为解决云南地区桑葚中花青素含量及桑葚中单体花青素种类的问题，对39种桑葚的花青素含量进行调查与分析。运用pH示差法对总花青素含量进行检测，采用高效液相色谱法检测单体花青素含量，并用分光光度法检测桑葚可食部分的红色素吸光度。结果表明，39份桑葚样品中检测出总花青素的有32份，单体花青素共检出4种，分别为矢车菊素、天竺葵素、芍药花素、锦葵素。矢车菊素在36份样品中被检出，天竺葵素在33份样品中被检出，芍药花素仅在1份样品中被检出，锦葵素在4份样品中被检出。红色素在39份样品中均检出，桑葚果实颜色越深红色素含量越高。‘YX002’、‘红果2号’、‘嘉陵30号’、‘孟统4号’和‘YX001’的红色素、花青素含量高，单体花青素丰富；其中‘YX002’总花青素含量最高，为59.05 mg/L，同时还检测出矢车菊素和天竺葵素。

本研究旨在通过分析果桑夏伐枝条的饲用价值,明确其作为非常规饲料开发利用的可行性。采收生产上推广面积最大的果桑品种‘粤椹10号’(Y10)和‘嘉陵30号’(J30)的夏伐一年生枝条,分析其鲜、干产量、营养品质等;并与其他常见农业副产物的饲用价值进行比较。Y10和J30的夏伐一年生新鲜枝条生物量分别为19798 kg/hm²和15820 kg/hm²,品种间差异显著(P<0.05);叶片对产量的贡献最高,干重叶茎比分别为4.03(Y10)和6.51(J30)。两个果桑品种叶片氨基酸组成全面且丰富,含16种氨基酸,总氨基酸含量11.00%~12.90%。一年生枝条的蛋白含量(13.77%~15.83%)、粗脂肪(2.21%~2.30%)、粗灰分(9.32%~10.84%)、中性洗涤纤维(21.96%~22.66%)和酸性洗涤纤维(10.76%~11.69%)等营养参数优于茎秆,略逊于叶片。枝条干物质采食量占体重的5.30~5.46%,可消化干物质占干物质的79.79~80.51%,相对饲用价值为327.82~340.76。果桑枝条较稻草、红薯藤、花生秧、甘蔗渣等常规农业副产物有更好的营养品质和相对饲用价值。果桑夏伐一年生枝条是果桑产业的副产物,生物量可观、品质优良且具有较高的饲用价值,可以作为畜禽的非常规饲料开发利用。

From the nutritional perspective, the main direction of the utilization of white mulberry (Morus alba L.) parts so far has been to produce dietary supplements or functional foods for individuals with diabetes or over-weight. Its leaves are widely known as a valuable source of bioactive compounds responsible for its antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, both in animals and humans. The authors found that processed leaves can also be investigated as potential bitter and/or sweet taste modulators—an important property of new functional foods. The study aimed to validate the inhibitory effect of Morus alba L. on the TAS2R3 and TAS2R13 bitter taste and TSA1R2/TSA1R3 receptors and determine the changes that the conditioning process caused in such receptors. The effect on the receptors was evaluated in specially transfected HEK293T cells, and the inhibition ratio was measured using the calcium release test. Moreover, the stability of phenolics in the simulated intestinal in vitro digestion process was determined. Results showed that the Morus alba leaf extracts were rich in gallic, chlorogenic and caffeic acids together with rutin and quercetin 3-(6-malonyl)-glucoside, while the conditioning process positively affected their amount. Most identified phenolics were reduced during in vitro digestion. In the taste receptors test, it was found that the phytochemicals from conditioned Morus alba leaf extract enhanced sweet taste, together with a reduction of bitter taste receptor activity in some cases. To conclude, the study has found that Morus alba, especially when conditioned for 4 h, seems to be a valuable modulator of taste, which should be considered in future research as a crucial reason for its new utilization.

