transgenic plants were lower than those in the WT plants under both normal growth and stress conditions. These results suggested that overexpression of the LbGRP1 gene can affect some physiological processes associated with salt tolerance of plants. Therefore, we hypothesize that LbGST1 can enhance stress resistance by mediating some physiological pathways.
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The current climate change scenario is accelerating degradation, desertification, and salinisation: all destructive processes that are negatively impacting arable lands and food production [...]
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Seed plants are sessile organisms that have developed a plethora of strategies for sensing, avoiding, and responding to stress. Several proteins, including the glycine-rich protein (GRP) superfamily, are involved in cellular stress responses and signaling. GRPs are characterized by high glycine content and the presence of conserved segments including glycine-containing structural motifs composed of repetitive amino acid residues. The general structure of this superfamily facilitates division of GRPs into five main subclasses. Although the participation of GRPs in plant stress response has been indicated in numerous model and non-model plant species, relatively little is known about the key physiological processes and molecular mechanisms in which those proteins are engaged. Class I, II, and IV members are known to be involved in hormone signaling, stress acclimation, and floral development, and are crucial for regulation of plant cells growth. GRPs of class IV [RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)] are involved in alternative splicing or regulation of transcription and stomatal movement, seed, pollen, and stamen development; their accumulation is regulated by the circadian clock. Owing to the fact that the overexpression of GRPs can confer tolerance to stress (e.g., some are involved in cold acclimation and may improve growth at low temperatures), these proteins could play a promising role in agriculture through plant genetic engineering. Consequently, isolation, cloning, characterization, and functional validation of novel GRPs expressed in response to the diverse stress conditions are expected to be growing areas of research in the coming years. According to our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on participation of plant GRPs in the response to diverse stress stimuli.
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As a sessile organism, rice often faces various kinds of abiotic stresses, such as drought stress. Drought stress seriously harms plant growth and damages crop yield every year. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the mechanisms of drought resistance in rice. In this study, we identified a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, OsGRP3, in rice. Evolutionary analysis showed that it was closely related to OsGR-RBP4, which was involved in various abiotic stresses. The expression of OsGRP3 was shown to be induced by several abiotic stress treatments and phytohormone treatments. Then, the drought tolerance tests of transgenic plants confirmed that OsGRP3 enhanced drought resistance in rice. Meanwhile, the yeast two-hybrid assay, bimolecular luminescence complementation assay and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay demonstrated that OsGRP3 bound with itself may affect the RNA chaperone function. Subsequently, the RNA-seq analysis, physiological experiments and histochemical staining showed that OsGRP3 influenced the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and further modulated lignin accumulation. Herein, our findings suggested that OsGRP3 enhanced drought resistance in rice by altering the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and further increasing lignin accumulation.
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王斌, 武春爽, 汤冰琳, 等. 黄瓜果实CsMYB62克隆及其对CsGR-RBP3表达的调控[J]. 核农学报, 2022, 36(5):907-917.
本研究前期证实,低温诱导的CsGR-RBP3表达与黄瓜果实耐冷性密切相关,但调控其表达的具体机理尚不清楚。为鉴定调控CsGR-RBP3表达的MYB转录因子,本研究采用转录组测序,分析了黄瓜果实在5℃低温处理后的转录组变化,并通过共表达趋势分析,鉴定了与CsGR-RBP3表达趋势一致的MYB基因。结果发现,CsMYB62与CsGR-RBP3表达的相关性很高,且低温处理能诱导黄瓜果实CsMYB62和CsGR-RBP3表达,推测CsMYB62转录因子可能调控CsGR-RBP3表达。为进一步分析CsMYB62基因的功能,从黄瓜果皮中克隆了CsMYB62基因全长序列。结果显示,CsMYB62基因全长834 bp,编码277个氨基酸残基。CsMYB62蛋白含有SANT保守域和MYB DNA结合域,定位在细胞核,在进化过程中高度保守。CsMYB62蛋白具有转录激活活性,能直接绑定到CsGR-RBP3启动子,增强CsGR-RBP3启动子活性,表明CsMYB62通过直接调控CsGR-RBP3表达而增强黄瓜果实耐冷性。本研究结果丰富了MYB调控网络,为进一步解析CsMYB62功能奠定了理论基础。
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