In response to the challenges posed by agricultural disasters triggered by global climate change, this study aims to enhance the resilience and adaptability of agricultural systems, safeguard food security, and promote sustainable agricultural development. By integrating literature analysis, experimental verification, and case analysis, this research systematically explores the innovation and application of agricultural disaster prevention and control technologies. Firstly, it reviews advanced concepts and technological frontiers in agricultural disaster prevention and control both domestically and internationally, clarifying the current directions of technological development. Secondly, considering China's specific conditions, it analyzes the practical challenges faced by agricultural production, such as frequent natural disasters, significant ecological and environmental pressures, and technological application bottlenecks. Additionally, it addresses core issues such as the low conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements, lagging technology popularization, and uneven resource allocation. Based on these findings, the objectives, key directions, and task lists for agricultural scientific and technological innovation during the '15^th Five-Year Plan' period are established. Cases such as the application of intelligent irrigation systems in the arid regions of Northwest China and the practice of gene-edited rice in saline-alkali soils along the eastern coast are presented. Finally, safeguard measures are proposed from three aspects: policy support, optimization of achievement conversion mechanisms, and international cooperation. The research indicates that technological innovation is crucial for overcoming the difficulties in agricultural disaster prevention and control. The relevant technological paths and strategies can provide practical references for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation under global climate change, thereby facilitating agricultural modernization and sustainable development.