为研究不同品种蛋白桑在陕北榆阳风沙区的适应能力，以4种不同生态型的3年生蛋白桑（‘榆引桑-1’、‘榆引桑-2’、‘榆引桑-3’和‘榆引桑-4’）为材料，分别从农艺性状、生理生化特性、产量特性和品质等方面综合评价4种蛋白桑的适应性，为陕北风沙区蛋白桑育种提供新种质。研究结果表明，4种蛋白桑均具有较好的越冬性能，能在榆林地区安全越冬；‘榆引桑-1’的农艺性状均表现得比其他品种好(P<0.05)。生理生化特性分析表明，4个蛋白桑品种间除蒸腾速率外，叶绿素含量、净光合和瞬时水分利用效率均存在显著差异(P<0.05)，其中叶绿素含量和净光合速率均为‘榆引桑-1’最高，而瞬时水分利用效率为‘榆引桑-1’和‘榆引桑-4’最好。4个蛋白桑品种总产量之间差异不大，茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重、单株生物学产量在各品种间存在一定差异，茎叶鲜重、茎叶干重最好的为‘榆引桑-1’和‘榆引桑-4’，而‘榆引桑-1’的单株生物学产量显著高于其他3个品种(P<0.05)。4个蛋白桑品种间粗脂肪含量、粗纤维含量和灰分无差异，但粗蛋白含量存在显著差异，其中，‘榆引桑-1’的粗蛋白含量最高为194.9 g/kg，分别是‘榆引桑-2’、‘榆引桑-3’和‘榆引桑-4’的1.19、1.43、1.13倍。相关分析表明，桑树产量与净光合速率、瞬时水分利用效率、茎叶鲜重和茎叶干重呈显著正相关(P<0.05)，粗蛋白含量与株高、叶绿素含量、净光合速率和茎叶鲜重极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综合隶属函数分析结果，‘榆引桑-1’可作为陕北榆阳风沙区较适宜的蛋白桑品种。

High-Protein Mulberry is a novel strain of mulberry. High-Protein Mulberry leaves (HPM) were the subject of this study, which aimed to investigate its efficacy and underlying mechanisms in modulating glucose and lipid metabolism. A six-week intervention using db/db mice was carried out to assess the effects of HPM on serum lipid levels, liver function, and insulin (INS) levels. qRT-PCR and Western Blotting were employed to measure key RNA and protein expressions in the PI3K/Akt and PPARα/CPT-1 pathways. UHPLC-MS and the Kjeldahl method were utilized to analyze the component content and total protein. Additionally, network pharmacology was employed to predict regulatory mechanism differences between HPM and Traditional Mulberry leaves. The results of the study revealed significant improvements in fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance in mice treated with HPM. HPM notably reduced serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and INS, while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. The treatment also effectively mitigated liver fatty lesions, inflammatory infiltration, and islet atrophy. HPM activation of the PI3K/Akt/PPARα/CPT-1 pathway suggested its pivotal role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. With its rich composition and pharmacodynamic material basis, HPM displayed a greater number of targets associated with glucose and lipid metabolism pathways, underscoring the need for further research into its potential therapeutic applications.

【目的】研究物种的稳定性和进化潜能,利于优异资源的筛选和开发利用提供数据基础和理论依据,也为引种和资源筛选提供指导。【方法】 采用一般描述性统计、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等统计学方法,对塔里木大学枣种质资源圃177份材料12个叶表型性状的多样性进行分析。【结果】 (1)枣叶片以卵圆形、叶尖钝尖、叶基圆形、叶缘钝齿类型居多,shannon-wiener多样性指数范围为0.2~1.22。(2)数值型性状的变异系数介于9.30%~42.79%,平均变异系数为23.59%。(3)主成分分析中叶片宽度-叶片长度-叶面积因子这一特征向量的贡献率为23.04%。(4)综合描述性状与数量性状,将其分为6大类群,充分反映各资源之间的亲属关系。【结论】 177份枣种质资源的叶性状具有较为丰富的表型。叶基性状、叶片形状、锯齿数、锯齿高度、叶面积和叶周长在种群间的差异较大,进化潜力更大,是枣多样性分析的主要依据。

【目的】分析不同品种桑椹的营养成分差异、组成特征,综合评价其品质,筛选出适合在新疆推广的优势品种,为果桑资源的品种优化、新品种培育及多元利用提供参考。【方法】以新疆6个农家品种和2个引进品种为材料,分别测定33个品质指标,运用相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、正交偏最小二乘-判别分析法判别桑葚营养品质差异性和关键性特征指标,根据综合评价得分筛选出品质最优的品种。【结果】不同桑葚间的基础营养成分具有一定的差异性和较强相关性,且存在不同程度的变异;桑葚中均含有较高的芦丁和绿原酸,其中药桑和台湾黑桑的总酚酸含量较高;在8种桑葚中均检出了17个单一氨基酸,Asp、Glu变化最为剧烈且平均含量较高;TAAs含量最高为黑桑,NEAAs是桑葚氨基酸的主要组分,其次是MAAs,最低为CEAAs。不同品种桑葚分为4个类群,OPLS-DA分析筛选得到11个差异性品质指标。主成分分析提取了前5个主成分,构建综合评价数学模型:D_综=0.474 8F₁+0.219 7F₂+0.142 6F₃+0.097 2F₄+0.065 8F₅。【结论】桑葚最终综合评价得分排名前三分别为黑桑、黑珍珠和台湾黑桑,可作为适合在新疆推广的优势果桑品种。

