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Optimization of Solid-state Fermentation of Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1 Conidia and Its Effect on Two Crop Seedlings Growth
WANGJiaojiao, LIJing, WANGHongli, ZHAOJing, SUNKun, CHENDawei
Chin Agric Sci Bull ›› 2026, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (11) : 39-49.
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Abbreviation (ISO4): Chin Agric Sci Bull
Editor in chief: Yulong YIN
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Optimization of Solid-state Fermentation of Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1 Conidia and Its Effect on Two Crop Seedlings Growth
To address the challenges in the industrialization of Trichoderma-based biofungicides, including high liquid fermentation costs, low spore yields, and extensive solid-state fermentation processes, this study aimed to achieve cost-effective, high-efficiency conidia production of the plant growth-promoting and antagonistic strain Trichoderma citrinoviride HT-1. Using agricultural wastes as solid fermentation substrates, we systematically optimized the substrate composition and fermentation conditions through single-factor experiments, orthogonal array design, and response surface methodology. The growth-promoting effects of the fermented product were further evaluated on wheat and tomato seedlings in pot experiments. The optimal solid substrate formula was maize straw : wheat bran : peanut shell : cottonseed hull = 2 : 2 : 3 : 1. The key fermentation parameters were inoculum size (14.22%), moisture content (48.89%), and fermentation duration (13.27 days). Under these optimized conditions, strain HT-1 achieved a maximum spore yield of 1.01 × 1011 spores/g. Pot experiment results showed that the fermented product significantly increased plant height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of both wheat and tomato seedlings (P < 0.05). Collectively, this study establishes a stable, high-yield solid-state fermentation technology for T. citrinoviride that enables the valorization of agricultural wastes. These findings provide a scientific basis and technical support for the industrial development and green agricultural application of T. citrinoviride HT-1. Future research should focus on formulation development, field stability testing, and mechanistic studies of plant growth promotion.
Trichoderma citrinoviride / solid-state fermentation / agricultural waste / conidia / response surface methodology / growth-promoting effect
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Managing organic agricultural wastes is a challenge in today’s modern agriculture, where the production of different agricultural goods leads to the generation of large amounts of waste, for example, olive pomace and vine shoot in Mediterranean Europe. The discovery of a cost-effective and environment-friendly way to valorize such types of waste in Mediterranean Europe is encouraged by the European Union regulation. As an opportunity, organic agricultural waste could be used as culture media for solid-state fermentation (SSF) for fungal strains. This methodology represents a great opportunity to produce secondary metabolites like 6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6-PP), a lactone compound with antifungal properties against phytopathogens, produced by Trichoderma spp. Therefore, to reach adequate yields of 6-PP, lytic enzymes, and spores, optimization using specific agricultural cheap local wastes from Southeastern France is in order. The present study was designed to show the applicability of an experimental admixture design to find the optimal formulation that favors the production of 6-PP. To conclude, the optimized formulation of 6-PP production by Trichoderma under SSF contains 18% wheat bran, 23% potato flakes, 20% olive pomace, 14% olive oil, 24% oatmeal, and 40% vine shoots.
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Concrete durability is compromised by its susceptibility to cracking, necessitating innovative solutions like self-healing concrete (SHC). Scopulariopsis brevicaulis is capable of biomineralization and its spores were found to hold high potential for use in SHC. Realizing this potential requires clean and effective production of S. brevicaulis spores, which remains unexplored. Here the factors and processes conducive to high productivity of S. brevicaulis spores were investigated. Suitability of cheap, renewable soy-based substrates: soy molasses (SM), soy hull (SH), and soy flour (SF) were first evaluated, and SH was found suitable. The comparison of SH-based solid-state fermentation (SSF) with submerged fermentation (SmF) revealed SSF’s superiority, producing spores earlier and with a more than 4.5-fold higher rate. Further study of SSF parameters, including initial spore inoculum, moisture, SH particle size, sugar supplementation, N-source supplementation, pH, salt addition, light (vs. dark) condition, and occasional mixing/shaking plus water addition, highlighted conditions that significantly boost spore production. Optimal moisture content (60–67%) and elevated medium pH (10–11) and salt addition (15 g/L NaCl) were key to enhancing yield, the latter likely induced stress-driven sporulation. Using larger SH particles (> 850 µm) also proved beneficial, improving oxygen transfer. Electron microscopy confirmed the effective attachment and penetration of spore chains into SH particles. This work significantly improved the technical and economic feasibility of producing S. brevicaulis spores for industrial SHC development.
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