以桑树9个种569份果桑种质资源为材料,对其株高、发条数量、节间长度、每米枝条总芽数、每米枝条坐果芽数、坐果率、每米枝条坐果粒数、单芽坐果数等8个果实产量相关重要农艺性状分级后进行变异分析、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析等,筛选优良育种材料。分析结果表明,供试资源具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,8个农艺性状的变异系数范围为33.41% ~ 49.24%,其中变异系数最大的为每米枝条坐果粒数,最小的为株高;各性状遗传多样性指数在1.26 ~ 1.79之间,其中节间长度遗传多样性最高。株高与发条数量、节间长度极显著正相关,与每米枝条坐果粒数、单芽坐果数极显著负相关,与坐果率显著负相关。8个农艺性状可简化为3个主成分因子,前3个主成分综合叠加所提供的信息占全部信息量的80.367%;基于主成分结果,采用聚类分析对供试种质进行划分,可将其分为5个类群,第1类群7份种质,第2类群102份,第3类群208份,第4类群139份,第5类群113份。第5类群种质的生产性状最为优良,占全部种质数的19.86%,其中,综合性状得分高的种质TAI1、JP2、BR60、Ding50、YY201、QM1等可用于今后果桑新品种选育研究。

Poultry production is one of the most important livestock sectors as it provides the cheapest animal protein in the form of eggs and meat for human consumption in the shortest period. Feed cost typically accounts for 60-75% of the total cost of poultry production. However, feed availability is decreasing due to the increasing demands of an expanding human population and significantly increased levels of biofuel production. Therefore, finding economical, cost-effective, and locally available alternatives to conventional feed sources could be one way to reduce poultry feed costs. Mulberry leaves, which have a high nutritional value, can be added to the list of feed alternatives for poultry feeding. Mulberry leaf fodder can be employed successfully in the poultry diet. They are readily digestible (70-90 %) by herbivorous animals as well as monogastric and are found to contain little or no anti-nutritional factor or toxic compounds. It positively influences the growth performance and nutrient utilization in broiler and laying hens. It has been found that mulberry leaves contain a variety of active substances, including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and polyphenols, which can reduce blood glucose and triglycerides, and have the function of antioxidation and regulation of lipid metabolism. The yolk colour has been improved in the eggs of the birds fed with mulberry leaf powder, which can be due to excessive amounts of xanthophylls in the leaves. Mulberry leaves also have an enormous potential to reduce feed cost as they can be used instead of expensive protein sources such as soybean meal and fish meal in poultry diets. Studies conducted with poultry indicated that addition of mulberry leaves are possible up to certain limits in poultry diets without any adverse effect on their performance.

The genus Morus L., mulberry, is an interesting taxonomic group on account of its existing genetic variability, functional food potential and commercial importance. Mulberry trees are found in a wide range of areas in Serbia, accounting for a large phenotypic diversity in its genetic resources. Tree and fruit characteristics of more than 300 mulberry specimens were surveyed, and 15 genotypes of Morus alba, Morus nigra and Morus rubra species were selected for further analyses. These were located at various sites in the province of Vojvodina, Serbia. The present study was undertaken to investigate the diversity of the collected material aiming to pre-select genotypes suitable for landscaping/ornamental and/or fruit production purposes. Genotypes BP 3/9, DT1, ZP3 and MR1 have semi-vigorous growth, dropping growth habits, different leaf shapes (ovate, oval, cordate) and leaf color (from light to dark green), corresponding to ornamental mulberries. In addition, the semi-vigorous genotype ZD1 with a spreading tree and interesting palmate-lobed leaves was distinguished as a unique genotype for landscaping purposes. The most vigorous annual shoot growth was detected in the ZP3 genotype (118.5 cm), followed by DT1 (108.2 cm), MR1 (101.8 cm) and ZP1 (100.5 cm) genotypes. Contrary, genotype DJ1 exhibited the lowest annual growth with only a 32.9 cm average length of the shoots. Due to the greater fruit mass (4.2–6.1 g), sweetness and acidity balance as well as chemical composition, genotypes BP 1/4, DJ1, MG, MR1, DT1 and ZP3 may be recommended for fresh consumption, while genotypes DJ1, DT1, MR1, ZD1, ZP1 and BP 3/9 could be appropriate for home processing. According to fruit chemical analyses, the most promising genotypes were MR1 and DT1 combining high soluble solids content (21.2% and 18.5%, respectively), total sugar content (17.41% and 15.20%, respectively) and ascorbic acid content (42.24 and 49.28 mg/%, respectively). Additionally, DT1 genotype was also characterized by the highest total phenolic content (221.08 mg 27 GAE/100 g fresh weight). The most ornamental genotypes from this study (BP 3/9, DT1, ZD1, ZP3 and MR1) combined with their pomological and chemical characterization can be recommended for edible gardening purposes due to both aesthetic appearance and nutritive value of the fruits.